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Article

Measuring the Construction Project Resilience from the Perspective of Employee Behaviors

by
Zheng He
1,2,
Genda Wang
1,3,
Huihua Chen
1,
Zhuojun Zou
1,*,
Hongyan Yan
2 and
Linlin Liu
1
1
Railway Campus, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
2
School of Engineering Management, Hunan University of Finance and Economics, Changsha 410205, China
3
High Speed Train Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2022, 12(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010056
Submission received: 9 December 2021 / Revised: 30 December 2021 / Accepted: 4 January 2022 / Published: 6 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings, Infrastructure and SDGs 2030)
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Abstract

:
The increasing developmental potentiality for the construction industry brings the huge challenge to make up the limitation of traditional construction project management mode when adapting to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Due to the high energy and resource consumption for the construction projects, there are a large number of uncertainties and disturbances in achieving resilient urban infrastructure. Studying construction project resilience (CPR) is imperative. However, prior studies preferred to measure resilience by systemic indicators, which are complex and unfriendly. Studying CPR from the perspective of employee behavior (EB) remains rare. Hence, this study proposed a social network analysis (SNA) methodology to overcome the research gap. Firstly, six EBs are identified by the systematic literature review (SLR). Then, the critical employees (CEs) and their interrelationships are investigated to form the social network. Six SNA parameters including density, degree centrality, betweenness centrality, efficiency, constraint, and cliques are selected to model the EBs, namely PMT cohesion, the identity of the project culture, formal behavior between employees, collaboration efficacy, informal social constraints, and reciprocity and mutual trust. Finally, the value of CPR is obtained and the strategies for improving the CPR are proposed from four characteristics: robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness. The findings provided a simple and effective techniques to measure the CPR and could benefit the project manager to improve the CPR by exerting accurate strategies to the EBs in poor performance.

1. Introduction

The increasing development of the construction industry in most countries has brought tremendous challenges to the social environment, energy, and resources [1,2]. Meanwhile, the extensive and energy-consuming way of obtaining construction products in the construction industry brings more threatens to social and economic development [3,4]. In the past decade, an increasing number of construction enterprises and construction project management organizations [5,6] apply the lean construction management [7,8,9] to improve their construction productivity and project performance. As a respect- and relationship-oriented construction project management, it is a new and transformational way to design and build capital facilities [10,11]. Although the implementation of lean production management [12] caused a high yield in the process of planning, designing, construction and operation in a contrition project [13,14,15], a series of issues are faced and challenged by the construction managers and scholars. One of the most significant issues are the uncertainties and disturbances derived by energy shortage and environmental degradation, which are considered to be one of the most critical obstacles in achieving SDGs. SDGs require the construction industry to adapt a more resilient mode to tackle the uncertainties and disturbances.
More and more practitioners in a construction project have grown more aware of the limitation of the current construction project management framework [16,17]. The concept of resilience is widely implemented to tackle with the uncertainties and disturbances issues in different fields [18,19,20]. However, there is a lack of studies considering resilience in the construction project. The completion of a construction project is a complex system engineering that not only requires a tremendous resource allocation but also needs the arrangement of construction activities [21,22]. Therefore, the roles of humans in a CPMO are of great significance where the key construction activities are conducted by the employees [23]. From these perspectives, it is imperative to take human behaviors as the most vital and critical factor of the construction project management [24]. By doing these, the organizational way of the construction project would change from a leader-oriented style [25,26,27,28] to the to an intelligent and initiative one.
Hence, to overcome the present research gap, this study aims to measure the CPR by investigating the different EBs of critical employees and establishing a complex employee relationship network (ERN) to reveal the strength of the connections. Thereafter, the SNA based methodology is used to model the ERN where each EB is characterized by SNA parameters. The output of SNA could finally be utilized to calculate the CPR. The methodology could benefit the decision-makers to apply a simple and highly effective tool to measure the CPR by imputing the quantized EBs and the strength of the interrelationship between CEs.

