A Step towards a Sustainable Tourism in Apennine Mountain Areas: A Proposal of Geoitinerary across the Matese Mountains (Central-Southern Italy)

Abstract

The Apennine mountain areas suffer progressive abandonment and marginality, although being characterized by an extraordinary richness in natural and cultural resources, and landscapes of great beauty. Therefore, their natural heritage, and especially their geoheritage, tranformed into geotourism initiatives, can represent an essential resource to support local economy andsustainable development. The present study illustrates the case of Matese Mountains (Southern Apennines), particularly rich in protected areas, including the Matese National Park currently taking off, which is characterized by a rich geoheritage, based on 59 geosites. Among these geosites, examining the specially built geosite GIS database, 16 geosites were selected to construct a geoitinerary crossing the Matese Mountains. The geoitinerary was delineated to optimally represent the major geomorphological and geological (especially geohistorical) features of the Matese area. The selected geosites were associated to a new procedure to assess their Scientific Value (SV) and Potential Tourism Use (PTU), and to confirm their suitability for the purpose. To illustrate the geoitinerary, a geoitinerary map, and illustration material such as descriptive cards were produced. As an overall result, the proposed geoitinerary represents a valuable contribution for the geotourism promotion of the Matese Mountains on which to base future studies and initiatives in this perspective.

1. Introduction

The Mediterranean mountain ranges (Alps, Apennines, Pyrenees, Atlas, etc.) are areas of priority interest due to their natural resources, especially for their richness in fauna and flora and relatively high biodiversity. Likewise, these mountainous areas are also of high geological interest as they testify important steps of the geological history of the Earth and host highly diversified landscapes, which result from the prolonged interplay of endogenic and exogenic processes under variable climate conditions. This makes the need for natural resource protection a priority for Mediterranean mountain areas, implicating a substantial maintenance of their environmental features and values.

At the same time, Mediterranean mountain areas are largely part of the so-called inner areas, i.e., rural areas that experience marginalization due to their geographical and socio-economic conditions ([1,2] and references therein), and are significantly affected by demographic decline and population ageing, as well as landscape degradation caused primarily by agricultural abandonment ([3] and references therein).

The set of these characteristics, together with the significant geographical space that mountain areas occupy, make them become priority objects of sustainable development policies (e.g., [4]).

In Europe, among the several initiatives aimed at reversing depopulation and marginalization of peripheral areas, one worthy of mentioning is the National Strategy for Inner Areas (NSIA), launched in 2012 by the Italian Government, that counts among its main themes the defense and usage of cultural heritage [5]. This theme implicates a contrast between interventions aimed at nature protection, especially the institution and management of protected areas (from special protection areas up to national parks), widespread at the European scale, and others that focus on the exploitation of the cultural heritage and the socio-economic development of the territory.

Obviously, the Mediterranean mountain areas, thanks to their landscapes of exceptional aesthetic quality [6] and richness in natural and cultural resources, are important potential destinations of tourism activities that, however, have to “unite under the same umbrella” the need of environment preservation with the desired socio-economic development. It is also for this reason that concepts such as mountain tourism [6,7], sustainable tourism, eco-tourism and slow travel ([8,9] and references therein), as well as geotourism [9,10,11,12], are progressively developing and gaining increasing importance.

In our specific case, research focuses on geotourism, which is intended as a geology-based tourism [12] and, according to [9], as tourism which focuses on an area’s geology and landscape as the basis of fostering sustainable tourism development. Geotourism is one of the newest concepts in tourism studies today. It has grown rapidly over the past few decades and the potential for geotourism development is largely going to be explored in European and Mediterranean countries (e.g., [13,14,15,16] and references therein). Particularly, geotourism is among the novel strategies used for socio-economic development in rural areas [17,18], and has been demonstrated to have positive economic effects in several contexts and especially in Geopark areas, both at the European and global scale (e.g., [17,19,20,21] and references therein).

Geotourism activities essentially concern the knowledge and exploitation of the geological heritage of a territory. They can represent a valid alternative or integration to other more or less traditional tourism activities in mountain areas, especially for summer seasons, even more as being able to respond to the need to promote scientific research and environmental education. Numerous are the activities that can be realized in several contexts, to promote geological heritage and related geotourism purposes, e.g., [22,23,24,25]. Among these, geological itineraries are a powerful tool for the dissemination of geosciences and geotourism development [26,27,28,29]. In fact, a consistent part of the recent and rich literature on geotourism concerns the proposal, design and/or illustration of geoitineraries [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], especially in Parks and/or Geoparks (i.e., [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49]).

Among the major mountain areas in Italy, the Matese Mountains (Figure 1) well meet several of the previously mentioned characteristics of Mediterranean mountain areas. However, as regards the current exploitation of its geological heritage, there are only a few initiatives aimed at the promotion of geotourism. Among them, worth mentioning are the geoitineraries proposed respectively for the Molise sector [50,51] and for the Campanian sector [52,53], the two sectors into which the Matese mountains are subdivided from the administrative point of view (see below).

To contribute to the enhancement of the geological heritage of the Matese Mountains, in order to take a step towards the development of sustainable tourism, we have developed a proposal for a geoitinerary that crosses the entire Matese Mountains.

The geosite selection and the definition of the itinerary were based on several criteria (see below), to respond to the following essential requirements: (i) to best enhance the overall geological heritage of the Matese area, (ii) to illustrate in the most complete and optimal way the main steps of its geological history and landscape evolution, and (iii) to overcome the administrative and physiographic boundaries between the Campanian and Molise sectors of the Matese area.

2. Study Area

The Matese Mountains formed during the Apenninic orogenesis that started following the closure of the Tethys Sea, with the deformation, piling up and uplift of thousands of meters thick marine sedimentary successions that had mainly deposited in carbonate platform environments (e.g., [54]). This group of mountains is placed in the junction zone between the southern and the northern Apennine arcs (Figure 1), and has been object of numerous geological studies since the end of the 1700 [55]. The major geological topics dealt with in the literature, for this sector, concern the tectonic evolution and deformation styles that have characterized it (e.g., [56,57,58,59]), the stratigraphy of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic successions (e.g., [60] and references therein), as well as the related palaeogeographic, paleoenvironmental and paleontological aspects (e.g., [54] and references therein, [61,62]).

