The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design
- ▪
- 28–31 March 2023—performing initial testing on all four subject groups;
- ▪
- 4 April–10 July 2023—implementing the training program;
- ▪
- 12–15 July 2023—conducting the final testing for all subject groups.
2.3. Periodization of Training
- ▪
- E1—3 training sessions, 2 of which were in the swimming pool, each lasting 60 min;
- ▪
- E2—3 training sessions of which 1 training session was on the ground, with a duration of 60 min, and 2 were in the swimming pool with a duration of 90 min;
- ▪
- E3 and E4—3 training sessions, of which 1 was on the ground with a duration of 90 min, and 2 were in the swimming pool, with a duration of 90 min.
- ▪
- 2 × 8 s with a break between executions of 2 min/each position/2–4 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 8 s with a break between executions of 1 min/position/2–4 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 9 s with a break between executions of 2 min/each position/2–4 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 8 s with a break between executions of 1 min/position/2 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 10 s with a break between executions of 2 min/each position/2–4 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 10 s with a break between executions of 1 min/each position/2 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 11 s with a break between executions of 2 min/each position/2–4 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 11 s with a break between executions of 1 min/each position/2–4 lessons;
- ▪
- 2 × 12 s with a break between executions of 2 min/each position/2–4 lessons.
2.4. Physical Tests of Study
- ▪
- Apnea test of facial floatation with and without nose clip—from the free-floating position with the face immersed under the surface of the water, the arms outstretched to the sides and the legs outstretched and apart, called facial floatation;
- ▪
- Apnea test of front tuck with and without nose clip—assuming a floating position from crouching with the face immersed on the surface of the water, the arms grab the knees, a position named “Front tuck”. In these two tests, two parameters were assessed, namely, the times of maintaining apnea with the use of a nose clip and without this accessory;
- ▪
- Apnea test of front layout with support scull—consisted of maintaining the front layout position, whereby the arms perform a movement to keep the body at the surface of the water (support scull) with the legs extended and closed, performed only with the use of a nose clip. The support scull is performed by holding the arms to the side and the forearms at 90-degree angles to the body, with the palms facing the bottom of the swimming pool. The forearms move back and forth, maintaining a right angle, and the hydrostatic pressure resulting from the movement of the hands allows the swimmer to maintain the position of the feet on the surface of the water while they are faced down.
2.5. Typology of Breathing in the Basic Figures Specific to Synchronized Swimming
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations of Study
4.2. Practical Implications and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects | 26 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
Age (y) | 7.576 ± 0.503 | 9.523 ± 0.517 | 11.419 ± 0.503 | 13.565 ± 0.516 |