2. Literature Review

In the past decade, the construction project management mode is adapted to the lean management framework [29,30,31]. The lean management framework could bring a number of advantages in improving the project performance [8] and simplifying the management process [32,33,34]. Within such a traditional construction project management framework, certain technical standards and business processes toward construction activities are determined [35,36]. Under the lean management framework, the employee relationships in a CMPO are mainly limited to the formal relationships which are constrained by a series of contractual relationships [37,38,39,40,41].
There exist a large body of studies focused on the role relationships in a construction project. For instance, Malik et al. [42] conducted a study to explore the role relationships by analyzing the function of communication and construction projects from the perspective of project issues and conflicts. They revealed that the task conflicts between each project role have a positive influence on the relations. They argued that the members of a project management team (PMT) would be asked to use different ways to fulfill a certain task. Similarly, the conflicts on the project process and roles’ relationship affects negatively the communication and project success. Gardounis et al. [43] raised a conceptual framework for SNA of BIM in construction projects including formal relationships through contractual arrangements, informal communication relationships, and the relevant changes on roles and relations. They found that an SNA conceptual framework could help PMT to arrive at project processes and their variability.
Similarly, prior studies explored the impact of leadership [44,45] on employee performance. Their research shows that the preference of the leader directly affects the behavior of the employee [46,47,48]. Meanwhile, there are a small group of scholars who regard the employment relationship as an exchange of effort, loyalty, and economic interests (such as social security, wages, welfare, etc.) [49,50,51], social sentiment and interests [52,53]. In these studies, social exchange theory provides a theoretical basis for this kind of employee-employer relationship [54,55,56]. It believes that as a response to different stimuli in the organization, the positive or positive relationship between informal employees and employers is weaker than that of regular employees [57,58,59,60]. Unlike regular employees, informal employees do not have long-term job security and rarely enjoy the training and career development plans provided by the company [61,62].
Moreover, a number of previous studies have discussed the influence of the strength of these relationships on project performance from the contractual relationship of the project. For instance, Meng (2012) [63] carried out the research scheme of the questionnaire from the perspective of project performance to study the construction industry in British. The questionnaire was scored by the following indicators: common goals, benefit and pain sharing, trust, no responsibility culture, joint work, communication, problem-solving, risk distribution, performance measurement, and continuous improvement. His research found that the deterioration of employee relationships may increase the likelihood of poor project performance. By improving certain aspects of the relationship, poor project performance can be effectively reduced.
Although prior studies have discussed the formal relationships and informal relationships in a CPMO, there is little literature that considers the employment relationship under the current managemental framework. Moreover, each employee relationship could be studied and indicated through the characteristic of employee behaviors [3,64,65,66]. For instance, Xue et al. [67] investigated the stakeholder conflicts in megaprojects of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. They explored the changes of stakeholder relationships in the whole life cycle of a construction project and thereafter they divided the stakeholder groups into 5 clusters, namely local industry, green group, supervision group, construction group, and governmental organizations.
Toward the construction project resilience, although there existed some literature that discussed the concept and application of resilience methodology, it still has few studies investigating the resilience from the perspective of EBs, either using social network analysis. The traditional goal of SNA is to identify and describe the structure of the network through the use of graph theory [68,69]. When collecting data from a bounded network, individuals usually identify connections with other network members [70,71]. The existence or non-existence of these relationships is meaningful because these associations describe the type of network (such as friendship network, suggestion network), and the relationship reflects a specific type of relationship between network members [72,73]. In SNA, the connection is often directional, in which when an individual is identified to a node, it represents the source of the node, and when the relationship changes from an element in the SNA, it represents the import of the element [74,75]. Each relationship can also have a weight. This weight can be the strength of the relationship (excluding weak or strong relationships) or other information about the link, such as the type of suggestion or shared information. When the relationship has weight, it is called valuable network data [76,77,78]. In addition to graphically describing the structure of the network (i.e., the element expressed as a “node” and the relationship expressed as a link or “edge”), many metrics are used to characterize individuals (such as centrality), duality (such as connectivity) [79,80,81], Reciprocity, group (such as clustering, closed) or the entire network (such as density, average vertex degree) [82,83,84].
The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) investigating the employee behaviors using data mining, (2) building the employee relationship network using SNA, and (3) modeling the employee relationship network by determining the CRs.
The organization of the paper and the logic framework are as followed. Section 3 raises the methodology of this study. Section 4 implements the proposed methods through a case study in China, and Section 5 makes the discussion. Section 6 lists the summary and conclusions.

