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Article

Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab versus Doxorubicin for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer with Short Treatment-Free Intervals Following First-Line Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel

by
Shao-Jing Wang
1,
Hsin-Hua Chen
2,3,4,5,
Lou Sun
1,6,
Yu-Hsiang Shih
1,7,
Ting-Fang Lu
1,
Yen-Fu Chen
1,
Chun-Ting Fan
1,
Shih-Tien Hsu
1,8,9,
Chin-Ku Liu
1,10,
Sheau-Feng Hwang
1,11 and
Chien-Hsing Lu
1,12,13,*
1
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
2
Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
3
Precision Medicine Research Center, Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40220, Taiwan
4
Institute of Biomedicine Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40220, Taiwan
5
Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
6
Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43330, Taiwan
7
College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
8
Center for General Education, Ling Tung University, Taichung 40821, Taiwan
9
School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40604, Taiwan
10
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tung Hai University, Taichung 40722, Taiwan
11
Department of Palliative Care Unit, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
12
Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40220, Taiwan
13
Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40220, Taiwan
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5670; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195670
Submission received: 4 July 2024 / Revised: 7 August 2024 / Accepted: 13 September 2024 / Published: 24 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gynecologic Oncology: Diagnosis, Targeted Therapies, and Management)
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Abstract

:
Background: The treatment-free interval is a significant predictor of worse prognosis and poor response rates of the second-line treatment in patients with carboplatin and paclitaxel (PT)-pretreated, advanced, or recurrent endometrial cancer (EC). Whether lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab still confers a survival benefit compared with doxorubicin in patients with platinum-free intervals of <6 months remains unclear. Methods: This multi-institutional retrospective analysis was performed using de-identified electronic health records from the TriNetX Research Network. Patients with advanced or recurrent ECs who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab or doxorubicin within six months of first-line PT were identified. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to control for potential confounding variables. Overall survival (OS) and adverse event profile were the primary and secondary outcomes. Results: Between January 2018 and February 2024, 130 patients with PT-treated, advanced, or recurrent ECs who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and 122 patients who received doxorubicin at a platinum-free interval of <6 months were identified across 31 healthcare organizations. In the balanced cohort following PSM with 117 patients in each group, treatment with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab was associated with improved OS compared with treatment with doxorubicin (12.8 vs. 8.2 months, p = 0.012, hazard ratio: 0.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.46–0.91). Regarding adverse event analysis, a higher incidence of hypothyroidism and proteinuria was observed with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, and more hematological toxicities were observed with doxorubicin. Conclusions: in patients with treatment-free intervals of <6 months, lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab still confers improved survival compared with doxorubicin in PT-treated, advanced, or recurrent ECs.

1. Introduction

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive system with an increasing incidence [1]. In 2024, it is estimated that there will be 67,880 new cases of EC diagnosed, and 13,250 patients are expected to die from the disease in the United States [1]. Although the majority of ECs are diagnosed early and have a favorable outcome, the prognosis for advanced or recurrent ECs is generally poor, with a median survival of 12–15 months among patients with measurable disease [2].
Tri-weekly carboplatin plus paclitaxel (PT) has been standardized as a first-line therapy for advanced ECs since 2012. However, the options for second-line systemic treatments have been limited, and no standard of care has been established in managing patients who progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy [3,4]. Regarding the treatment of recurrent ECs, clinicians often consider platinum rechallenge, provided that a reasonably long progression-free interval has passed after first-line PT [5,6]. Nevertheless, the concept of “platinum-free interval” still lacks validation from prospective studies. Doxorubicin, historically used as first-line chemotherapy for advanced ECs, was reported to have a 19–25% response rate for chemo-naïve patients [7]. In patients experiencing short progression-free intervals after first-line PT, platinum rechallenge becomes unfeasible, leaving doxorubicin monotherapy as one of the few viable options.
Pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed death 1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, has demonstrated improved objective response rates (ORRs) of 57% among patients with high micro-satellite instability (MSI-H) or deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) ECs [8]. However, when used as a monotherapy against micro-satellite stable (MSS) ECs, the ORR dropped to 13% [9]. Nevertheless, the KEYNOTE-146/Study-111 reported improved ORRs of 36% with the addition of lenvatinib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor targeting VEGF receptors 1–3, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) receptors 1–4, platelet-derived growth factors α receptor, RET, and KIT [10,11]. Subsequently, the KEYNOTE-775 study demonstrated that the combination of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab resulted in improved overall survival (OS) [18.3 vs. 11.4 months, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–0.75] when compared with single-agent doxorubicin or weekly paclitaxel in a cohort of patients with platinum-treated EC without biomarker preselection [12]. As a consequence, lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab was listed as a category 1 recommendation by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guideline in platinum-pretreated patients with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR), recurrent ECs [13].
Treatment-free interval has been recognized as an important predictor of survival after recurrences [14,15,16]. Response rates to second-line treatments may vary depending on treatment-free intervals, and clinicians may alter their choice of systemic treatment accordingly [17,18,19]. Although the KEYNOTE-775 study has shown improved survival outcomes after lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, there has been no research evaluating the outcomes of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with short treatment-free intervals to date. Whether lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab confers a survival benefit compared with doxorubicin among patients whose disease progressed within six months of first-line PT remains uncertain. Herein, we performed a retrospective analysis based on real-world data of patients with advanced or recurrent ECs who received either pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib or doxorubicin within a treatment-free interval of six months from first-line PT.