The Matese Mountains are prevailingly composed of shallow water limestones and dolostones of Triassic to Miocene age (Figure 2), referring to carbonate platform domains. Towards their southeast, a major N-S tectonic feature puts these successions in contact with a tectonic unit composed of varicoloured clays, limestones, marls and arenites belonging to the basinal Sannio Units, and of sandstones and conglomerates of the San Bartolomeo Flysch (Figure 2). Furthermore, sandstones, clays and conglomerates belonging to the Miocene Molise Flysch are locally present both along the borders of the carbonate massif and inside it, within some major tectonic depressions (Figure 2). Rocks of Pliocene age are instead totally lacking in the Matese area. Finally, Quaternary deposits, which are mainly of alluvial and volcanic origin (Figure 2), crop out widespread in the basins and river plains surrounding the Matese Mountains, as well as in most of its major intramountainous tectonic depressions.

From the Late Pliocene onwards, the activity of extensional, mainly NW-SE to W-E and NE-SW oriented faults, caused the progressive tectonic fragmentation of the Matese Mountains. Clear evidence of this is found in the major intramountainous depressions (such as those that host the Matese and Gallo lakes) and the staircases of normal faults, responsible for the progressive relative tectonic lowering, especially towards NE and SW [63,64,65,66,67], of the external sectors of the massif, as well as of the basins around it (Figure 2 and Figure 3).

Extensional tectonics has significantly controlled the orographic-hydrographic setting of the Matese Mountains. The latter, in fact, are characterized by a central wide mountain to high mountain plateau-like sector with altitudes of above 1000 m and up to 2050 m a.s.l. (Figure 3), which is limited towards the surrounding hills and plains by huge, up to several hundreds of meters high carbonate fault slopes and structural-controlled slopes (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The surface water drainage within the massif appears deeply controlled by fault and thrust alignments. Furthermore, major karst springs (see for instance the Boiano and the Torano-Maretto springs that emerge respectively along the central northern and southern edges of the Massif, Figure 3), are located along the contact between the carbonate karstified system and the surrounding low-permeability to impermeable rocks.

From a morphodynamic point of view, the Matese Massif typically represents the Mediterranean and, especially, the Apennine mountain landscape [68], whose landforms have evolved under the long lasting influence and interplay of tectonics and climate. In particular, with a maximum height of 2050 m (Mount Miletto), the Matese massif is one of the few mountainous areas in central-southern Italy that hosts significant evidence of Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciations, particularly relicts of glacial landforms (cirques and troughs) and remnants of moraines [69,70]. Apart from these important paleoclimatic relicts, the Matese Mountains are particularly rich in karst landforms due to their carbonate nature, and are furthermore characterized above all by periglacial, tectonic-structural and fluvial landforms [68,70].

From an administrative and geographical point of view, the Matese area is divided into a southern and northern sector, falling respectively in the Campanian and Molise region (Figure 1). This circumstance has surely contributed to a certain fragmentation of the mountain territory, and poor road network especially in the central, mountain to high-mountain sector. In fact, villages are located mostly in the external sectors, and are normally reachable through roads starting from the plain areas surrounding the massif, while only a few roads, today partly inaccessible, cross the massif.

The administrative and territorial fragmentation has also played an important role in the environmental valorization and promotion of the Matese Mountains that until now have been managed in an uncoordinated way by the Campania and Molise regions, each restricted exclusively to their own territorial competences. In this regard, the establishment, in 1993, of the Matese Regional Park (Figure 1), which is entirely located in Campanian territory, represented a fundamental, albeit “partial” step towards the conservation and sustainable fruition of the rich natural heritage of the Matese Mountains. Conversely, the Molise Regional Park did never become a reality, and it took nearly three decades to tackle concretely the Matese National Park project. The latter is finally being set up in recent years, even if with some problems related to its perimetration are still under discussion (see perimeter hypothesis 2019 in Figure 1).

A substantial part of the rich natural heritage of the Matese area is linked to the wide extension of the protected areas, consisting in the Matese Regional Park area and 13 partially overlapping Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (Figure 1). To this are added the great beauty and diversity of its mountain landscape together with its elevated geological heritage. The Molise portion of the Matese area, in fact, is characterized by the highest density of geosites at the regional scale (macro-area Matese-Boiano-Sepino basins, [68]), while a total of 59 geosites are found within the hypothesized perimeter of the Matese National Park (see Figure 1 and below for further details).

Both the biological and geological resources are surely precious and essential for the green growth and sustainable development of the Matese area and, especially, for the success of the future Matese National Park [71], making it a good candidate for future promotion as a Geopark. These resources could contribute, furthermore, to contrast among others the trend to consistent depopulation, also coupled with a net increase of the old-age index, which has affected most of the 37 municipalities of the Matese area documented for the period 1971–2011 [72].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Selection and Evaluation of the Geosites

To define the geoitinerary and select the most suitable geosites for it, we followed the workflow illustrated in Figure 4. All data available for the geosites falling in the hypothesized perimeter of the Matese National Park (Figure 1) were examined. Among various data sources, such as literature, geosite inventories and the data archive of the authors, the main sources of data are represented by the following official geosite inventories/projects (Figure 4): the Geosite Inventory of Molise region [68,73,74], the Italian Geosites Inventory of ISPRA [75], and the “Census of geosites and cartography of the geological-environmental itineraries of Campania” project (geosites included in the Geosite Map of Campania [76,77]. Based on the data collected for all geosites, we created a relative database in a GIS environment (Database of the Matese National Park geosites, Figure 4).