3. Methodology

This section may be divided into subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.

3.1. Investigating the Employee Behaviors Using Systematic Literature Review

Systematic literature review (SLR) was selected at first to investigate the EBs in previous literature. SLR is an effective literature review methodology with the advantages of avoiding the omission of key literature and subjective errors. During the process, we employed 3 different types of databases to collect the initial data: Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The source of literature is limited to peer-reviewed journals published in English. The searching keywords are selected to “employee behaviors”, “construction project”, “formal and informal relationships”. The time span is set to “2011–2021”. There are two steps in this process: the searching process and the screening process. During the searching process, 186 papers were identified for the next screening process.
In the screening process, we first removed the paper which is duplicated, and made a title filtering. After this step, 121 papers remained. Then, we processed the abstract filtering by reading the abstract of the 121 papers manually and removing the papers whose abstracts are not directly related to the EBs. After this step, 84 papers remained. Thereafter, we conducted the full-text reading toward the remaining 84 papers. Then, 42 papers remained. Finally, we reviewed the references from the remained 42 papers and picked up the omitted papers which are not included in the database but have useful information for the study.
After the supplemental process, 54 papers are finalized to extract the EBs manually. The flowchart of the two steps of SLR is presented in Figure 1.
Finally, 6 employee behaviors that are used to depict the complex employee relationship are obtained. These EBs include PMT cohesion (C1), the identity of the project culture (C2), formal behavior between employees (C3), collaborate efficacy (C4), informal social constraints (C5), reciprocity and mutual trust (C6).
The extracted EBs and the data of the source are presented in Table 1.

3.2. Building the Employee Relationship Network Using SNA

The employee behaviors in the CPMO on the employees and their interrelationships could generate a kind of complex network, which can be studied by the social network analysis (SNA) approach. The SNA method is a structural analysis (SA) method that is applied across multiple disciplines. It can provide a mathematical model to study the relationship structure and attributes of social networks [111,112]. The significance of SNA is that it can carry out precise quantitative analysis and visual analysis of various relationships between network targets, thereby providing a quantitative mathematical model for constructing a certain middle-level theory and testing empirical propositions [81,113,114].
Through demonstrating a logic roadmap or network graph, the characteristic of the employee relationships and the employee behaviors could be explored. It put forward that employees in a CPMO are rooted within a social network which includes formal and informal relationships and their behavior and behavioral results are influenced by such social network.
Hence, we use 4 descriptive characteristics and network parameters to measure the employee behaviors involving cohesion, centrality, structural hole, and subgroup.
(1)
SNA-Cohesion
We use the network density analysis method to measure the strength of the SNA-Cohesion in the employee relationship network. The number of the connection between each CE determines the strength of the density where the social network can affect the attitudes and employee behaviors in a CMPO. Therefore, we obtain the density of each CE through the UCINET platform.
(2)
SNA-Centrality
We select 2 sets of SNA-Centrality parameters to depict the identity of the project culture (C2) and formal behavior between employees (C3). The degree of SNA-Centrality demonstrates the power and authority of CEs in a CMPO. The betweenness centrality represents the communication and knowledge sharing function of a CE. It is recognized as the indicator of the mutual activities among the CEs.
(3)
SNA-Structural hole
The SNA-Structural hole is used to analyze the nonredundant link between any two CE. Taking the holistic and systematic consideration into the whole social network, it acts as a hole in the structure of the network. From this perspective, we apply collaborative efficacy (C4) and informal social constraints (C5) to descript the SNA-Structural hole parameter.
(4)
SNA-Subgroup
The SNA-Subgroup refers to the degree of closeness between the certain CEs in the social network where they have reciprocity with each other and combine into a substantial subgroup. Therefore, we use reciprocity and mutual trust (C6) to explain the clique in the social network.
The parameters of SNA including the employee behaviors are presented in Table 2.

