Methods Used for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflation and Pressure Verification in Veterinary Medicine: A Questionnaire on Current Practice
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Questionnaire
2.2. Distribution of the Questionnaire and Informed Consent
2.3. Target Population
2.4. Data Handling
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Material and Reuse of Endotracheal Tubes
3.3. Methods Used for Cuff Inflation, Cuff Pressure Measurement and Target Range of Cuff Pressure Used
3.4. Preferred Techniques Used to Establish Endotracheal Tube Cuff Seal
3.5. Frequency and Timing of Rechecking Endotracheal Tube Cuff Seal
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire
- What is your gender?
- -
- Female
- -
- Male
- -
- Non-binary/third gender
- -
- Prefer not to say
- 2.
- In which country do you currently work?
- 3.
- What is your job title?
- -
- Veterinarian
- -
- Anaesthesiology nurse/technician
- -
- Anaesthesiology Intern
- -
- Anaesthesiology Resident
- -
- ACVAA diplomate
- -
- ECVAA diplomate
- -
- ECC nurse/technician
- -
- ECC veterinarian
- -
- ACVECC diplomate
- -
- ECVECC diplomate
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 4.
- What is your place of work?
- -
- First opinion practice
- -
- Referral practice
- -
- University hospital
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 5.
- How many years of veterinary experience do you have?
- -
- ≤2 years
- -
- >2 years to ≤5 years
- -
- >5 years to ≤10 years
- -
- >10 years
- 6.
- In which animal species do you perform endotracheal intubation? (multiple options possible)
- -
- Dogs
- -
- Cats
- -
- Farm Animals
- -
- Horses
- 1.
- What material is the endotracheal tube for [species] made of? (multiple options possible)
- -
- Silicone
- -
- Rubber
- -
- PVC
- -
- Don’t know
- 2.
- Do you reuse the endotracheal tube for [species]?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 3.
- What method or methods do you use for cuff inflation in [species]? (multiple options possible)
- -
- Syringe filled with air
- -
- Syringe filled with fluid
- -
- Cuff pressure measurement device
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 4.
- * How do you measure cuff pressure in [species]? (multiple options possible)
- -
- Manometer
- -
- Tru-Cuff ®
- -
- AG Cuffill®
- -
- PressureEasy ©
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 5.
- What techniques do you use to establish a good seal of the cuff in [species]? (multiple options possible)
- -
- Minimal occlusive volume (=inflating cuff until no audible leak is present)
- -
- Absence of smell (=inflation cuff until absence of the smell of inhalational anaesthetic)
- -
- Palpation pilot balloon
- -
- Loss of resistance (=hyperinflation cuff and then allowing passive release of all excess air until the plunger of the syringe stops moving)
- -
- Syringe pressure (=cuffing to a cuff pressure by feeling the pressure in the syringe)
- -
- Filling of the ventilator bellows
- -
- Verification of normal capnogram waveform
- -
- Measurement of cuff pressure
- -
- Auscultation of the trachea
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 6.
- Why do you use this technique in [species]? (multiple options possible)
- -
- No specific preference
- -
- By habit
- -
- I was taught to do it this way
- -
- I have read in the literature that this was the recommended method
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 7.
- * What is the cuff pressure you use in [species]? (please include an unit, e.g., kPa, mmHg or cmH2O)
- 8.
- Do you re-check the cuff in [species] (at a later time point)? (multiple options possible)
- -
- No, never
- -
- Yes, sometimes
- -
- Yes, frequently
- -
- Yes, always
- -
- Only with specific indications (please specify)
- 9.
- ** When do you re-check the cuff in [species] after endotracheal intubation?
- -
- ≤15 min
- -
- >15 to ≤30 min
- -
- >30 min
- -
- Only with specific indications (please specify)
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 10.
- ** How do you re-check the cuff in [species]?
- -
- Minimal occlusive volume (=inflating cuff until no audible leak is present)
- -
- Absence of smell (=inflation cuff until absence of the smell of inhalational anaesthetic)
- -
- Palpation pilot balloon
- -
- Loss of resistance (=hyperinflation cuff and then allowing passive release of all excess air until the plunger of the syringe stops moving)
- -
- Syringe pressure (=cuffing to a cuff pressure by feeling the pressure in the syringe)
- -
- Filling of the ventilator bellows
- -
- Verification of normal capnogram waveform
- -
- Measurement of cuff pressure
- -
- Auscultation of the trachea
- -
- Other (please specify)
- 11.
