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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2025 | Viewed by 7644

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Dr. Dan Iulian Alexe

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Guest Editor

Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
Interests: health promotions; sports science; physical education; human balance; rehabilitation

Dr. Michal Wilk

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Guest Editor

Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
Interests: resistance exercise; strength training; hypertrophy; powerlifting; movement tempo; blood flow restriction; endocrine responses; power output; post-activation potentiation; sports performance
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The evaluation and analysis of human performances in and through sports, but also the perspectives of the fields of physical education, performance sports or rehabilitation through movement, using the monitoring of movements in different conditions have ensured and will permanently ensure scientific progress in increasing the quality of life of many people. The advanced monitoring of certain biological and physical states and processes in relation to sports effort and movement is essential today for the planning of prevention goals and the development of human performance. Technological progress, based on new scientific discoveries, has not bypassed any field, much of which provides infrastructure in sports, equipment and innovative technologies based on novelties discovered through scientific research in many fields. From another point of view, some of the scientific discoveries in sport have led to the transfer of scientific information to other fields as well, with sport making its contribution to the progress of society.

This Special Issue of Applied Sciences will welcome cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies and review articles related to the impact of scientific movement analysis and specific research on changes in the physical, mental and especially the quality of life of certain parts of the population.

Dr. Dan Iulian Alexe
Dr. Michal Wilk
Guest Editors

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Keywords

human performance
movement analysis
quality of life
perspectives in sports science

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Technical–Tactical Patterns of Scoring Actions in Male Visually Impaired Judokas: A Weight Category Analysis

by Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago, Anxo Fernández-Moscoso, Xoana Reguera-López-de-la-Osa, Antonio José Silva-Pinto, Juan Carlos Argibay-González and Iván Prieto-Lage

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10594; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210594 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 391

Abstract

In Para-judo, the technical actions and tactical situations suitable for scoring in a combat have not been studied. The aim of this research was to determine the technical–tactical patterns of scoring actions in Para-judo, focusing on weight categories. An observational methodology was employed to conduct this study. The sample consisted of all male judokas with visual impairment (n = 172) in the senior category who participated in the World Championships held in Odivelas in 2018. A total of 232 combats and 313 scoring actions were analyzed. To obtain the results, we used different analytical techniques with SPSS: descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and T-pattern analysis. The significance level used was p < 0.05. Key findings show that the majority of scoring actions occurred in the first two minutes of combat, highlighting the importance of early initiative. Techniques such as ashi-waza, te-waza, and sutemi-waza demonstrated particular effectiveness across categories, with a focus on movements like sumi-otoshi, ouchi-gari, and ko-soto-gake. Moreover, the most common grip—lapel-sleeve—proved advantageous, aiding judokas in controlling the bout and achieving scores, especially when coupled with effective transition techniques. The study’s weight-specific analysis further revealed distinct patterns, emphasizing the importance of tailored training approaches. For instance, lighter judokas benefited from countering leg attacks with arm or sacrifice techniques to score waza-ari, while heavier judokas favored leg-to-leg counterattacks, often achieving ippon. The results suggest that judokas and coaches could benefit from a more systematic focus on grip stability, strategic positional work, and transition efficiency, particularly from standing to ground. This research contributes valuable insights into optimal techniques and strategies for visually impaired judokas, providing clear guidelines for training and competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

11 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Toe-Strengthening Exercises on Medial Longitudinal Arch Height, Muscle Stiffness, and Functional Movement

by Deok-Hwa Jeong, Hyeong-Mo Jeong, Dong-Ju Park, Jun-Young Sung and Kyu-Lim Lee

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9842; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219842 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1219

Abstract

Background: Prolonged training in combat boots can place significant stress on the medial longitudinal arch, potentially leading to lower-extremity muscle stiffness and an increased risk of injury. This study assessed the impact of toe-strengthening exercises on improving the lower-extremity function and functional movement in cadets undergoing training. Methods: Forty junior cadets (mean age: 22.6 years) participated in this study. The measurements included the medial longitudinal arch height, lower-extremity muscle stiffness, functional movement, and leg length. Results: Cadets who performed the toe exercises demonstrated improved lower-extremity muscle stiffness and functional movement performance (hurdle step, p = 0.010; rotary stability, p = 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between the exercise group and time (tibialis right, p = 0.008; tibialis left, p = 0.028). Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of toe-strengthening exercises to enhance the lower-extremity function and reduce the risk of injury among cadets. However, challenges in identifying the medical history, past injuries, and specific areas of pain for each cadet were noted. These findings support the implementation of targeted toe exercises in military training programs to prevent injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