3.3. Modeling the Employee Relationship Network by Determining the CEs

Through the investigation on the EBs of each CE, the PMT can obtain a certain reference to improve the performance of employees. In terms of the project level, 12 significant CEs are identified in this study. They include deputy project manager (S1), business manager (S2), chief engineer (S3), cost engineer (S4), safety and quality engineer (S5), procurement engineer (S6), construction crew (S7), site engineer (S8), construction contractor (S9), consultant (S10), designer (S11) and supervisors (S12).

3.4. Calculating the Construction Project Resilience

After establishing the CEs network, the nodes of the conducted social network are modeled as identified critical employees. Thereafter, the connections between the nodes are modeled as the interrelationships between the CEs. The weight of the links in the social network are determined by the designed Liszt five points scale. The values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) are marked by five levels, namely very weak, weak, normal, strong, very strong. Then, the social network was generated by UCNET and the social network indicators were used to represent the EBs (Table 2). Finally, the CPR is calculated through Equation (1).
CPR = ∑ i = 1 n C i − min   C i max   C i − min   C i

3.5. Implements on Improving the Construction Project Resilience

The utilizing of resilience analysis owns the significant advantages for compensating for the traditional risk and disaster management framework. Bruneau et al. [115] proposed a classic measurement framework for the “4R” characteristics, involving robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness, to describe the performances of the resilience. The framework holistically explains resilience in multi-dimensions. Hence, this study calculates the 4R characteristics of resilience based on the framework and proposes strategies for improvement, correspondingly.
In the framework, the capabilities of the construction project for facing uncertainties and disturbances are reflected by the 4R characteristics of resilience. The first characteristic, i.e., robustness is described with the centrality of each CE. Thus, according to Table 2, 2 EBs, including “identity of the project culture (C2)” and “formal behavior between employees (C3)” are represented by the robustness. The stronger and tighter relationship between the CEs bring the higher centrality and finally, form the capability to against the uncertainties and disturbances.
The second characteristic, i.e., redundancy, is described with the structural hole of each CE. Thus, according to Table 2, two EBs, including “collaborate efficacy (C4)” and “informal social constraints (C5)” are represented by the redundancy. Two pairs of structural hole parameters, which are efficiency and constraint, are selected to indicate the collaborative efficacy and informal social constraints. The number of structural holes of the construction project reflects the strength of the redundancy of it.
The third characteristic, i.e., rapidity, is described with the cohesion of each CE. Thus, according to Table 2, PMT cohesion (C1) is represented by the rapidity with the parameter of density. The higher density of the CE network reveals the quicker communication among the CEs, where the construction project is better able to respond to the uncertainties and disturbances.
The fourth characteristic, i.e., resourcefulness, is described with the subgroup of the SNA indicator, which is described by the EB of reciprocity and mutual trust (C6). The parameter cliques are used to characterize the C6. The number of the cliques indicates the solutions and strategies the CEs have to address the uncertainties and disturbances.

4. Case Study

4.1. Background of the Selected Construction Project

Located in the Furong district of Changsha City in China, the Changsha international finance square (referred to hereafter as IFS) was selected as the studied case in this research. It is the largest urban complex of hotels, offices, parks, shopping malls, clubs, and apartments (HOPSCA) project in Hunan and it can provide a comprehensive financial operation mode.
The total investment of the project is over 20 billion, and the total construction area is about 1.02 million square meters, including the commercial part covering 2 floors underground and 7 floors above ground and two connected tower buildings. It is currently the largest investment property project of the Wharf Group. The project with the tallest building and the largest commercial area. The main tower T1 has a total height of 452 m with 95 floors, which is currently the tallest building in Hunan Province, and the auxiliary tower T2 has a total height of 315 m with 65 floors.

