An Early Warning System for Landslide Risks in Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Mines: Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Water Level Changes in Slopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effects of Water on Slope Stability
2.1. Basic Hypothesis
2.2. Mechanical Analysis of Rising Water Level in the Wake of Solution Injection
3. Establishment Approaches for Landslide Early Warning System
3.1. Design of Landslide Early Warning System
3.2. FIFC Landslide Early Warning Model
3.3. Optimization of Water Level Line
3.4. Selection of Landslide-Induced Factors
4. Verification of Landslide Early Warning System
4.1. Overview of Testing Site
4.2. Establishment of Landslide Early Warning Model
4.3. Operation and Display of Landslide Early Warning System
5. Conclusions and Outlook
- (1)
- Water is the most relevant factor of landslides in the process of in situ leaching of ionic rare earths. As water level in the slope rises, the effective stress on the slope soil mass below the water level decreases. The reduced friction between soil particles results in a decrease in soil strength. Due to the soaking of leaching solution, the softening of soil mass reduces the shear strength of soil, which increases the probability of landslides.
- (2)
- By monitoring the water level in the rare earth slopes, we understood the real-time variation in water level. Then, we developed an adaptive data acquisition technology. The automatic data processing method can effectively optimize the water level data on the same survey line and transform it into an early warning trigger condition when necessary.
- (3)
- A real-time early warning system against landslides was developed on the basis of the real-time monitoring of water level changes in slopes. Distinctive models were established according to different slope heights and angles in accordance with various working conditions. The underlying logic of this early warning model is factor of safety. The early warning parameters, for instance, slope height, slope angle and stage of leaching (ratio of mother liquor collection of rare earth ore to reserves of rare earth ore), are automatically calculated with algorithms. The early warning information is real-time displayed and timely issued on the C++ based platform.
- (4)
- By applying the landslide early warning system to a rare earth slope (with a slope height of 38 m, and a slope gradient of 30 degrees) in southern Jiangxi, we realized the early warning of landslide in the process of in situ leaching of rare earths. According to the leaching stages of the slope, the system, upon its automatic selecting different cohesion models, achieved landslide early warning on the basis of the real-time monitoring of water level.
- (5)
- This study provides an effective solution to early warning against landslides during the mining process of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in Southern Jiangxi. Moreover, the system can be applied to establish early warning systems against other kinds of landslides, for instance, landslides caused by rainfall. Admittedly, there is still room for technology improvement in this landslide early warning system. For example, the water level line can be further optimized. In this system, the average value of water level is applied to optimize the water level line. It needs to be improved. In the future study, we can establish a water level monitoring model to replace the average water level model. Furthermore, the variation in cohesion of rare earth minerals in different ionic rare earth mines with the passage of time should be taken into consideration for a higher early warning accuracy of landslides.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serial Number | /° | /kPa | /° |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 35 | 4 | 27 |
2 | 40 | 11 | 29 |
3 | 45 | 18 | 31 |
Serial Number | /° | /kPa | /° |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 35 | 11 | 29 |
2 | 40 | 4 | 29 |
3 | 40 | 11 | 27 |
4 | 40 | 11 | 29 |
5 | 40 | 11 | 31 |
6 | 40 | 18 | 29 |
7 | 45 | 11 | 29 |
Serial Number | Slope Angle/° | Cohesive Force/kPa | Internal Friction Angle/° | Factor of Safety |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 35 | 11 | 29 | 1.334 |
2 | 40 | 4 | 29 | 1.135 |
3 | 40 | 11 | 27 | 1.17 |
4 | 40 | 11 | 29 | 1.21 |
5 | 40 | 11 | 31 | 1.251 |
6 | 40 | 18 | 29 | 1.284 |
7 | 45 | 11 | 29 | 1.055 |
Slope Angle/° | Cohesive Force/kPa | Water Level/m |
---|---|---|
30 | 18 | 1~ |
30 | 14 | 1~ |
30 | 10 | 1~ |
30 | 6 | 1~ |
Slope Angle/° | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cohesive Force/kPa | 18 | 14 | 10 | 6 |
FS (PL = 0) | 1.653 | 1.613 | 1.565 | 1.517 |
FS (PL = 1) | 1.653 | 1.613 | 1.565 | 1.517 |
FS (PL = 2) | 1.653 | 1.613 | 1.565 | 1.517 |
FS (PL = 3) | 1.649 | 1.613 | 1.565 | 1.517 |
FS (PL = 4) | 1.589 | 1.556 | 1.523 | 1.490 |
FS (PL = 5) | 1.525 | 1.492 | 1.459 | 1.426 |
FS (PL = 6) | 1.455 | 1.423 | 1.390 | 1.357 |
FS (PL = 7) | 1.382 | 1.349 | 1.317 | 1.284 |
FS (PL = 8) | 1.305 | 1.272 | 1.240 | 1.208 |
FS (PL = 9) | 1.306 | 1.270 | 1.161 | 1.129 |
FS (PL = 9.2) | 1.208 | 1.176 | 1.145 | 1.113 |
FS (PL = 10) | 1.141 | 1.110 | 1.078 | 1.047 |
FS (PL = 11) | 1.056 | 1.025 | 0.995 | 0.964 |
FS (PL = 11.5) | 1.013 | 0.982 | ||
FS (PL = 11.7) | 0.995 |
Safety Factor | Early Warning Risks | Measures to Be Taken |
---|---|---|
>1.3 | Green signal (Safety) | No measures required |
1.2~1.3 | Yellow warning (remains to be monitored) | Keeping close observation |
1.1~1.2 | Orange alert (Alerting) | Formulating treatment measures |
<1.1 | Red alert (Dangerous) | Taking emergency measures (Pre-landslide state) |
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Han, M.; Rao, Y.; Nie, W.; Wang, D.; Wu, F.; Shi, L. An Early Warning System for Landslide Risks in Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Mines: Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Water Level Changes in Slopes. Minerals 2023, 13, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020265
Han M, Rao Y, Nie W, Wang D, Wu F, Shi L. An Early Warning System for Landslide Risks in Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Mines: Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Water Level Changes in Slopes. Minerals. 2023; 13(2):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020265
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Min, Yunzhang Rao, Wen Nie, Dan Wang, Fuyu Wu, and Liang Shi. 2023. "An Early Warning System for Landslide Risks in Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Mines: Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Water Level Changes in Slopes" Minerals 13, no. 2: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020265
APA StyleHan, M., Rao, Y., Nie, W., Wang, D., Wu, F., & Shi, L. (2023). An Early Warning System for Landslide Risks in Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Mines: Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Water Level Changes in Slopes. Minerals, 13(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020265