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14 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Relative Profile of Velocity and Acceleration in Semi-Professional Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Charles Cotteret, Jaime Prieto-Bermejo, Jaime Almazán Polo and Sergio L. Jiménez-Saiz

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8528; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188528 - 22 Sep 2024

Viewed by 711

Abstract

The velocity and acceleration of a soccer player varies depending on the specific demands of the field position as well as individual characteristics, establishing the need to determine relative profiles by position. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 semi-professional soccer players to determine (i) the specific demands of external load according to playing position, (ii) distances covered at different intensities and the number of sprints, and (iii) the number of accelerations at moderate and high intensity. GPS tracking systems were used to collect data, and the relative acceleration profiles were analyzed based on initial velocity (0–7 km/h; 7.1–14.3 km/h; >14.3 km/h), intensity (moderate 50–75% and high > 75% of maximal acceleration), number of sprints/accelerations, and distance covered. Additionally, relative speed profiles were evaluated through the distance covered at moderate intensity (40–60% Vmax), high intensity (60–75.5% Vmax), very high intensity (>75.5% Vmax), total distance, and number of sprints. Statistically significant differences were observed in the distance covered at moderate and high intensity (midfielders), distance covered sprinting (center backs), and acceleration at moderate and high intensity in all positions (p < 0.05). These findings will enhance the monitoring of external loading strategies and prescription of specific training exercises for soccer players based on their respective playing position, ultimately contributing to optimized performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

11 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Defensive Variables Determining Success in the NBA over the Last 10 Years

by Hakan Buyukcelebi, Fatma Nese Sahin, Mahmut Acak, Hüseyin Şahin Uysal, Cengizhan Sari, Dilara Erkan, Semra Yatak and Raci Karayigit

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6696; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156696 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1251

Abstract

This study aimed to determine changes in defensive strategies over the past decade in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and identify the most crucial factors for winning games. The study analyzed all games where the 30 NBA teams played over 11 seasons (13,530 games) and created outcome statistics based on win–loss records. Five defensive variables (OREB [offensive rebound], DREB [defensive rebound], TREB [total rebound], ST [steal] and BLK [block]) were compared, revealing that OREB (p < 0.03), DREB (p < 0.001), TREB (p < 0.001), ST (p < 0.001) and BLK (p < 0.001) occur significantly in winning teams. Also, it has been observed that the changes over the years in the variables OREB (p < 0.01), DREB (p < 0.01), TREB (p < 0.01) and ST (p < 0.01) are statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference in the BLK variable over the years (p = 0.24). The impact of defensive variables on winning and their factor loadings are as follows: DREB (λ = 0.50), ST (λ = 0.15), TREB (λ = 0.10), BLK (λ = 0.08) and OREB (λ = 0.06). Coaches can use these findings on defensive variables to strategize and counter opponents during games. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

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19 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI, BlazePod Sensors, and Head Vests Implemented in Assessments on Reaction Time and Gaze Training Program in U10 Football Game

by Marius Stoica, Ciolcă Sorin, Rafael Vișan and Adina Dreve

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6323; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146323 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 866

Abstract

In the context of the development of technologies, every sports club tends to improve its training methods to obtain the best possible results in sports training. The goal of the research is to develop a specialized training program designed to enhance ball-control skills so that children can play soccer with increased confidence, therefore reinforcing their need for constant visual contact with the ball during possession. The study participants are children between the ages of 8 and 10, who have acquired at least one year of consistent and well-structured football practice, divided into two groups, experimental group I and control group II. The T-Blaze test training, the Adams test, and the registration of the degree of head tilt using artificial intelligence and visual recognition were implemented. During the training, the authors used the BlazePod sensors to measure participants’ times more precisely, thus avoiding the inaccuracy of using a classic timer. At the same time, the authors used the Vesta HeadUp to block the child’s view of the ball when he has possession of the ball or is very close to it. The recording of time spent playing head-up and head-down revealed statistically significant differences between the three test sessions in favor of the experimental group. Considering the statistically substantial influence obtained, the authors can conclude that our intervention program based on specific means and using HeadUp vests was a decisive factor in achieving improved performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