- What do you think the recommended range of cuff pressure is in [species]? (please include an unit, e.g., kPa, mmHg or cmH2O)
- 12.
- Please place the following items associated with endotracheal tube cuffing in order of highest (1) to lowest (4) perceived importance in [species].
- Decrease the risk of aspiration
- Avoiding contamination of working environment with anaesthetic gas
- Ability to provide mechanical ventilation
- Avoiding tracheal mucosal damage
Appendix B. Odds Ratio for Frequency of Response for Diplomates, First Opinion Practitioners and More than 10 Years of Experience for Selected Questionnaire Items
Diplomate | First-Opinion Practice | >10 Years’ Experience | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% Confidence Interval | 95% Confidence Interval | 95% Confidence Interval | |||||||
Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper | Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper | Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper | |
Species | |||||||||
Dogs | 0.897 | 0.220 | 3.657 | 2.648 | 0.542 | 12.933 | 0.364 | 0.075 | 1.780 |
Cats | 1.031 | 0.411 | 2.583 | 0.959 | 0.409 | 2.252 | 1.460 | 0.626 | 3.406 |
Farm Animals | 5.010 | 3.072 | 8.170 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.041 | 1.463 | 0.929 | 2.304 |
Horses | 4.611 | 2.842 | 7.481 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 1.364 | 0.875 | 2.128 |
Reuse of endotracheal tubes | |||||||||
Dogs | 1.221 | 0.745 | 2.001 | 0.980 | 0.614 | 1.654 | 1.316 | 0.773 | 2.241 |
Cats | 1.785 | 1.090 | 2.924 | 0.852 | 0.530 | 1.371 | 1.280 | 0.759 | 2.157 |
Farm Animals | 1.059 | 0.270 | 4.159 | * | 0.588 | 0.059 | 5.850 | ||
Horses | 0.917 | 0.279 | 3.011 | * | 1.027 | 0.990 | 1.065 | ||
Measuring cuff pressure | |||||||||
Dogs | 1.221 | 0.745 | 2.001 | 0.980 | 0.614 | 1.654 | 1.320 | 0.823 | 2.117 |
Cats | 1.785 | 1.090 | 2.924 | 0.852 | 0.530 | 1.371 | 1.712 | 1.054 | 2.783 |
Farm Animals | 1.059 | 0.270 | 4.159 | * | 0.882 | 0.235 | 3.316 | ||
Horses | 0.917 | 0.279 | 3.011 | * | 0.868 | 0.259 | 2.903 | ||
≥ 3 techniques to verify cuff seal | |||||||||
All species | 2.075 | 1.307 | 3.294 | 0.453 | 0.288 | 0.710 | 1.152 | 0.746 | 1.778 |
Never rechecking the cuff | |||||||||
Dogs | ** | 10.238 | 3.486 | 30.063 | 0.303 | 0.134 | 0.683 | ||
Cats | 0.062 | 0.008 | 0.463 | 8.854 | 3.313 | 23.662 | 0.547 | 0.262 | 1.142 |
Farm Animals | ** | * | 0.955 | 0.895 | 1.018 | ||||
Horses | ** | * | 0.623 | 0.038 | 10.202 | ||||
Yes, sometimes | |||||||||
Dogs | 1.104 | 0.696 | 1.752 | 0.936 | 0.609 | 1.439 | 1.096 | 0.714 | 1.684 |
Cats | 1.250 | 0.779 | 2.005 | 0.792 | 0.510 | 1.231 | 1.114 | 0.717 | 1.729 |
Farm Animals | 1.331 | 0.643 | 2.753 | * | 0.499 | 0.234 | 1.065 | ||
Horses | 0.891 | 0.442 | 1.798 | * | 0.611 | 0.294 | 1.270 | ||
Yes, frequently | |||||||||
Dogs | 2.063 | 1.193 | 3.568 | 0.334 | 0.182 | 0.614 | 1.570 | 0.904 | 2.725 |
Cats | 1.429 | 0.774 | 2.639 | 0.478 | 0.251 | 0.910 | 1.168 | 0.641 | 2.128 |
Farm Animals | 0.804 | 0.336 | 1.922 | * | 3.091 | 1.071 | 8.915 | ||
Horses | 1.447 | 0.483 | 4.337 | * | 1.847 | 0.553 | 6.164 | ||
Yes, always | |||||||||
Dogs | 1.126 | 0.508 | 2.498 | 0.372 | 0.155 | 0.893 | 2.308 | 0.997 | 5.344 |
Cats | 1.186 | 0.530 | 2.651 | 0.324 | 0.128 | 0.819 | 2.084 | 0.894 | 4.857 |