For the Molise geosites, inventory cards containing their description and other information, such as the ages of rock formations and genetic processes involved, the main scientific interests and the relevance of the geosites, are available [74].

For the Campanian geosites included in the Geosite Map of Campania, such cards are not available. Therefore, first information on the Campanian geosites included in our database was mainly extracted from the cards available on the ISPRA website [75] and from literature [68,78,79].

The compilation of the Matese National Park Geosite Database allowed for storing information provided by the consulted data sources, concerning in particular the geological periods covered by the geosites, their primary scientific interests and the main geological themes they deal with.

Compatibly with this information and the overall distribution of geosites, we have individuated an area particularly representative as regards the geological and geomorphological aspects of greatest importance of the Matese massif, where to individuate the “best geosites” for the geoitinerary.

Regarding the selection of the “best geosites”, we used an integrated approach, based on several criteria. Starting conditions were that the proposed itinerary could best describe major steps of the geological and geomorphological evolution of the Matese massif involving geosites that cover significant time intervals in this sense and can excellently illustrate the main geological themes identified.

To ascertain the scientific value of these geosites, we took into account the criteria Representativeness, Rarity and Integrity (present conservation status) which are widely used worldwide (e.g., [80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89]). Furthermore, we considered the selection criteria Safety, Accessibility, Scenic-aesthetic qualities and Interpretative potential, which are essential for assessing sites suitable for geotourism use (e.g., [77,89]). Particularly, the scenic-aesthetic qualities and the interpretative potential of geosites are important features to approach a wide audience and to disseminate geological information to non-geologists. Therefore, in order to avoid duplications, in cases of two or more geosites illustrating similar geological features or geomorphological processes, having all other values approximately equal, we selected the one with the highest interpretative potential and scenic-aesthetic appeal.

In addition, the necessary movements from site to site were considered and the connection between sites through a route was ensured. Based on this comparative analysis, we selected 16 geosites for the itinerary.

However, such analyses and related geosite evaluations can be considered not sufficient or may imply errors, as the used information derives from different inventories, which are based on different evaluation methods, essentially qualitative for the Campanian geosites [90] but quantitative instead for the Molise geosites [68].

Therefore, to have an evaluation be valid equally for all selected geosites, allowing the possibility of a real comparison between geosites, we have subjected them to a new quantitative assessment procedure. According to Mucivuna et al. 2022 [91], to evaluate the scientific value of geosites, in the absence of specific features to be evaluated (as, for example, in the case of urban or underwater sites), instead of creating new methods, the use of existing, validated methods is preferable as a priorityand, specifically, that of general-purpose quantitative methods that can be applied well to both geosites and geomorphosites. Therefore, considering the features of the Matese geosites, among the many methods developed (e.g., Mucivuna et al., 2019 [92], and reference therein), we have chosen to use the one proposed by Brilha 2016 [86]. This method is a widely used general-purpose method that allows for deriving the scientific value (SV) and Potential Tourist Use (PTU) of geosites, providing a maximum achievable value of 400 for each index.

We based the assessment of SV and PTU on the data provided by our GIS geosite database coupled with a detailed literature review and, where appropriate, new field surveys. Regarding in particular the parameters/criteria used for the PTU assessment, we integrated these data with those extractable from geothematic sources and statistical databases of regional or national archives available online such as those provided by the ISTAT [93].

Based on the scores of SV, in agreement with [89], we attributed an international or national relevance to geosites with values equal to or greater than 300 and equal to or greater than 200, respectively. To geosites with SV less than 200 (geodiversity sites sensu Brilha 2016 [86], and Prosser et al. 2010 [94] in Albani et al. 2020 [89]), we attributed a regional relevance.

3.2. Design and Illustration of the Geoitinerary

Once assessed their SV and PTU and, therefore, having validated the 16 geosites, we designed the geoitinerary by identifying the stops allowing on-site and/or panoramic views at one or more geosites, and tracing the route also through field surveys.

To illustrate the geoitinerary, a map was drawn in GIS environment by overlaying a simplified geological map with other informative layers created on purpose containing the route, the stops and the geosites, respectively. The geological map contains all the basic geological information to facilitate the understanding of the main geological features illustrated by the geosites by a broad audience. The base of this map is a hillshade model derived from a 40 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM).

To visualize their “spatial-temporal position” within the Matese geological framework, the stops were located both on a stratigraphic column and on two cross-sections included in the geoitinerary map. The geological cross-sections are simplified to ideally represent the stratigraphic and tectonic setting and to emphasize particular geological aspects encountered along the itinerary.

Furthermore, a synthetic view of the stops, reporting the names of related geosites, the main geological themes they illustrate and the time intervals they cover, was also prepared. Finally, to make it possible to enjoy the itinerary independently and without a guide, we prepared descriptive cards for each stop. These descriptive cards have been enriched with specific illustrative material consisting in photos, geological sketches, 3D schemes and more, depending on the case, to facilitate the disclosure of geosites and their understanding by people without a geological background.

4. Results

4.1. The Matese National Park Geosite Database

Our Matese National Park Geosite Database contains 59 geosites (Figure 1). The 34 geosites located in the Molise sector are all included in the regional inventory and 16 of them are also present in the ISPRA Italian Geosites Inventory. The other 25 geosites are located in the Campanian sector. Twelve of these geosites are included both in the Geosite Map of Campania and in the ISPRA Geosites Inventory, 11 geosites are included only in the Geosite Map of Campania and other 2 only in the ISPRA Inventory.

These geosites cover an overall time interval from the Mesozoic to Quaternary. Their primary scientific interests (Figure 5) are Geomorphology (more than half of the geosites are geomorphosites), Stratigraphy, Paleontology and Structural Geology, but also Hydrogeology and Geomining are represented. In addition, these geosites can be linked to one or more of the following geological themes: Paleogeography, Tectonics, Hydrogeology, Karst, Long-term landscape evolution, Paleoclimate, Active morphodynamics and Geohistory. Regarding the geosites related to the Geohistory theme, we mean geosites that contribute to/have a meaning for the history of geology [95].