Body mass (kg) | 28.827 ± 5.638 | 33.714 ± 3.685 | 37.350 ± 6.258 | 159.434 ± 5.954 |
Stature (cm) | 130.496 ± 7.761 | 140.057 ± 4.893 | 146.545 ± 4.463 | 49.473 ± 3.653 |
Arm Span (cm) | 128.193 ± 7.903 | 137.142 ± 6.889 | 146.545 ± 4.597 | 162.821 ± 6.776 |
Sport experience (months) | 12.846 ± 17.789 | 16.761 ± 0.995 | 21.454 ± 1.738 | 36.347 ± 4.773 |
Participation in national interclub competitions | Spectator only | twice/year | twice/year | 4 times/year |
Participation in the official national competition | Spectator only | once/ year | twice/year | twice/year |
Participation in international competitions | Spectator only | - | - | 2–3 times/year |
Position Name | Figures | Description Body Segments Submerged in Water | Typology of Breathing |
---|---|---|---|
Horizontal positions | |||
Back Layout Position | a. Head, trunk and leg horizontally parallel to the surface of the water. Face at the surface of the water. b. The body immersed under water, one leg perpendicular to the surface with the water level between the knee and the ankle. | a. normal breathing b. apneic breathing | |
Front Layout Position | a. Body extended with head, upper back, buttocks and heels at the surface of the water. The face submerged in water b. Idem, head and face above the surface of the water | a. apneic breathing b. normal breathing | |
Flamingo Position | a. The trunk, head, tibia and foot of the leg bent parallel to the surface of the water. Face at the surface of the water. b. The body submerged, water level between knee and ankle of extended leg. | a. normal breathing b. apneic breathing | |
Ballet Leg Double Position | a. Trunk and head parallel to the surface of the water. Face at the surface of the water. b. Submerged body, water level between knees and ankles of extended legs. | a. normal breathing b. apneic breathing | |
Tuck Position | a. Calves, chest and head parallel to the surface of the water, facing the surface of the water b. With the exception of the foot, the whole body is submerged under water | a. normal breathing b. apneic breathing | |
Tub Position | Feet bent close together, thighs perpendicular to the water, shins parallel to the surface of the water. Face at the surface of the water | normal breathin |
Vertical Positions with Apneic Breathing | |||
---|---|---|---|
Back Pike Position | Surface Arch Position | Split Position | Knight Position |
Side Fishtail Position | Front Pike Position | Fishtail Position | Vertical Position |
Group | Test of Study | Tests | X ± SD | ΔX TI-TF | SD | 95%CI Lower | 95%CI Upper | t | p | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 group 7–8 years | Facial floatation | TI | 9.320 ± 2.820 | −1.301 | 0.298 | −1.421 | −1.180 | −22.230 | <0.001 | 0.465 |
TF | 10.621 ± 2.771 | |||||||||
Facial floatation with nose clip | TI | 9.338 ± 3.051 | −1.018 | 0.419 | −1.188 | −0.848 | −12.365 | <0.001 | 0.334 | |
TF | 10.356 ± 3.042 | |||||||||
Front tuck | TI | 10.580 ± 2.750 | −0.682 | 0.148 | −0.742 | −0.622 | −23.446 | <0.001 | 0.251 | |
TF | 11.262 ± 2.667 | |||||||||
Front tuck with nose clip | TI | 11.440 ± 2.785 | −1.184 | 0.594 | −1.424 | −0.943 | −10.151 | <0.001 | 0.456 | |
TF | 12.624 ± 2.381 | |||||||||
Front layout with support scull | TI | 10.937 ± 2.140 | −0.775 | 0.256 | −0.878 | −0.671 | −15.386 | <0.001 | 0.366 | |
TF | 11.702 ± 2.037 | |||||||||