Farm Animals | 0.821 | 0.286 | 2.359 | * | 0.990 | 0.333 | 2.940 | ||
Horses | 0.685 | 0.239 | 1.970 | * | 1.445 | 0.470 | 4.443 | ||
Only with specific indications | |||||||||
Dogs | 0.646 | 0.331 | 1.262 | 2.727 | 1.499 | 4.964 | 0.656 | 0.368 | 1.171 |
Cats | 0.998 | 0.540 | 1.843 | 1.577 | 0.892 | 2.789 | 0.701 | 0.396 | 1.238 |
Farm Animals | 4.521 | 1.418 | 14.418 | * | 2.982 | 0.933 | 9.531 | ||
Horses | 2.336 | 0.963 | 5.664 | * | 2.815 | 1.050 | 7.549 | ||
Recheck cuff <15 min | |||||||||
Dogs | 0.529 | 0.232 | 1.207 | 2.138 | 1.059 | 4.314 | 0.881 | 0.437 | 1.774 |
Cats | 0.573 | 0.269 | 1.224 | 1.693 | 0.871 | 3.291 | 1.006 | 0.514 | 1.966 |
Farm Animals | 0.836 | 0.320 | 2.184 | * | 0.667 | 0.213 | 2.085 | ||
Horses | 0.684 | 0.222 | 2.105 | 5.263 | 0.315 | 87.848 | 0.707 | 0.268 | 1.863 |
Appendix C. Demographics of Study Participants
Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Female | 259 | 74.4 |
Male | 83 | 23.9 |
Non-binary/third gender | 0 | 0 |
Prefer not to say | 6 | 1.7 |
Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Australia | 14 | 4.0 |
Austria | 1 | 0.3 |
Belgium | 10 | 2.9 |
Canada | 10 | 2.9 |
Colombia | 1 | 0.3 |
Finland | 1 | 0.3 |
France | 3 | 0.9 |
Germany | 6 | 1.7 |
Greece | 1 | 0.3 |
Hong Kong (S.A.R.) | 1 | 0.3 |
Ireland | 3 | 0.9 |
Israel | 1 | 0.3 |
Italy | 11 | 3.2 |
Netherlands | 163 | 46.8 |
New Zealand | 1 | 0.3 |
Norway | 2 | 0.6 |
South Africa | 2 | 0.6 |
South Korea | 1 | 0.3 |
Spain | 6 | 1.7 |
Sweden | 3 | 0.9 |
Switzerland | 9 | 2.6 |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 42 | 12.1 |
United States of America | 56 | 16.1 |
Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Job title | ||
Veterinarian | 182 | 52.3 |
Anaesthesiology nurse/technician | 7 | 2.0 |
Anaesthesiology intern | 1 | 0.3 |
Anaesthesiology resident | 34 | 9.8 |
ACVAA diplomate | 48 | 13.8 |
ECVAA diplomate | 61 | 17.5 |
ECC nurse/technician | 0 | 0 |
ECC veterinarian | 1 | 0.3 |
ACVECC diplomate | 0 | 0 |
ECVECC diplomate | 0 | 0 |
Other | 14 | 4.0 |
Job title (other). | ||
Specialist small animal surgery | 1 | 7.1 |
Anaesthesiology professor | 2 | 14.2 |
PhD anaesthesia | 1 | 7.1 |
Residency trained anaesthesiologist | 10 | 71.4 |
Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Place of work | ||
First-opinion practice | 151 | 43.4 |
Referral practice | 75 | 21.6 |
University hospital | 110 | 31.6 |
Other | 12 | 3.4 |
Place of work (other) | ||
University and referral practice | 2 | 16.7 |
University and first-opinion practice | 1 | 8.3 |
First-opinion and referral practice | 1 | 8.3 |
Consultant | 2 | 16.7 |
Executive | 1 | 8.3 |
Research organisation | 2 | 16.7 |
Preclinical industry | 1 | 8.3 |
Retired | 1 | 8.3 |
Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
≤2 years | 38 | 10.9 |
>2 years to ≤5 years | 38 | 10.9 |
>5 years to ≤10 years | 75 | 21.6 |
>10 years | 197 | 56.6 |
Frequency | Percentage per Species | Percentage of Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Dogs | 339 | 97.4 | 37.3 |
Cats | 325 | 93.4 | 35.8 |
Farm animals | 118 | 33.9 | 13.0 |
Horses | 127 | 36.5 | 14.0 |
All four species | 111 | 31.9 |
Frequency | Percentage per Species | Frequency (Total) | |
---|---|---|---|
Dogs | 105 | 31.0 | 339 |
Cats | 101 | 31.1 | 325 |
Farm animals | 64 | 54.2 | 118 |
Horses | 66 | 52.0 | 127 |
Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Australia | 11 | 10.2 |
Austria | 0 | 0 |
Belgium | 2 | 1.9 |
Canada | 6 | 5.6 |
Colombia | 0 | 0 |
Finland | 1 | 0.9 |
France | 1 | 0.9 |
Germany | 3 | 2.8 |
Greece | 1 | 0.9 |
Hong Kong (S.A.R.) | 1 | 0.9 |
Ireland | 3 | 2.8 |
Israel | 1 | 0.9 |
Italy | 11 | 10.2 |
Netherlands | 1 | 0.9 |
New Zealand | 0 | 0 |
Norway | 1 | 0.9 |
South Africa | 1 | 0.9 |
South Korea | 0 | 0 |
Spain | 2 | 1.9 |
Sweden | 2 | 1.9 |
Switzerland | 6 | 5.6 |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 24 | 22.2 |
United States of America | 37 | 34.3 |
Total | 108 |
Frequency | Percentage per Species | Frequency (Total) | |
---|---|---|---|
Dogs | 146 | 43.1 | 339 |
Cats | 138 | 42.5 | 325 |
Farm animals | 2 | 1.7 | 118 |
Horses | 2 | 1.6 | 127 |
Frequency Dutch | Percentage Dutch | Frequency Non-Dutch | Percentage Non-Dutch | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Veterinarian | 157 | 45.1 | 25 | 7.2 |
Anaesthesiology nurse/technician | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2.0 |
Anaesthesiology intern | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
Anaesthesiology resident | 2 | 0.6 | 32 | 9.2 |
ACVAA diplomate | 0 | 0 | 48 | 13.8 |
ECVAA diplomate | 1 | 0.3 | 60 | 17.2 |
ECC nurse/technician | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ECC veterinarian | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
ACVECC diplomate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ECVECC diplomate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other | 1 | 0.3 | 13 | 3.7 |
Total | 163 | 46.8 | 185 | 53.1 |
Frequency | Percentage | |
---|---|---|
Dutch respondents | 163 | 46.8 |
Total respondents | 348 | 100 |
Dutch respondents working in first-opinion practice | 143 | 94.7 |
Total respondents working in first-opinion practice | 151 | 100 |
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Questionnaire Item | Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dogs | Cats | Farm Animals | Horses | |
What material is the endotracheal tube made of? | ||||
Silicone | 67.3 ‡,¶ | 45.2 †,§,¶ | 85.6 ‡,¶ | 91.3 †,‡,§ |
Rubber | 7.7 ‡ | 4.6 † | 13.6 | 12.6 |
PVC | 55.5 §,¶ | 56.0 §,¶ | 48.3 †,‡,¶ | 10.2 †,‡,§ |
Don’t know | 16.2 | 16.0 | 0 | 0.8 |
Non-selected | 2.7 § | 0.6 | 5.1† | 2.4 |
Do you reuse the endotracheal tube? | ||||
Yes | 76.4 §,¶ | 75.4 §,¶ | 89.0 †,‡ | 96.1 †,‡ |
No | 20.4 | 22.8 §,¶ | 3.4 ‡ | 1.6 ‡ |
Other | 3.2 §,¶ | 1.5 | 3.4 †,¶ | 0 †,§ |
Non-selected | 0 § | 0.3 § | 4.2 †,‡ | 2.4 |
What method or methods do you use for cuff inflation? | ||||
Syringe filled with air | 90.6 ‡ | 87.4 † | 90.7 | 91.3 |
Syringe filled with fluid | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0 | 1.6 |
Cuff pressure measurement device | 30.4 | 31.7 | 8.5 †,‡ | 9.4 †,‡ |
Other | 8.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-selected | 0 § | 0.9 | 5.1 † | 2.4 |
How do you measure cuff pressure? | ||||
Manometer | 35.9 §,¶ | 30.1 § | 60.0 †,‡ | 100.0 † |
Tru-Cuff ® | 10.7 §,¶ | 11.7 §,¶ | 0 †,‡ | 0 †,‡ |
AG Cuffill® | 35.0 ‡,§,¶ | 41.7 †,§,¶ | 10.0 †,‡ | 0 †,‡ |
PressureEasy © | 23.3 ‡ | 18.4 † | 0 | 0 |
Other | 11.7 §,¶ | 11.7 § | 10.0 †,‡ | 0 † |
Non-selected | 1.0 | 0 | 20.0 | 0 |
What is the cuff pressure you use? (if using measurement device) | ||||