4.2. The Geosites Selected for the Geoitinerary

We have selected 16 geosites for the geoitinerary (Figure 6;

Table 1. Main features of selected geosites. Number (see location in Figure 6) and name of geosite. Primary (1) and secondary (2) scientific interests, geological themes, ages of rock formations (AR) and ages of genetic processes (AGP). Paleontology = Pa; Stratigraphy = St; Sedimentology = Se; Geomorphology = Gm; Geomining = Gmi; Structural Geology = SG; Hydrogeology = H; Pedology = Pe; Palogeography = Pgeo; Geohistory = Ghis; Paleoclimate = Pcli; Tectonics = T; Karst = K; Long-term landscape evolution = LsEv; Active morphodynamics = Amd; Lower Cretaceous = LCret; Upper Cretaceous = UCret; Lower-Middle Miocene = L-MMio; Lower Pleistocene = LP; Middle Pleistocene = MP; Upper Pleistocene = UP; Pleistocene-Holocene = P-H; Holocene = H.

Geosite	Scientific Interests	Geological Themes	AR	AGP
1 ^* Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja	Pa(1), St(2), Se(2)	Pgeo, Ghis, Pcli	LCret	-
2 ^* Cava Canale	St(1), Pa(2), Gm(2)	Pgeo, Ghis	LCret L-MMio	-
3 ^* Regia Piana Bauxite Mines	Gmi(1), Gm(2), St(2), SG(2), Pa(2), Se(2)	Pgeo, Ghis, Pcli, T, K	LCret UCret	-
4 ^* Matese Lake polje	Gm(1), SG(2), H(2)	K, H, LsEv, T	-	MP-H
5 °* La Costa Alta fossiliferous limestones	Pa(1), St(2)	Pgeo	UCret	-
6 ° La Gallinola fault slope	Gm(1), SG(2)	LaEv, Amd	-	MP-H
7 °* Campo Puzzo polje	Gm(1), Pe(2)	K, T, LsEv	-	MP-H
8 ° Serra Le Tre Finestre karst surface	Gm(1), Pa(2), Pe(2)	K, LsEv, T	-	LP-H
9 °* Campitello Matese polje	Gm(1)	K, H, LsEv, T	-	MP-H
10 °* Campitello Matese moraine deposits	Gm(1), St(2)	Pcli, LsEv	UP	-
11 °* Mt. Miletto glacial cirques	Gm(1)	Pcli, LsEv, Amd	-	MP-UP
12 ° Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo	St(1), Gm(2), SG(2)	LsEv, Pgeo, Pcli	MP	-
13 °* San Polo Matese rudist limestones	Pa(1), St(2)	Pgeo, Ghis	UCret	-
14 ° Costa della Defenza fault slope	Gm(1), St(2)	LsEv, Pcli, T	-	MP-H
15 °* Campochiaro alluvial fan	Gm(1), SG(2)	LsEv, T	-	UP-H
16 °* Quirino Gorge	Gm(1), SG(2), H(2)	LsEv, T	-	MP

* Geosite included in the ISPRA Geosite Inventory; ^ Geosite included in the Geosite Map of Campania; ° Geosite included in the Molise Geosite Inventory.

). Some of these geosites have already been included in other itineraries [50,51,52,53] and/or the subject of specific excursions dedicated to geology specialists [96].

Consistent with the presence of numerous geomorphological geosites (54%) within the Matese National Park Geosite Database, the majority of the 16 selected geosites, precisely ten of them, are geomorphosites. There are, however, also three paleontological geosites, two stratigraphical ones and a geomining geosite. Four of these geosites refer to the Cretaceous, one to the Cretaceous and the Miocene, and eleven to the Pleistocene and Holocene. All the major geological themes of the Matese National Park Geosite Database listed above are embraced by these geosites. In fact, many of them cover more than one of the topics listed above, with the Regia Piana Bauxite Mines covering even five themes. Based on the recurring themes, two main geosite groups can be distinguished: a group made of 5 geosites that are tightly linked to the theme Paleogeography, and a group of 11 geosites that are mainly an expression of the Long-term landscape evolution.

Among the five geosites included in the first group (Figure 7), four sites are also an expression of the theme Geohistory. In particular, the San Polo Matese rudist limestones geosite (13 in Figure 6 and Table 1, Figure 7e) allows for observing Upper Cretaceous limestones rich in rudist fossils, partly in position of growth, that indicate an open-marginal shelf environment ([97] and reference therein). This geosite is located in the northern central sector of the Matese Mountains and known in the geological-paleontological literature since 1901 [98]. The other three geosites (1, 2 and 3 in Figure 6 and Table 1) are instead located in the southeastern sector of the Matese Park area. Here, one of the first Mesozoic type sequences of the Southern Apennines has been described [99] and three important successions (the Cusano, Longano and Pietraroja formations) referable to the Southern Apennines Miocene transgression have been defined by Selli in 1957 [100]. Among them, the Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja (Le Cavere) site (1 in Figure 6 and Table 1; Figure 7a,b) certainly stands out, known since the end of the eighteenth century [55] for its paleontological richness. This geosite, given its very high scientific interest, is nowadays protected by a fence and managed by the Ente Geopaleontologico di Pietraroja whose aims are to protect and enhance it. This Lower Cretaceous limestone outcrop contains exceptionally well-preserved fossil fishes (Figure 7b), amphibians and reptiles, but became most famous for the discovery of Scipionix sammiticus [101], a juvenile theropod dinosaur with an exceptional soft tissue preservation. This very didactic geosite is an excellent testimony of the Lower Cretaceous environments that established in this sector of the Southern Apennines, and indicative for thetropical-subtropical shallow water carbonate domains that bordered emergent isolated lands in the Cretaceous Tethys ([96] and reference therein). The other two geosites are equally noteworthy. The Cava Canale geosite (2 in Figure 6 and Table 1) offers a superb three-dimensional exposition of the Miocene transgression in the Southern Apennines. In particular, it allows good observation of the Lower Cretaceous limestones overlain by the sediments of the Cusano Formation [100] (Figure 7c), Burdigalian-Langhian in age [102,103], referred to an open carbonate platform temperate neritic environment [62]. Finally, the Regia Piana Bauxite Mines geosite (3 in Figure 6 and Table 1) allows the exceptional observation of bauxite deposits (Figure 7d) in correspondence of a Cretaceous stratigraphic gap that characterizes in a unique way the Southern Apennines Mesozoic carbonate platform successions. These continental deposits formed above a karst surface between the Lower and Upper Cretaceous [97,99] under tropical to subtropical climate conditions, to testify clearly repeated long-lasting phases of emersion that affected the Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform in the Southern Apennines [104]. This site is also of geomining interest as it preserves several traces of the mining activities (such as mining tunnels, Figure 7d) that were carried out during the periods 1919–1925 and 1939–1965 [105].