E2 group 9–10 years | Facial floatation | TI | 10.330 ± 2.643 | −1.110 | 0.320 | −1.256 | −0.964 | −15.869 | <0.001 | 0.478 |
TF | 11.442 ± 1.950 | |||||||||
Facial floatation with nose clip | TI | 11.206 ± 1.990 | −0.891 | 0.436 | −1.090 | −0.693 | −9.374 | <0.001 | 0.462 | |
TF | 12.098 ± 1.863 | |||||||||
Front tuck | TI | 11.494 ± 2.071 | −0.624 | 0.236 | −0.732 | −0.516 | −12.072 | <0.001 | 0.307 | |
TF | 12.119 ± 1.994 | |||||||||
Front tuck with nose clip | TI | 11.630 ± 3.058 | −0.564 | 0.164 | −0.639 | −0.489 | −15.722 | <0.001 | 0.184 | |
TF | 12.195 ± 3.079 | |||||||||
Front layout with support scull | TI | 12.067 ± 2.752 | −0.710 | 0.274 | −0.835 | −0.584 | −11.847 | <0.001 | 0.214 | |
TF | 12.777 ± 3.780 | |||||||||
E3 group 11–12 years | Facial floatation | TI | 17.153 ± 2.103 | −0.646 | 0.149 | −0.712 | −0.580 | −20.351 | <0.001 | 0.307 |
TF | 17.800 ± 2.111 | |||||||||
Facial floatation with nose clip | TI | 17.765 ± 3.275 | −0.853 | 0.369 | −1.017 | −0.689 | −10.831 | <0.001 | 0.262 | |
TF | 18.619 ± 3.232 | |||||||||
Front tuck | TI | 15.958 ± 1.962 | −0.725 | 0.175 | −0.803 | −0.648 | −19.384 | <0.001 | 0.379 | |
TF | 16.684 ± 1.862 | |||||||||
Front tuck with nose clip | TI | 16.593 ± 2.252 | −0.507 | 0.467 | −0.714 | −0.299 | −5.084 | <0.001 | 0.222 | |
TF | 17.100 ± 2.297 | |||||||||
Front layout with support scull | TI | 15.785 ± 2.498 | −0.645 | 0.166 | −0.718 | −0.571 | −18.142 | <0.001 | 0.261 | |
TF | 16.430 ± 2.429 | |||||||||
E4 group 13–14 years | Facial floatation | TI | 27.295 ± 2.415 | −0.704 | 0.405 | −0.880 | −0.529 | −8.338 | <0.001 | 0.297 |
TF | 28.001 ± 2.316 | |||||||||
Facial floatation with nose clip | TI | 31.035 ± 1.760 | −0.687 | 0.243 | −0.792 | −0.582 | −13.565 | <0.001 | 0.403 | |
TF | 31.723 ± 1.650 | |||||||||
Front tuck | TI | 31.575 ± 2.717 | −0.776 | 0.259 | −0.889 | −0.664 | −14.361 | <0.001 | 0.293 | |
TF | 32.352 ± 2.571 | |||||||||
Front tuck with nose clip | TI | 33.908 ± 3.790 | −0.807 | 0.461 | −1.007 | −0.607 | −8.386 | <0.001 | 0.211 | |
TF | 34.715 ± 3.836 | |||||||||
Front layout with support scull | TI | 30.949 ± 3.748 | −0.702 | 0.348 | −0.853 | −0.551 | −9.667 | <0.001 | 0.200 | |
TF | 31.652 ± 3.238 |
Test of Study | Tests | ∑ | df | MS | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facial floatation | TI | 4798.288 | 3 | 1599.429 | 315.353 | <0.001 |
TF | 4502.385 | 3 | 1500.795 | 310.219 | <0.001 | |
Facial floatation with nose clip | TI | 6774.849 | 3 | 2258.283 | 354.793 | <0.001 |
TF | 6593.573 | 3 | 219.858 | 359.522 | <0.001 | |
Front tuck | TI | 6608.349 | 3 | 2202.783 | 425.618 | <0.001 |
TF | 6682.262 | 3 | 2227.421 | 471.267 | <0.001 | |
Front tuck with nose clip | TI | 7824.850 | 3 | 2608.283 | 359.173 | <0.001 |
TF | 7787.918 | 3 | 2595.973 | 380.889 | <0.001 | |
Front layout with support scull | TI | 5966.166 | 3 | 1988.722 | 219.966 | <0.001 |
TF | 5944.514 | 3 | 1981.505 | 230.943 | <0.001 |
Dependent Variable | Groups | Group of Comparation | ΔX between Groups | SE | p | 95% CI—Lower | 95% CI—Upper |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facial floatation—TI | E1 | E2 | −1.009 | 0.660 | 0.426 | −2.739 | 0.721 |
E3 | −7.832 * | 0.652 | <0.001 | −9.540 | −6.124 | ||
E4 | −17.974 * | 0.644 | <0.001 | −19.663 | −16.286 | ||
E2 | E3 | −6.823 * | 0.687 | <0.001 | −8.622 | −5.024 | |
E4 | −16.965 * | 0.679 | <0.001 | −18.745 | −15.185 | ||
E3 | E4 | −10.142 * | 0.671 | <0.001 | −11.901 | −8.384 | |