4.2. Determining the Components of the SNA Model

According to the discussion in Section 3.3, S1 to S12 served as the 12 critical employees are conducted as the nodes of the SNA model. Thereafter, we use the unidirectional link to represent the interrelationship between the 12 CEs. The weight of the links can be obtained as follows.
We carried out semi-structured interviews with 26 interviewees who undertook the construction activities of the project.
Establishing the rigorous principles to select these interviewees is crucial in the present study because it could help to obtain valid results by ensuring the selected CEs are qualified to complete the interview pertaining to the case study. The rigorous principles to select these interviewees were implemented from the following three perspectives. Firstly, the selected CEs should own sufficient experience (more than 4 years) for participating in the related construction project and have enough project management knowledge. Secondly, each selected CE should have a clear role in the construction project and know their responsibility. Third, they should have relatively steady positions in the PMT. Their age, sex, and professional experience are taken into consideration accordingly. The profiles of the selected interviewees are presented in Table 3.
Moreover, at the beginning of the interview, the selected CEs are required to review the key participation processes of the selected construction project, their interrelationship and the communications, etc. Thereafter, the standardized interview adapting Liszt five levels scale was conducted. During the interview, these key participants of the construction project were asked to point out their own relationship with others by scoring the values from 1 to 5.

4.3. Establishing the Final SNA Model

After the nodes and links of the SNA model were determined, the equivalent process for converting the relationships among the nodes to a 0-1 binary matrix was conducted, where the scores ranked in the ranging of 0 to 2 was assigned to 0 and the scores ranked in the ranging of 3 to 5 was assigned to 1. Thereafter, the edges of the SNA model are determined by the rules: if the value between two CEs is 1, an undirected arrow is used to represent the relationship between the two nodes. If the value between any two CEs is 0, there is no relationship between the two nodes.
Finally, the UCINET 6.0 platform was employed to generate the SNA model and draw the network graph (Figure 2). Through using the built-in functions of the UCINET, the SNA indicators for each EB were calculated. Thereafter, the resilience of the construction project could be obtained using Equation (1).

4.4. Results and Analysis

(1)
SNA graph and the descriptions
The SNA graph reveals that S2 and S6 own the most links in the entire graph, which indicates that S2 and S6 have the closest relationship with other CEs. The SNA model represents the connections between CEs and the strength of the relationship under a certain disturbance status. The structure and strength of the SNA model are dynamic and adapted to the changes of the disturbance status before, during, and after the disaster period. The number of links between nodes of the SNA model may increase due to the higher degree of intimacy between the CEs.
(2)
Employee behaviors indicators
As is presented in Table 2, we used 6 SNA parameters as the indicators to model the EBs (C1 to C6). Hence, the EBs could be measured and reflected by the SNA parameters which are dynamically determined by the connections of the CEs and their strength. In the present study, the employee behaviors analysis for each critical employee has been carried out. The employee behaviors for each critical employee are presented in Table 4.
(3)
The construction project resilience
After obtaining the indicators of the employee behaviors for each critical employee, we conducted the normalizing process and the results were used to calculate the CPR by Equation (1). The final CPR of the selected construction project is 53.13.