Within the second group, made of 11 geosites linked to the theme Long-term landscape evolution, four sites are also expression of the topics Karst and Tectonics. The first one is represented by the Serra Le Tre Finestre karst surface geosite (8 in Figure 6 and Table 1; Figure 8a), a surface with a typical karst hummocky morphology generated by the widespread presence of active and inactive dolines as well as open or closed karst depressions, which appear frequently aligned according to NW-SE oriented tectonic lineaments [68,70]. The other three geosites are represented by structurally controlled poljes (4, 7 and 9 in Figure 6 and Table 1), generated during Quaternary extensional tectonics and related block-faulting [70]. Among them, the Matese Lake polje (4 in Figure 6 and Table 1; Figure 8b,c) and the Campitello Matese polje geosites (9 in Figure 6 and Table 1; Figure 8d) are also good expressions of the Hydrogeology theme. The Matese Lake polje, which is the largest polje of the Matese area, is mainly controlled by WNW-ESE normal faults [70]. This very didactic geosite allows easy observation of numerous geological and geomorphological features. Among the latter, noteworthy are the fault slopes bordering the Matese Lake to the north and the related hanging valleys of fluviokarst origin [70] (Figure 8c), at least two generations of alluvial fans dated to the Late Pleistocene-Holocene [106] and two ponors found along its southern edge (the Scennerato and Brecce ponors). The Matese Lake area is the largest endorheic area (45 km²) of the Massif. It contributes significantly to the recharge of the Matese aquifer and is believed to supply the Maretto and Torano springs located along its southern slopes [107] (Figure 2). In particular, the connection between the Scennerato ponor and the Torano spring has been demonstrated [108,109].

The Campitello Matese polje geosite (Figure 8d) is an active polje, mainly controlled by NW-SE tectonic lineaments. This geosite well illustrates how closely its morphology and hydrology are related with extensional tectonics and karst drainage [68]. In particular, on its floor, which is covered prevailingly by alluvial and moraine deposits of Late Pleistocene-Holocene age [106,110], a couple of ponors ensuring the endorheic drainage are easily observable.

Other three geosites of the second group host also important evidence linked to the Paleoclimate theme. The first two illustrate relict glacial landforms. One is the Mt. Miletto glacial cirques geosite (11 in Figure 6 and Table 1), which consists of two armchair-shaped glacial cirques, the so-called Circo Maggiore (major cirque) and the S. Nicola cirque (Figure 8e). The Circo Maggiore, which is the larger and better preserved cirque, placed a few hundreds of meters higher up with respect to the S. Nicola cirque, has been referred to the Last Glacial Maximum [70]. The other one is the Campitello Matese moraine deposits geosite (10 in Figure 6 and Table 1), referred to the Late Glacial Maximum [69,111], a very suitable site to illustrate the typical features of glacial deposits (Figure 8f). The third site is the Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo geosite (12 in Figure 6 and Table 1), consisting of a relatively small outcrop located along Serra San Giorgio. This outcrop exposes terraced fluvial-lacustrine deposits [112] (Figure 8g), testifying an ancient lake, Middle Pleistocene in age [64,113], along with some moraine deposits (Figure 8h) pre-Last Glacial in age [70], overlying the fluvial-lacustrine succession.

Returning to the Mt. Miletto glacial cirques geosite, this also embraces the topic Active morphodynamics. The steep headwalls of the cirques, in fact, are partially covered by active scree slopes produced by cryoclastic processes and associated termoclastic phenomena, which typically reflect the climate conditions that currently characterize the Apennines high mountain areas.

Finally, the last four geosites of this group are also linked to the theme of tectonics. Two of them are represented by structural landforms, the La Gallinola fault slope (6 in Figure 6 and Table 1), and the Coste della Defenza fault slope (15 in Figure 6 and Table 1) geosites, the first being located in the inner high mountain area, the second along the northern front of the Matese massif. The La Gallinola fault slope geosite (Figure 9a) is the result of Pleistocene tectonic uplift and block-faulting, and shows typical geomorphological features such as its rectilinear profile resulting from long-term processes of slope replacement under periglacial conditions. Its footslope and lower backslope are covered by partly still active scree slopes and debris cones, testifying the active morphodynamics affecting the slope related to ongoing intense cryoclastic degradation. The Coste della Defenza fault slope (Figure 9b) is evidence of the tectonic uplift that has affected the northern Matese flanks bordering the Boiano basin that, conversely, was affected by tectonic subsidence. The genesis of this E-W trending slope is related to a Pleistocene normal fault [64,114], which also shows evidence of historical to recent activity and is believed to be one of the most hazardous seismogenic structures of Europe [64].