Facial floatation—TF | E1 | E2 | −0.819 | 0.645 | 0.585 | −2.509 | 0.871 |
E3 | −7.178 * | 0.637 | <0.001 | −8.846 | −5.509 | ||
E4 | −17.378 * | 0.629 | <0.001 | −19.027 | −15.729 | ||
E2 | E3 | −6.359 * | 0.671 | <0.001 | −8.116 | −4.601 | |
E4 | −16.559 * | 0.663 | <0.001 | −18.298 | −14.821 | ||
E3 | E4 | −10.200 * | 0.655 | <0.001 | −11.918 | −8.482 | |
Facial floatation with nose clip—TI | E1 | E2 | −1.878 | 0.740 | 0.061 | −3.816 | 0.060 |
E3 | −8.436 * | 0.730 | <0.001 | −10.350 | −6.523 | ||
E4 | −21.706 * | 0.722 | <0.001 | −23.598 | −19.815 | ||
E2 | E3 | −6.558 * | 0.769 | <0.001 | −8.574 | −4.543 | |
E4 | −19.828 * | 0.761 | <0.001 | −21.822 | −17.834 | ||
E3 | E4 | −13.269 * | 0.752 | <0.001 | −15.240 | −11.299 | |
Facial floatation with nose clip—TF | E1 | E2 | −1.751 | 0.725 | 0.082 | −3.651 | 0.148 |
E3 | −8.272 * | 0.716 | <0.001 | −10.147 | −6.396 | ||
E4 | −21.376 * | 0.707 | <0.001 | −23.229 | −19.522 | ||
E2 | E3 | −6.520 * | 0.754 | <0.001 | −8.495 | −4.545 | |
E4 | −19.624 * | 0.746 | <0.001 | −21.578 | −17.670 | ||
E3 | E4 | −13.103 * | 0.737 | <0.001 | −15.034 | −11.173 | |
Front tuck—TI | E1 | E2 | −0.914 | 0.667 | 0.521 | −2.662 | 0.833 |
E3 | −5.378 * | 0.659 | <0.001 | −7.104 | −3.653 | ||
E4 | −20.995 * | 0.651 | <0.001 | −22.700 | −19.289 | ||
E2 | E3 | −4.463 * | 0.694 | <0.001 | −6.281 | −2.646 | |
E4 | −20.080 * | 0.686 | <0.001 | −21.878 | −18.282 | ||
E3 | E4 | −15.616 * | 0.678 | <0.001 | −17.393 | −13.839 | |
Front tuck—TF | E1 | E2 | −0.856 | 0.637 | 0.538 | −2.521 | 0.813 |
E3 | −5.422 * | 0.629 | <0.001 | −7.071 | −3.773 | ||
E4 | −21.089 * | 0.622 | <0.001 | −22.719 | −19.460 | ||
E2 | E3 | −4.565 * | 0.663 | <0.001 | −6.302 | −2.828 | |
E4 | −20.233 * | 0.656 | <0.001 | −21.951 | −18.514 | ||
E3 | E4 | −15.667 * | 0.648 | <0.001 | −17.365 | −13.969 | |
Front tuck with nose clip—TI | E1 | E2 | −0.190 | 0.790 | 0.995 | −2.261 | 1.880 |
E3 | −5.153 * | 0.780 | <0.001 | −7.198 | −3.1093 | ||
E4 | −22.468 * | 0.771 | <0.001 | −24.488 | −20.448 | ||
E2 | E3 | −4.963 * | 0.822 | <0.001 | −7.116 | −2.810 | |
E4 | −22.277 * | 0.813 | <0.001 | −24.407 | −20.147 | ||
E3 | E4 | −17.314 * | 0.803 | <0.001 | −19.419 | −15.210 | |
Front tuck with nose clip—TF | E1 | E2 | 0.428 | 0.765 | 0.944 | −1.576 | 2.434 |
E3 | −4.476 * | 0.756 | <0.001 | −6.457 | −2.496 | ||
E4 | −22.091 * | 0.747 | <0.001 | −24.048 | −20.134 | ||
E2 | E3 | −4.905 * | 0.796 | <0.001 | −6.991 | −2.819 | |
E4 | −22.520 * | 0.787 | <0.001 | −24.583 | −20.456 | ||
E3 | E4 | −17.614 * | 0.778 | <0.001 | −19.653 | −15.575 | |
Front layout with support scull—TI | E1 | E2 | −1.139 | 0.882 | 0.571 | −3.449 | 1.170 |
E3 | −4.857 * | 0.871 | <0.001 | −7.138 | −2.576 | ||
E4 | −20.021 * | 0.860 | <0.001 | −22.275 | −17.767 | ||
E2 | E3 | −3.717 * | 0.917 | 0.001 | −6.120 | −1.315 | |
E4 | −18.882 * | 0.907 | <0.001 | −21.259 | −16.505 | ||
E3 | E4 | −15.164 * | 0.896 | <0.001 | −17.512 | −12.816 | |
Front layout with support scull—TF | E1 | E2 | −1.074 | 0.859 | 0.597 | −3.325 | 1.176 |
E3 | −4.727 * | 0.848 | <0.001 | −6.949 | −2.505 | ||
E4 | −19.949 * | 0.838 | <0.001 | −22.145 | −17.753 | ||
E2 | E3 | −3.652 * | 0.893 | 0.001 | −5.993 | −1.312 | |
E4 | −18.875 * | 0.884 | <0.001 | −21.190 | −16.559 | ||
E3 | E4 | −15.222 * | 0.873 | <0.001 | −17.509 | −12.934 |