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15 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Game-Related Statistics on the Final Results in FIBA Global and Continental Competitions

by Jasmin Komić, Slobodan Simović, Denis Čaušević, Dan Iulian Alexe, Michal Wilk, Babina Rani and Cristina Ioana Alexe

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5357; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125357 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1221

Abstract

Sport, particularly in the realm of professional competition, is a domain of human endeavor that is increasingly dependent on the use of analytical statistical information. Consequently, mathematics and statistics are becoming increasingly crucial elements in sports. Although experts recognize the importance of analytics in women’s basketball, the literature addressing this subject remains limited. The objective of this study is to employ quantitative methodologies to discover prevailing patterns in global women’s basketball representation. The entities examined in this article were the games contested during the 2021 Olympic Games, the 2022 World Cup, and the 2023 continental championships. Two regression models were created for the research, using thirteen standard variables observed in the game. The evaluation of the regression model was conducted using the stepwise regression method, incorporating dimensionality reduction based on the outcomes of factor analysis. Among the 14 models that were observed, 13 of them exhibited strong and moderate linkages, while only 1 displayed weak connections and lacked statistical significance. The primary factors that account for the disparity between winning and losing teams in games are primarily associated with shooting accuracy toward the basket. When examining individual championships, the percentage surpassed 50% in all cases except for AfroBasket. However, when considering the overall results, the significance of shooting rose to 86%. The variable representing offensive rebound efficiency had a significant influence on the outcome, being present in all individual competitions, whereas defensive rebound efficiency was only considered in the overall results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

17 pages, 4161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years

by Adela Badau

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4586; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114586 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 697

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to identify the durations of maintaining apnea, in different static positions, with and without the use of a nose clip, in girls aged between 7 and 14 years,. The study included a total number of 92 girls, grouped by age into four groups of 2-year spans (7–8, 9–10, 11–12, 13–14 years), and depending on the experience of practicing synchronized swimming (6–42 months). In the study we applied five physical tests where apnea maintenance times were recorded in different static positions: Apnea Test of Facial floatation with and without nose clip, Apnea Test of Front tuck with and without nose clip and Apnea Test of Front layout with support to scull. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS-24. During the study, a program of specific exercises to learn/consolidate the apneic breathing specific to artistic swimming was implemented, for a time interval of 3 months. The results were recorded at the beginning of the study (TI) and at the end of the study (TF). Analyzing the results of the study, we found positive and statistically significant improvements, related to age and experience. The most significant progress, taking into account the averages between the final and initial tests, was recorded in relation to Facial Flotation for 1.301 s for the 7–8-year-old group and 1.110 s for the 9–10-year-old group; the 11–12-year-old group recorded the most positive effect in the Facial Flotation test with a nose clip, with a result of 0.853 s, and in the 13–14-year-old group in the front tuck with nose clip test, a result of 0.807 s was reached. In all tests of the study, the Cohen’s values in all groups fell between 0.184 and 0.478, the size of the effect being small and medium. The ANOVA analysis of variance showed that the differences were statistically significant for p < 0.05 between the arithmetic means of the four groups according to age and sport experiences. For all groups, the value of Wilks’ Lambda was 0.009 (p < 0.01) for age and 0 (p < 0.01) for sports experience, highlighting large differences between groups. We conclude that the development of the ability to maintain apnea specific to synchronized swimming shows an upward trajectory, being conditioned by the training methodology, the age of the subjects and the sports experience. The small and medium values of the effect size highlight the fact that the improvement in apnea maintenance time is dependent on the duration and frequency of the apnea exercises performed in technical conditions specific to synchronized swimming. The training methodology must be adapted to the particularities of age, sports experience and the characteristics of synchronized swimming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science and Movement Analysis)

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