The other two, the Quirino gorge (16 in Figure 6 and Table 1) and the Campochiaro alluvial fan (14 in Figure 6 and Table 1) geosites, are instead fluvial landforms controlled by tectonics. The Quirino gorge geosite (Figure 9c) is a didactic example of a superimposed, deep and narrow gorge [68] that was incised by the Quirino Stream during the Middle Pleistocene uplift of the Matese massif. Finally, the Campochiaro alluvial fan geosite (Figure 9d) shows the typical features of Apennine alluvial fan deposits laid down by major streams near the mountain fronts under the influence of tectonic uplift and climate [68] during Late Pleistocene cold periods [64,115,116].

4.3. SV and PTU of the Selected Geosites

The quantitative assessment of the Scientific Value (SV) carried out for the selected geosites has provided for them values ranging between 150 and 325 (

Table 2. Weights, scores and values attributed to the criteria used to assess the Scientific Value of the selected geosites. Rp = Representativeness; KL = Key locality; SK = Scientific knowledge; I = Integrity; GD = Geological diversity; RR = Rarity; UL = Use limitation. The total SV value and the relevance of each geosite are also shown.

Scientific Value (SV)
Geosite	Criterion	Rp 30%	KL 20%	SK 5%	I 15%	GD 5%	RR 15%	UL 10%	Total Value	Relevance
	Weight
Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja (Le Cavere)	score	4	2	4	4	1	4	2	-	-
	value	120	40	20	60	5	60	20	325	International
Cava Canale	score	4	1	4	4	2	1	4	-	-
	value	120	20	20	60	10	15	40	285	National
Regia Piana Bauxite Mines	score	4	1	4	2	1	4	4	-	-
	value	120	20	20	30	5	60	40	295	National
Matese Lake polje	score	4	1	4	4	4	0	4	-	-
	value	120	20	20	60	20	0	40	280	National
La Costa Alta fossiliferous limestones	score	1	0	4	4	1	0	4	-	-
	value	30	0	20	60	5	0	40	155	Regional
La Gallinola fault slope	score	1	0	4	4	4	0	4	-	-
	value	30	0	20	60	20	0	40	170	Regional
Campo Puzzo polje	score	1	0	2	4	2	0	4	-	-
	value	30	0	10	60	10	0	40	150	Regional
Serra Le Tre Finestre karst surface	score	1	0	2	4	1	1	4	-	-
	value	30	0	10	60	5	15	40	160	Regional
Campitello Matese polje	score	1	0	4	4	4	0	4	-	-
	value	30	0	20	60	20	0	40	170	Regional
Campitello Matese moraine deposits	score	1	0	4	2	1	2	4	-	-
	value	30	0	20	30	5	30	40	155	Regional
Mt. Miletto glacial cirques	score	2	0	4	4	1	1	2	-	-
	value	60	0	20	60	5	15	20	180	Regional
Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo	score	1	1	4	1	2	2	4	-	-
	value	30	20	20	15	10	30	40	165	Regional
San Polo Matese rudist limestones	score	1	2	4	2	0	2	2	-	-
	value	30	40	20	30	0	30	20	170	Regional
Costa della Defenza fault slope	score	1	1	4	4	2	0	4	-	-
	value	30	20	20	60	10	0	40	180	Regional
Campochiaro alluvial fan	score	1	1	4	4	1	1	2	-	-
	value	30	20	20	60	5	15	20	170	Regional
Quirino Gorge	score	1	0	4	4	2	0	4	-	-
	value	30	0	20	60	10	0	40	160	Regional

).

In particular, a maximum SV of 325 was attributed to the Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja (Le Cavere) geosite, confirming its prominent position and highlighting its international relevance (Table 2). For the other three geosites, we achieved instead a national relevance. Among these, the Regia Piana Bauxite Mines geosite has the highest SV (295), due to its maximum score for the Rarity criterion that compensates the lower scores obtained for the Integrity and Geological Diversity criteria. The remaining twelve geosites obtained SV values less than 200, and therefore are considered of regional relevance. Among them, the highest scientific values were achieved by the Mt. Miletto glacial cirques and the Costa della Defenza fault slope geosites (SV = 180, Table 2), while the Campo Puzzo polje geosite obtained the lowest SV (150). The high scientific value of the Mt. Miletto glacial cirques geosite is mainly determined by the high scores of the Integrity and Scientific knowledge criteria combined with the average score of the Representativeness criterion. The high SV of Costa della Defenza fault slope geosite, in addition to the high scores of the Integrity and Scientific knowledge criteria, is linked also to the high score of the Use limitations criterion. Instead, the null scores of the Key locality and Rarity criteria, the average scores of the Scientific knowledge and Geological diversity criteria as well as the low score of Representativeness criterion, essentially determined the low SV of the CampoPuzzo polje geosite.

The PTU values calculated for the selected geosites range between a maximum of 350 and a minimum of 195 (

Table 3. Weights, scores and values attributed to the criteria used to assess the Potential Tourist Use, and total PTU values of selected geosites. V = Vulnerability; A = Accessibility; UL = Use limitations; Sa = Safety; L = Logistics; Pd = Population density; As = Association with other values; Sc = Scenery; Un = Uniqueness; O = Observation conditions; IP = Interpretative Potential; E = Economic level; RA = Proximity of recreational areas.