Don’t know | 7.5 | 10.7 | 0 | 0 |
<20 cm H2O | 3.0 | 12 | 12.5 | 0 |
20–30 cm H2O | 71.6 | 62.7 | 62.5 | 18.2 |
>30 cm H2O | 14.9 | 14.7 | 25.0 | 81.8 |
Other | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-selected | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
What do you think the recommended range of cuff pressure is? | ||||
No answer | 23.3 §,¶ | 24.0 § | 16.1 †,‡ | 18.1 † |
Don’t know | 15.6 § | 15.7 § | 5.9 †,‡ | 3.1 |
<20 cm H2O | 14.2 * | 17.5 * | 12.7 * | 7.9 * |
20–30 cm H2O | 31.6 § | 28.6 | 36.4 † | 38.6 |
>30 cm H2O | 10.3 §,¶ | 7.7 §,¶ | 23.7 †,‡ | 26.0 †,‡ |
Other | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 6.3 |
Non-selected | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
What techniques do you use to establish a good seal of the cuff? | ||||
Minimal Occlusive Volume | 35.8 §,¶ | 38.0 §,¶ | 27.5 †,‡,¶ | 17.6 †,‡,§ |
Absence smell of inhalational anaesthetic | 6.2 §,¶ | 7.4 §,¶ | 11.7 †,‡,¶ | 15.0 †,‡,§ |
Palpation pilot balloon | 14.5 | 14.1 | 16.1 | 13.4 |
Loss of resistance | 1.9 §,¶ | 0 † | 0 † | 0 † |
Syringe pressure | 4.5 ¶ | 3.8 ¶ | 5.1 | 8.2 †,‡ |
Filling of the ventilator bellows | 3.9 §,¶ | 3.7 §,¶ | 12.4 †,‡,¶ | 17.6 †,‡,§ |
Verification normal capnogram waveform | 20.7 ‡ | 19.2 † | 20.9 | 19.9 |
Measurement cuff pressure | 11.5 §,¶ | 12.9 §,¶ | 4.8 †,‡ | 4.6 †,‡ |
Auscultation trachea | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.5 ¶ | 3.6 § |
Other | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 5.5 |
Non-selected | 0.9 ‡,§ | 1.8 † | 7.6 † | 7.1 |
Why do you use this technique? | ||||
No specific preference | 7.2 | 8.5 | 13.1 | 10.3 |
By habit | 25.9 | 26.1 | 26.3 | 26.6 |
I was taught to do it this way | 47.7 ‡ | 47.1 † | 46.7 ¶ | 54.0 § |
Literature | 13.3 §,¶ | 13.3 §,¶ | 7.9 †,‡ | 5.5 †,‡ |
Other | 5.9 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 3.6 |
Non-selected | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Do you re-check the cuff? | ||||
No, never | 8.4 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
Yes, sometimes | 48.9 | 49.9 | 46.7 | 53.8 |
Yes, frequently | 19.0 ‡,¶ | 15.5 †,¶ | 21.3 | 11.4 †,‡ |
Yes, always | 8.3 | 8.4 | 13.2 | 12.1 |
Only with specific indications | 15.3 §,¶ | 16.9 ¶ | 17.2 † | 21.2 †,‡ |
Non-selected | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
When do you re-check the cuff after endotracheal intubation? | ||||
≤15 min | 11.7 ¶ | 14.1 | 12.7 | 16.5 † |
>15 to ≤30 min | 24.4 ¶ | 25.1 ¶ | 28.2 ¶ | 14.9 †,‡,§ |
>30 min | 9.1 | 8.2 | 10.9 | 12.4 |
Only with specific indications | 46.9 | 46.4 | 42.7 | 48.8 |
Other | 7.8 § | 6.2 | 5.4† | 7.4 |
Non-selected | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
What techniques do you use to establish a good seal of the cuff? | ||||
Minimal Occlusive Volume | 57.3 §,¶ | 94.3 §,¶ | 53.4 †,‡,¶ | 36.0 †,‡,§ |
Absence smell of inhalational anaesthetic | 30.1 §,¶ | 29.7 §,¶ | 38.8 †,‡ | 40.0 †,‡ |
Palpation pilot balloon | 33.3 | 33.1 | 36.2 | 31.2 |
Loss of resistance | 3.6 §,¶ | 2.0 §,¶ | 14.7 †,‡ | 18.4 †,‡ |
Syringe pressure | 6.8 ¶ | 4.8 | 10.3 | 11.2 † |
Filling of the ventilator bellows | 20.1 * | 16.4 * | 42.2 * | 52.8 * |
Verification normal capnogram waveform | 52.4 ‡ | 48.8 † | 50.9 | 56.0 |
Measurement cuff pressure | 20.1 ‡,§,¶ | 26.6 †,§¶ | 12.1 †,‡ | 8.8 †,‡ |
