Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Forest State of Artikutza (Navarra: Spain): Diversity and Community Structure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design
- M-1: On the edge of a clearing.
- M-2: In open forest.
- M-3: Under a mature beech tree in an area mostly populated with pine trees.
- H-1: Under a large beech tree.
- H-2: Near a small clearing and surrounded by a copse of beech shrubs.
- H-3: Under a shade of a mature beech tree on a landing.
Trap | Hill orientation | North Pole orientation | Axis trap orientation | Altitude | Hill gradient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-1 | NE-SW | N230E | N-S | 611 m | 12° |
M-2 | NE-SW | N210E | N-S | 631 m | 15° |
M-3 | NE-SW | N216E | N-S | 652 m | 20° |
H-1 | NW-SW | N235E | N-S | 576 m | 19° |
H-2 | NW-SW | N210E | N-S | 595 m | 18° |
H-3 | NW-SW | N242E | N-S | 620 m | 9° |
2.3. Diversity and Community Structure
3. Results and Discussion
Species | Trap number | Total Specimens | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-1 | M-2 | M-3 | H-1 | H-2 | H-3 | ΣM | ΣH | Total | |
Choeras dorsalis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Choeras hedymeles | 5 | 10 | 18 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 33 | 26 | 59 |
Choeras parasitellae | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
Cotesia ancilla | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cotesia chares | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cotesia jucundus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cotesia sp1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Dolichogenidea celsus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Dolichogenidea laevigatoides | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Dolichogenidea laevigatus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Dolichogenidea sp1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 15 |
Dolichogenidea sp2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Dolichogenidea varifemur | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Glyptapanteles aliphera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Glyptapanteles fulvipes | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Glyptapanteles mygdonia | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
Glyptapanteles porthetriae | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Glyptapanteles vitripennis | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 17 | 4 | 21 |
Microgaster sp1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Microplitis marshalii | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Paroplitis macrocephalus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Paroplitis wesmaeli | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
Pholetesor circumscriptus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Pholetesor sp1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
Pholetesor sp2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Protapanteles anchisiades | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 9 |
Protapanteles sp1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Total specimens | 37 | 28 | 37 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 102 | 52 | 154 |
3.1. Alpha Diversity
Data | Trap number | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-1 | M-2 | M-3 | H-1 | H-2 | H-3 | ΣM | ΣH | |
Species | 15 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 23 | 11 |
Specimens | 37 | 28 | 37 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 102 | 52 |
Shannon I. | 2.537 | 1.636 | 1.711 | 1.453 | 1.453 | 1.667 | 2.346 | 2.174 |
Simpson I. | 0.090 | 0.252 | 0.280 | 0.345 | 0.345 | 0.234 | 0.159 | 0.281 |
Margalef I. | 3.877 | 2.101 | 2.492 | 2.076 | 2.076 | 2.164 | 4.760 | 2.530 |
3.2. Beta Diversity
M-1 | M-2 | M-3 | H-1 | H-2 | H-3 | ||
M-1 | 0.211 | 0.250 | 0.158 | 0.294 | 0.294 | ||
M-2 | 0.789 | 0.385 | 0.364 | 0.250 | 0.250 | ||
M-3 | 0.750 | 0.615 | 0.308 | 0.308 | 0.308 | Jaccard I. | |
H-1 | 0.842 | 0.636 | 0.818 | 0.400 | 0.273 | ||
H-2 | 0.706 | 0.750 | 0.818 | 0.600 | 0.556 | ||
H-3 | 0.706 | 0.750 | 0.818 | 0.545 | 0.444 | ||
Complementarity |
3.3. Gamma Diversity
3.4. Community Structure
Log-series | Log-normal | Broken-stick | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Exp freq. | Obs freq. | Exp freq. | Obs freq. | Exp freq. | Obs freq. |
0 | - | - | 3.41 | 0 | - | - |
1 | 12.35 | 15 | 16.93 | 15 | 7.63 | 15 |
2 | 4.01 | 4 | 4.01 | 4 | 4.79 | 4 |
3 | 3.41 | 0 | 1.65 | 0 | 5.12 | 0 |
4 | 2.19 | 2 | 0.36 | 2 | 2.91 | 2 |
5 | 0.87 | 1 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.47 | 1 |
6 | 0.15 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 |
χ2 = 8.963 | P = 0.111 | χ2 = 1031.5 | P = 1.399·10−219 | χ2 = 211.26 | P = 1.104·10−43 |
Log-series | Log-normal | Broken-stick | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Exp freq. | Obs freq. | Exp freq. | Obs freq. | Exp freq. | Obs freq. |
0 | - | - | 0.19 | 0 | - | - |
1 | 5.78 | 6 | 6.38 | 6 | 3.26 | 6 |
2 | 1.90 | 3 | 3.05 | 3 | 2.27 | 3 |
3 | 1.66 | 1 | 1.31 | 1 | 8.46 | 1 |
4 | 1.11 | 0 | 0.24 | 0 | 16.92 | 0 |
5 | 0.478 | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 33.85 | 1 |
χ2 = 5.188 | P = 0.269 | χ2 =56.343 | P = 6.91·10−11 | χ2 = 57.91 | P = 7.96·10−12 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Pérez-Rodríguez, J.; Oltra-Moscardó, T.; Peris-Felipo, F.J.; Jiménez-Peydró, R. Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Forest State of Artikutza (Navarra: Spain): Diversity and Community Structure. Insects 2013, 4, 493-505. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4030493
Pérez-Rodríguez J, Oltra-Moscardó T, Peris-Felipo FJ, Jiménez-Peydró R. Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Forest State of Artikutza (Navarra: Spain): Diversity and Community Structure. Insects. 2013; 4(3):493-505. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4030493
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Rodríguez, Jesica, Teresa Oltra-Moscardó, Francisco Javier Peris-Felipo, and Ricardo Jiménez-Peydró. 2013. "Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Forest State of Artikutza (Navarra: Spain): Diversity and Community Structure" Insects 4, no. 3: 493-505. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4030493
APA StylePérez-Rodríguez, J., Oltra-Moscardó, T., Peris-Felipo, F. J., & Jiménez-Peydró, R. (2013). Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Forest State of Artikutza (Navarra: Spain): Diversity and Community Structure. Insects, 4(3), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4030493