Potential Tourist Use (PTU)
Geosite	Criterion	V 10%	A 10%	UL 5%	Sa 10%	L 5%	Pd 5%	As 5%	Sc 15%	Un 10%	O 5%	IP 10%	E 5%	RA 5%	Total Value
	Weight
Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja (Le Cavere)	score	4	4	3	3	3	1	4	4	4	4	4	1	4	-
	value	40	40	15	30	15	5	20	60	40	20	40	5	20	350
Cava Canale	score	3	3	4	2	3	1	4	2	2	4	3	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	15	5	20	30	20	20	30	5	20	265
Regia Piana Bauxite Mines	score	3	3	4	2	3	1	3	2	3	4	3	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	15	5	15	30	30	20	30	5	20	270
Matese Lake polje	score	3	4	4	2	3	1	4	3	2	4	4	1	4	-
	value	30	40	20	20	15	5	20	45	20	20	40	5	20	300
La Costa Alta fossiliferous limestones	score	3	3	4	2	4	2	4	0	2	4	4	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	20	10	20	0	20	20	40	5	20	255
La Gallinola fault slope	score	4	3	4	2	4	2	4	0	1	4	3	1	4	-
	value	40	30	20	20	20	10	20	0	10	20	30	5	20	245
Campo Puzzo polje	score	3	3	4	2	4	2	4	0	1	4	4	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	20	10	20	0	10	20	40	5	20	245
Serra Le Tre Finestre karst surface	score	4	3	4	2	4	2	4	0	1	4	4	1	4	-
	value	40	30	20	20	20	10	20	0	10	20	40	5	20	255
Campitello Matese polje	score	3	4	4	2	4	1	4	3	1	4	4	1	4	-
	value	30	40	20	20	20	5	20	45	10	20	40	5	20	295
Campitello Matese moraine deposits	score	2	3	4	2	4	1	4	0	3	3	4	1	4	-
	value	20	30	20	20	20	5	20	0	30	15	40	5	20	245
Mt. Miletto glacial cirques	score	3	0	4	2	4	1	4	2	3	4	4	1	4	-
	value	30	0	20	20	20	5	20	30	30	20	40	5	20	260
Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo	score	1	3	3	2	4	1	3	0	2	2	3	1	3	-
	value	10	30	15	20	20	5	15	0	20	10	30	5	15	195
San Polo Matese rudist limestones	score	2	4	4	2	4	1	4	1	2	4	4	1	3	-
	value	20	40	20	20	20	5	20	15	20	20	40	5	15	260
Costa della Defenza fault slope	score	3	3	4	2	4	1	4	0	1	4	3	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	20	5	20	0	10	20	30	5	20	230
Campochiaro alluvial fan	score	3	3	4	2	4	1	4	0	1	3	4	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	20	5	20	0	10	15	40	5	20	235
Quirino Gorge	score	3	3	4	2	4	1	4	2	1	4	3	1	4	-
	value	30	30	20	20	20	5	20	30	10	20	30	5	20	260

). In particular, the best PTU values have been reached by the geosites Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja (Le Cavere), Matese Lake polje and Campitello Matese polje (respectively 350, 300 and 295 in Table 3). The lowest PTU value of 195 was attributed instead to the Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo geosite. With exception to the latter, all other geosites reached PTU values equal to or greater than 230, highlighting a relatively good to very high tourist potential.

For the geosites of international and national relevance, a positive correspondence between high SV and PTU values is observed. In fact, the Fossiliferous limestones of Pietraroja geosite reaches the highest values both for SV and PTU (Table 2 and Table 3), confirming its importance within the Matese National Park area. Furthermore the three geosites of national relevance (Cava Canale, Regia Piana bauxite Mines and Matese Lake polje) are characterized by PTU values among the highest ones.

Naturally, higher scientific values not necessarily correspond to higher potential touristic use values and vice versa (Figure 10). For example, the Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo geosite has obtained the lowest PTU value (195), but a SV of 165 close to the median value (170), which corresponds to the SV obtained by the Campitello Matese polje geosite (Table 2) that instead has obtained the third highest PTU value (295). Regarding the Campitello Matese polje geosite, its high values in the Accessibility, Logistics and Interpretative Potential criteria (Table 3), combined with the medium value related to the Scenery criterion, contribute to make this site stand out for its total PTU value when compared to the Cava Canale and Regia Piana bauxite Mines geosites, albeit of national relevance. Conversely, the relatively low PTU value of the Lacustrine deposits of San Massimo geosite essentially depends on the fact that this site has obtained the absolute lowest values for the Vulnerability and Observation conditions criteria, some of the lowest values obtained for the Use limitations, Association with other values and Proximity of recreational areas criteria, as well as the value zero related to the Scenery criterion.

4.4. The Geoitinerary

By overlaying the specially prepared geological map with the thematic layers containing information about the stops, the itinerary route and the geosites, we obtained the geoitinerary map shown in Figure 11. A stratigraphic column and two simplified schematic geological sections that help to visualize the distribution of stops in space and time accompany this map. A synthetic view of the stops and two examples of descriptive cards realized to illustrate single stops are shown in Figure 12, Figure 13 and Figure 14, respectively.

Broadly, the geoitinerary crosses the Matese massif from SE to NW, with a deviation for the Lake Matese stops and the last stretch of the path that runs from NW to SE along the southern border of the Boiano Plain. The itinerary consists of 13 stops, allowing the observation of the sixteen geosites onsite and through panoramic views. It is 82 km long and has an overall difference in height of 1100 m (a maximum altitude of 1680 m is reached at stop 8, the Serra Le Tre Finestre surface, a minimum altitude of 570 m in correspondence of stop 12, the Campochiaro alluvial fan and Costa della Defenza slope). The geoitinerary develops mainly along the main road network allowing the visitors to move with the car from stop to stop. It also includes, however, two detours on foot, along CAI (Club Alpino Italiano) trails, to reach respectively stop 3 and stop 8 (Bauxite deposits of Regia Piana and the Serra Le tre Finestre surface, Figure 12).

It takes at least two days to complete the entire route.

Much of the itinerary crosses high mountain areas. Therefore, due to the more difficult observation conditions of geosites and the difficult accessibility due to even partial closure of some roads (such as the SP106 road connecting Serra del Perrone with Campitello Matese) during autumn and winter, related to adverse weather conditions (i.e., the presence of snow and ice), the recommended visiting season is spring/summer.

The two examples of descriptive cards (Figure 13 and Figure 14) concern stops 2 and 9 (Figure 11), located respectively in the southeastern and the central northern sectors of the Matese area. The card on stop 2 is dedicated to the Miocene transgression in the Matese area and the related Cretaceous and Miocene paleogeography (Cava Canale site). The card on stop 9 deals with the Quaternary landscape evolution in the Campitello Matese area. These cards provide some essential information, through text, photos and figures, to illustrate to visitors the major themes on which the stops focus.