5. Discussion

The case study of the selected HOPSCA project holistically implemented the methodology proposed in Section 3. 12 CEs of the HOPSCA project were identified and their interrelations and the strength of the relationships were determined by conducting the semi-structured interview. By doing these, the components of the SNA model have been obtained. Finally, the SNA graph has been generated in the UCINET platform. As a result, the employee behaviors for each critical employee are displayed in the form of a table and the value of CPR are calculated.
The results of the case study could be used to analyze the strength of the indicators for the resilience of the construction project. As we mentioned in Section 3.4, the 4R characteristics analysis of a resilient construction project could help the decision-makers understand the weakness of the construction project in building resilience and making the strategies for improvement from the following four aspects.
(1)
Robustness
When encountering disturbances and uncertainties, some connections between the CEs may be reduced. However, the alternative intermediaries could still help the CEs connect with others. This characteristic of resilience is usually referred to as robustness. The robustness of an SNA model of the construction project is characterized by the identity of the project culture (C2) and formal behavior between employees (C3). Based on the findings presented in Table 4, certain efforts could be made by the project managers or decision-makers to improve the robustness of the resilience of construction projects.
First, S1, S3, S5, S7, and S8 have lower scores of C2 than other CEs. Especially, S3, S5, and S7 own the lowest scores of 0.2, which means that in the selected construction project, the consultant owns the weak formal internal relationship with other CEs. The weak performance in the EB C3 negatively impacts the robustness of the construction project and thus, finally forms the barriers to arriving at the CPR. Hence, it is significantly imperative to enhance the identity of the project culture for the CEs including deputy project manager, chief engineer, safety and quality engineer, construction crew, and site engineer.
Second, S5, S7, and S10 have the lowest value for the betweenness centrality of the SNA model. Especially, the betweenness centrality of S10 is 0, which means that in the selected construction project, the consultant owns the weak formal internal relationship with other CEs. The weak performance in the EB C3 negatively impacts the robustness of the construction project and thus, finally forms the barriers to arriving at the CPR. Therefore, improving the formal internal relationship and enhancing the communication and collaboration between safety and quality engineer, construction crew, and consultant to other CEs could obtain the maximum benefits for improving the robustness of the construction project.
The findings reveal an effective and intuitive way to improve the resilience of the construction project from the perspective of robustness, that is, to enhance the weak EB indicators of the CEs. Extensive efforts and care should be taken to cultivate the identity of the project culture and strengthen the formal internal relationship between the CEs. For instance, the flexible, adapted to changes and innovative organizational method for project management could help the PMT to quickly generate the project culture. Along with the process of knowledge sharing, the project culture is gradually recognized by all the PMT members. In this process, formal internal relationships which are restricted by the principles and contracts between CEs are served as the effective bridge for knowledge sharing.
(2)
Redundancy
Redundancy is usually defined as the existence of replaceable elements, systems, or other analysis units which can continue to meet functional requirements in the event of interruption, degradation, or loss of function. Toward the resilience of construction projects, it means that after some subsystems of the construction project system are damaged and affected, the ability to continue to maintain the original functional status through other alternative systems. Hence, in the proposed SNA model, after the disturbances and uncertainties, the CEs could still keep connecting through alternative resources. The redundancy of an SNA model of the construction project is characterized by collaborative efficacy (C4) and informal social constraints (C5). According to the results, due strategies could be put forward to improve the redundancy of the construction project.
First, S1, S3, S4, and S8 have a lower collaborative efficacy of 0.3 than other CEs. Hence, due care should be exerted to improve the collaborative efficacy of the CEs including deputy project manager, chief engineer, cost engineer, and site engineer. Establishing the incentive mechanism, shortening the path of cooperation, and clarifying the responsibilities of CEs are significant measures to achieve better collaboration efficacy.
Second, S2, S6, S10, and S11 have the lower value for the constraint of the SNA model. Especially, informal social constraints of S11 reach 0.3, which means it has relatively more structural holes. In the selected case study, the CEs, business manager, procurement engineer and consultant, designer, should enhance more social capital to improve necessary alternatives from the aspects of the project resources and the construction equipment.
The results indicate that improving the weak EB indicators of the CEs is critical to increasing the redundancy of the construction project which is one of the significant characteristics of the CPR. Due to the limitation of project resources, the minimum investment of the construction project should gain the maximum benefit. Hence, for the decision-makers of the selected construction project, these CEs analyzed above should be the key elements and the focus of attention.
(3)
Rapidity
Rapidity is manifested in the ability to meet priorities and achieve goals, which finally is to control losses and avoid interruptions. Toward the resilience of construction projects, it means that after some subsystems of the construction project system are damaged and affected, the ability to continue to maintain the original functional status through other alternative systems. In the case study, we used density as the SNA parameter to characterize the PMT cohesion (C1). Based on the results displayed in Table 4, S8 and S10 have a relatively lower density when compared to other CEs. Therefore, to improve the rapidity of the resilient construction project, the two CEs, i.e., site engineer and consultant, should be promoted to participate in the holistic construction activities and form more communication pathways with other CEs. Their collaboration should also be emphasized. The communication barriers between the PMT members should be broken to gain more PMT cohesion.
(4)
Resourcefulness
Resourcefulness is usually defined as the ability to identify problems, determine priorities, and locate resources when certain elements, systems, or other analysis units are at risk of damages. Toward the resilience of construction projects, it means that a resilient construction project with resourcefulness could quickly capture the key problems, flexibly and skillfully solve or alleviate the problems, reasonably determine priorities and locate resources when encountering the disturbances and uncertainties.
Cliques were used as the SNA parameter to characterize the EB of reciprocity and mutual trust. The results reveal that S5, S7, and S9 have low cliques which means these CEs lack enough reciprocity and mutual trust. Especially, the cliques of S11 were 0. Therefore, intensive strategies should be implemented for the designer to promote the formation of cliques. In the present, for most construction projects in China, the designer and design institute participate in the project activities as a third party which results in a low degree of enough reciprocity and mutual trust. Moreover, the lack of reciprocity and mutual trust could negatively influence the resourcefulness of the designer and finally reduce the resilience of a construction project.
Hence, from the perspective of resourcefulness, the findings of the case study proposed a way to improve the resilience of the construction project, that is, to improve the designer’s EB of reciprocity and mutual trust. Establishing shared incentives and rewards, promoting more frequent interaction between designers and other CEs, implementing knowledge sharing process, and cultivating project identity would benefit to arrive at the resourcefulness and a resilient construction project.
The findings of this study provide a perspective to measure CPR and can bring theoretical and practical benefits to the project managers. The evaluation model of CPR is a simple and useful tool to quantify the value of resilience. Thus, in future studies, dynamic research could be carried out to measure the CPR in a different phase of the life cycle. Comparative research could be conducted. On these bases, the present study made a meaningful contribution to the method to measure the resilience performance for a construction project.
Although the construction projects are high energy-consuming and resource-consuming, the effective improvement strategies for CPR can achieve the most optimal return with minimal investments. Hence, the implements for improving the CPR from four aspects: robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness could bring larger benefits.