Auscultation trachea | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 5.6 |
Other | 5.5 | 4.4 | 2.6 ¶ | 5.6 § |
Non-selected | 9.7 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 4.7 |
Diplomate | First-Opinion Practice | >10 Years of Experience | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% Confidence Interval | 95% Confidence Interval | 95% Confidence Interval | |||||||
Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper | Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper | Odds Ratio | Lower | Upper | |
Species | |||||||||
Dogs | 0.897 | 0.220 | 3.657 | 2.648 | 0.542 | 12.933 | 0.364 | 0.075 | 1.780 |
Cats | 1.031 | 0.411 | 2.583 | 0.959 | 0.409 | 2.252 | 1.460 | 0.626 | 3.406 |
Farm Animals | 5.010 | 3.072 | 8.170 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.041 | 1.463 | 0.929 | 2.304 |
Horses | 4.611 | 2.842 | 7.481 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 1.364 | 0.875 | 2.128 |
Reuse of endotracheal tubes | |||||||||
Dogs | 1.221 | 0.745 | 2.001 | 0.980 | 0.614 | 1.654 | 1.316 | 0.773 | 2.241 |
Cats | 1.785 | 1.090 | 2.924 | 0.852 | 0.530 | 1.371 | 1.280 | 0.759 | 2.157 |
Farm Animals | 1.059 | 0.270 | 4.159 | * | * | * | 0.588 | 0.059 | 5.850 |
Horses | 0.917 | 0.279 | 3.011 | * | * | * | 1.027 | 0.990 | 1.065 |
Measuring cuff pressure | |||||||||
Dogs | 1.221 | 0.745 | 2.001 | 0.980 | 0.614 | 1.654 | 1.320 | 0.823 | 2.117 |
Cats | 1.785 | 1.090 | 2.924 | 0.852 | 0.530 | 1.371 | 1.712 | 1.054 | 2.783 |
Farm Animals | 1.059 | 0.270 | 4.159 | * | * | * | 0.882 | 0.235 | 3.316 |
Horses | 0.917 | 0.279 | 3.011 | * | * | * | 0.868 | 0.259 | 2.903 |
≥3 techniques to verify cuff seal | |||||||||
All species | 2.075 | 1.307 | 3.294 | 0.453 | 0.288 | 0.710 | 1.152 | 0.746 | 1.778 |
Never rechecking the cuff | |||||||||
Dogs | ** | ** | ** | 10.238 | 3.486 | 30.063 | 0.303 | 0.134 | 0.683 |
Cats | 0.062 | 0.008 | 0.463 | 8.854 | 3.313 | 23.662 | 0.547 | 0.262 | 1.142 |
Farm Animals | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | 0.955 | 0.895 | 1.018 |
Horses | ** | ** | ** | * | * | * | 0.623 | 0.038 | 10.202 |
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Veen, I.; de Grauw, J.C. Methods Used for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflation and Pressure Verification in Veterinary Medicine: A Questionnaire on Current Practice. Animals 2022, 12, 3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223076
Veen I, de Grauw JC. Methods Used for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflation and Pressure Verification in Veterinary Medicine: A Questionnaire on Current Practice. Animals. 2022; 12(22):3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223076
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeen, Iris, and Janny C. de Grauw. 2022. "Methods Used for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflation and Pressure Verification in Veterinary Medicine: A Questionnaire on Current Practice" Animals 12, no. 22: 3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223076
APA StyleVeen, I., & de Grauw, J. C. (2022). Methods Used for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflation and Pressure Verification in Veterinary Medicine: A Questionnaire on Current Practice. Animals, 12(22), 3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223076