The card of the Cava Canale stop (Figure 13) provides information on the major geological features observable in the disused quarry, which are also easily recognizable by a non-expert audience. It contains four pictures that show some of the main observations that visitors can make along the quarry walls, and a picture containing a sequence of very simplified 3D evolutive schemes. In particular, picture A, accompanied by an interpretative simplified stratigraphic column, shows the Cretaceous and Miocene limestones separated by the transgression surface. Picture C shows in detail the transgression surface, highlighting its erosive nature, while pictures D and E show the fossils that are easily recognizable in this site. Finally, the simplified 3D evolutive schemes in picture B allow visualizing the evolution of the carbonate platform in the area, with particular reference to what can be observed on the site and the paleoenvironments in which the now outcropping rocks were originally formed.

The card of the Campitello Matese stop (Figure 14) provides information on the major landforms observable, and on the processes responsible for their formation and involved in the Quaternary landscape evolution of this area. It contains five pictures, three of which show the landforms that are easily recognizable in this area even by a non-specialist audience, and representative of the three geosites present in this area: the Campitello Matese polje (B), the Mt. Miletto glacial cirques (C) and the Campitello Matese moraine deposits (D). In particular, regarding the glacial cirques, we have chosen to focus the visitor’s attention on the “Circo Maggiore” (major cirque), which is the best preserved one and easier to observe. A 3D view including the different landforms (A) gives an overview of the Campitello Matese landscape. Furthermore, two simplified 3D evolutive schemes (E) are included, showing the passage from a glaciated to a non-glaciated landscape, highlighting how the now-relict glacial landforms originally formed.

5. Discussion and Conclusions

The present study deals with the enhancement of the geoheritage of the Matese Mountains, one of the most suggestive and integral mountain areas of southern Italy. This mountain area largely shares the hardships and limitations that widespread characterize other mountain regions and, in general, inner areas, such as land abandonment [3], population decrease [72], marginality, limits in mobility and inaccessibility [1,6].

Bearing in mind the special characteristics and physiographic features of the Matese Mountains, along with the presence of the Matese National Park currently taking off, the proposed geoitinerary, apart the obvious geotourism purpose, can help to unite separate physiographic units and overcome existing limits connected to difficult access, scarcity of infrastructures, administrative boundaries, etc.

Many of the studies on geological itineraries (see the introduction section for references) highlight the importance of a correct selection of geosites, to choose the most suitable ones for geotourism purposes.

For the geosites included in the Molise geosite census (12 of the selected geosites), the quantitative assessment of the SV provided results on overall consistent with those obtained through the quantitative assessment method used in the Molise regional census. The latter allowed to calculate the so-called intrinsic geosite value [68] resulting from the weighted sum of Representativeness, Rarity and Scenic-aesthetic values. This consistency emphasizes the adequacy of the procedure used in this work to assess the SV of the selected geosites.

In addition, the values obtained for the SV and PTU highlight that the selected geosites not only stand out for their scientific values but are mostly characterized by high to very high PTU values as well. These qualities, together with the selected stops (Figure 11), which include both on-site visits and beautiful panoramic views, allowing the illustration of the geosites in an appealing manner by also highlighting their scenic-aesthetic qualities, represent a remarkable strength of the proposed geoitinerary. The latter also manages to tell in a simply but sufficiently exhaustive manner the main steps of the geological history and long-term landscape evolution of the Matese area, highlighting its rich geoheritage and high geodiversity.

The geoitinerary crosses the municipal territories of Pietraroja, Cusano Mutri, Piedimonte Matese, Castello del Matese, San Gregorio Matese, Bojano, Campochiaro, San Polo Matese, Guardiaregia and San Massimo. The first six of these municipalities are classified as “tourist municipalities not belonging to a specific category” [117], San Massimo is defined a “municipality with a mountain vocation”, San Polo Matese, Campochiaro and Guardiaregia instead as belonging to the “non-tourism municipality” category.

Tourism is concentrated mainly in the Campitello Matese district, located in the municipality of San Massimo, which is the home of a winter and ski tourism of predominantly commuting-type [72]. Other places of tourist attraction along the itinerary are Bocca della Selva (Cusano Mutri municipality), with prevailing winter tourism (essentially cross-country skiing), the Matese Lake area with its recreational outdoor activities especially during spring and summer, the WWF Oasis Guardiaregia-Campochiaro Regional Reserve, mainly visited by ecotourists and schools, and the Le Cavere geosite and Paleo-Lab Museum of Pietraroja, which are important attraction poles for geology enthusiasts.

The proposed geoitinerary can represent an opportunity to foster geotourism in the Matese area, both by attracting new tourists and by intercepting geology enthusiasts, who intend to visit or already have visited Pietraroja, bringing them to discover other features of the rich geoheritage of the Matese massif. It also can contribute to promoting a sustainable tourism during the spring and summer seasons in the Campitello Matese area.

In addition, the itinerary can act as a connection between the territories of the Campania and Molise regions, which until now have been managed in an independent and uncoordinated way, substantially in the frameworks of the Matese Regional Park and the Italian Strategy for Inner Areas, respectively. In particular, the geoitinerary can support the development of sustainable geotourism and related associate activities within the nascent Matese National Park, helping to create a tourist offering capable of attracting visitors driven by an interest in geology and in other natural or cultural resources.

Future developments of our study will be aimed at linking the geoitinerary with the visit of other sites of natural/cultural interest, and at creating a network with other trails such as the geological trails already designed for the Molise side [51], so as to encourage tourists to stay for several days and favor overnight stays. Finally, initiatives aimed at exploiting the proposed geoitinerary (for instance, the realization of illustrative panels, brochures, and illustrative materials suitable for mobile technologies), in collaboration with public administrations, private tourism managers and/or local stakeholders, are strongly hoped for and will be a further focus of our future activities.