6. Summary and Conclusions

With the tremendous developmental potentiality for the construction industry, the way of construction project development is required to adapt to the SDGs. Due to the high energy and resource consumption for construction projects, there are a large number of uncertainties and disturbances in achieving the SDGs. Therefore, studying the construction project resilience is imperative. Meanwhile, due to the constraint of traditional lean construction project management mode, the construction project management organization are facing huge challenges and opportunities in achieving SDGs [116,117,118]. Therefore, it is necessary to consider more formal and informal relationships in a CPMO, where the employment relationship is typically the relationship by contractual constraints.
From these perspectives, this study applied an SNA methodology to investigate the employee behaviors for each critical employee, including deputy project manager (S1), business manager (S2), chief engineer (S3), cost engineer (S4), safety and quality engineer (S5), procurement engineer (S6), construction crew (S7), site engineer (S8), construction contractor (S9), consultant (S10), designer (S11) and supervisors (S12), in a CPMO and thereafter built the employee relationship network using SNA. The strength of the connections between different critical employees is demonstrated accordingly. Six parameters of SNA including density, degree centrality, betweenness centrality, efficiency, constraint, and cliques are used to model the extracted employee behaviors, namely PMT cohesion (C1), the identity of the project culture (C2), formal behavior between employees (C3), collaborate efficacy (C4), informal social constraints (C5), reciprocity and mutual trust (C6). Finally, the 4R characteristics analysis of the CPR is conducted. The weak EB indicators for each CE are identified and the strategies to improve the CPR are proposed, correspondingly.
The provided methods could provide a simple tool to measure the construction project resilience from the perspective of employee behavior of each critical employee in a CMPO. Based on the proposed evaluation model, the project manager could figure out the strength of EB for each CE which could be applied to different construction projects, and obtain the final CPR. The value of the CPR could be served as the indicator of status under the uncertainties and disturbance. The findings provided a simple and effective methodology to measure the CPR and also benefit the project manager to improve the CPR by exerting certain efforts to the EBs in poor performance.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.Z. and H.C.; methodology, G.W. and H.Y.; software, G.W.; validation, Z.Z. and H.C.; formal analysis, G.W. and H.C.; investigation, Z.H. and H.C.; resources, Z.Z.; data curation, Z.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.H.; writing—review and editing, Z.H., G.W. and H.C.; visualization, G.W. and L.L.; supervision, H.C. and Z.Z.; project administration, Z.Z.; funding acquisition, Z.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The study and APC were funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, grant number [2021JJ30861].