Groups | Variable | Pearson Correlation | Facial Floatation | Facial Floatation with Nose Clip | Front Tuck | Front Tuck with Nose Clip | Front Layout with Support Scull | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TI | TF | TI | TF | TI | TF | TI | TF | TI | TF | |||
E1 group 7–8 years | Sports experiences | Value | −0.158 | −0.164 | −0.151 | −0.169 | −0.245 | −0.252 | −0.334 | −0.301 | −0.243 | −0.197 |
p | 0.441 | 0.422 | 0.463 | 0.409 | 0.228 | 0.214 | 0.096 | 0.135 | 0.231 | 0.335 | ||
Age | Value | 0.739 ** | 0.722 ** | 0.707 ** | 0.700 ** | 0.859 ** | 0.849 ** | 0.578 ** | 0.553 ** | 0.444 * | 0.411 * | |
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.023 | 0.037 | ||
E2 group 9–10 years | Sports experiences | Value | 0.712 ** | 0.670 ** | 0.695 ** | 0.697 ** | −0.482 * | −0.403 | 0.695 ** | 0.687 ** | −0.442 * | −0.464 |
p | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.045 | 0.038 | ||
Age | Value | −0.097 | 0.031 | 0.027 | 0.058 | 0.116 | 0.069 | −0.038 | 0.042 | −0.445 * | −0.514 * | |
p | 0.675 | 0.895 | 0.908 | 0.804 | 0.618 | 0.767 | 0.869 | 0.857 | 0.063 | 0.077 | ||
E3 group 11–12 years | Sports experiences | Value | 0.692 ** | 0.685 ** | 0.594 ** | 0.580 ** | 0.997 ** | 0.874 ** | 0.935 ** | 0.857 ** | 0.925 ** | 0.994 ** |
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Age | Value | 0.315 | 0.314 | 0.127 | 0.109 | −0.245 | −0.273 | −0.014 | −0.124 | −0.147 | −0.124 | |
p | 0.154 | 0.155 | 0.575 | 0.631 | 0.272 | 0.218 | 0.951 | 0.583 | 0.514 | 0.582 | ||
E4 group 13–14 years | Sports experiences | Value | 0.572 ** | 0.551 ** | 0.572 ** | 0.547 ** | 0.572 ** | 0.558 ** | 0.732 ** | 0.677 ** | 0.614 ** | 0.620 ** |
p | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | ||
Age | Value | 0.282 | 0.244 | 0.017 | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.019 | 0.066 | 0.064 | −0.079 | −0.084 | |
p | 0.192 | 0.262 | 0.940 | 0.871 | 0.845 | 0.932 | 0.763 | 0.773 | 0.719 | 0.702 |
Group | Statistic | Effect | Value | F | Hypothesis df | Error df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 group 7–8 years | Wilks’ Lambda | Age | 0.071 | 13.069 a | 10.000 | 10.000 | 0.000 |
Sports experience | 0.034 | 2.168 | 30.000 | 30.028 | 0.019 | ||
E2 group 9–10 years | Age | 0.001 | 566.905 a | 9.000 | 5.000 | 0.000 | |
Sports experience | 0.000 | 15.524 | 27.000 | 15.245 | 0.000 | ||
E3 group 11–12 years | Age | 0.008 | 53.535 a | 7.000 | 3.000 | 0.004 | |
Sports experience | 0.000 | 3.011 | 42.000 | 17.523 | 0.008 | ||
E4 group 13–14 years | Age | 0.021 | 30.673 a | 6.000 | 4.000 | 0.003 | |
Sports experience | 0.000 | 3.350 | 66.000 | 26.859 | 0.000 | ||
All groups | Age | 0.009 | 31.262 | 30.000 | 232.557 | 0.000 | |
Sports experience | 0.000 | 2.768 | 28.000 | 27.142 | 0.000 |
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Badau, A. The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4586. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114586
Badau A. The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(11):4586. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114586
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadau, Adela. 2024. "The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years" Applied Sciences 14, no. 11: 4586. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114586
APA StyleBadau, A. (2024). The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4586. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114586