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

All datasets generated for this study have been included in the article.

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful for the time the reviewers voluntarily spent reviewing our manuscript. We would like to thank the constructive comments and suggestions, which have helped us to improve the manuscript. All authors consent to the acknowledgements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Buildings 12 00056 g001 550
Figure 1. Flowchart of searching and screening process in SLR.
Figure 1. Flowchart of searching and screening process in SLR.
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Buildings 12 00056 g002 550
Figure 2. Social network graphs with the strength of critical employee relationships.
Figure 2. Social network graphs with the strength of critical employee relationships.
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Table
Table 1. Extracted employee behaviors and the data of source.
Table 1. Extracted employee behaviors and the data of source.
CodeEmployee BehaviorsData of Source
C1PMT cohesion[85,86,87,88,89,90]
C2Identity of the project culture[91,92,93,94]
C3Formal behavior between employees[38,95,96,97]
C4Collaborate efficacy[98,99,100,101,102]
C5Informal social constraints[103,104,105,106]
C6Reciprocity and mutual trust[24,33,107,108,109,110]
Table
Table 2. Parameters of SNA include employee behaviors.
Table 2. Parameters of SNA include employee behaviors.
Employee BehaviorsIndicatorsParameters
C1PMT cohesionCohesionDensity
C2Identity of the project cultureCentralityDegree centrality
C3Formal behavior between employeesBetweenness centrality
C4Collaborate efficacyStructural holeEfficiency
C5Informal social constraintsConstraint
C6Reciprocity and mutual trustSubgroupCliques
Table
Table 3. Profiles of the interviewees.
Table 3. Profiles of the interviewees.
CEs NO.Roles in the Construction ProjectYearsParticipantsPercentages
1Deputy project manager10 years27.69%
2Business manager8 years13.84%
3Chief engineer8 years27.69%
4Cost engineer5 years27.69%
5Safety and quality engineer3 years27.69%
6Procurement engineer8 years311.53%
7Construction crew5 years311.53%
8Site engineer5 years415.38%
9Construction contractor7 years27.69%
10Consultant5 years311.53%
11Designer10 years311.53%
12Supervisors6 years13.84%
Table
Table 4. Employee behaviors for each critical employee.
Table 4. Employee behaviors for each critical employee.
Employee Behaviors (Ci)Critical Employees
S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8S9S10S11S12
C1PMT cohesion564556426385
C2Identity of the project culture0.55.90.24.90.24.90.20.512.52.81.8
C3Formal behavior between employees80538380336433736006450
C4Collaborate efficacy0.30.50.30.30.70.40.70.30.50.410.6
C5Informal social constraints0.60.40.70.50.60.40.70.50.50.40.30.5
C6Reciprocity and mutual trust223216131602
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He, Z.; Wang, G.; Chen, H.; Zou, Z.; Yan, H.; Liu, L. Measuring the Construction Project Resilience from the Perspective of Employee Behaviors. Buildings 2022, 12, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010056

AMA Style

He Z, Wang G, Chen H, Zou Z, Yan H, Liu L. Measuring the Construction Project Resilience from the Perspective of Employee Behaviors. Buildings. 2022; 12(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010056

Chicago/Turabian Style

He, Zheng, Genda Wang, Huihua Chen, Zhuojun Zou, Hongyan Yan, and Linlin Liu. 2022. "Measuring the Construction Project Resilience from the Perspective of Employee Behaviors" Buildings 12, no. 1: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010056

APA Style

He, Z., Wang, G., Chen, H., Zou, Z., Yan, H., & Liu, L. (2022). Measuring the Construction Project Resilience from the Perspective of Employee Behaviors. Buildings, 12(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010056

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