2. Materials and Methods

This retrospective, multi-institutional study used de-identified data from the TriNetX Research Network (Cambridge, MA, USA). The TriNetX Research Network provides access to the electronic medical records of approximately 111 million patients across 86 healthcare organizations (HCOs) predominantly located in the United States and Europe. The TriNetX platform adheres to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and has obtained a waiver from the Western Institutional Review Board. All data on the TriNetX platform are displayed in aggregate form, and information is de-identified, thereby ensuring compliance with privacy regulations [20,21].
The data used in this study were acquired from the TriNetX Research Network in March 2024. Study participants were identified using International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes from January 2018 to February 2024. Only individuals aged 18–90 years were included in this study. Advanced EC was characterized by the presence of EC along with ICD codes indicating metastasis to the lymphatic system and distant metastasis. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy regimens were identified using RxNorm and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes. Surgical procedures and history of irradiation were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. All the codes used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
Patients must have received at least 3–6 cycles of PT as first-line chemotherapy before initiating second-line treatments. The interval between first- and second-line treatments was restricted to a maximum of six months. The TriNetX-curated term “chemotherapy line 2” was assigned to both designated treatment groups to avoid misclassifications. The index event in the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab group was defined as the start date of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and likewise for doxorubicin. Patients who received pembrolizumab or lenvatinib before and after the initiation of doxorubicin were excluded. Histological findings of carcinosarcoma and sarcoma were excluded from the analysis. Additionally, patients who underwent a major operation within 3 weeks before starting lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab or doxorubicin were excluded.
The main outcome measure was the median OS for both lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin groups. The primary endpoint was estimated from the date of the index event in each treatment group to the date of death. Patients were censored based on their final observations in their records. Our secondary outcome was the adverse events in both groups. Hematological, hepatic, and thyroid profiles and systemic adverse events were assessed from the date of the index event. Treatment toxicities were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 (CTCAE v5.0) [22].
All statistical analyses were performed using the TriNetX platform in real-time. The statistics of the TriNetX platform were performed by running a suite of tests using R’s Survival package v3.2-3 and comparing the numbers with output from SAS version 9.4 to validate the results. The baseline characteristics between the treatment groups were compared using the Pearson chi-squared test. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed in order to reduce potential confounders between the treatment groups. Matching included covariates such as age, history of irradiation, and the presence of regional or distant metastasis. We utilized a greedy nearest-neighbor matching algorithm with a 0.1 pooled standard deviation caliper. Hence, patients with disparate propensity scores were not paired. In the newly generated cohort following PSM, survival outcomes were estimated using the log-rank test to compare OS between the treatment groups, and hazard ratios (HRs) were generated using Cox regression. All statistical significance in this study was established with a two-sided p-value < 0.05.

3. Results

A total of 17,014 patients aged 18–90 years with advanced or recurrent ECs were identified across 31 HCOs between January 2018 and February 2024. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 456 patients who received 3–6 cycles of first-line PT prior to their designated treatment were identified. After restricting the treatment-free interval to a maximum of six months, we identified 130 patients who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and 122 patients who received doxorubicin as second-line treatments. The median follow-up time was 10.1 and 8.1 months, respectively. The baseline characteristics of both groups before and after PSM are summarized in Table 1. In the unmatched cohort, a higher percentage of patients were white, and a higher prevalence of chronic heart disease was observed among patients who received doxorubicin.
Following 1:1 PSM, the matched cohort contained 117 patients each in the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin groups. The matched cohort was well balanced, and the distribution of propensity scores before and after matching was displayed using a kernel density estimation plot (Supplementary Figure S1). A total of 58 patients died in the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab group and 72 in the doxorubicin group, estimated three years after the index event. Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab was associated with an improved OS when compared with doxorubicin (median OS: 12.8 vs. 8.2 months, p = 0.012; HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46–0.91) (Table 2) (Figure 1). Regarding adverse event analysis, hematological toxicities were more common in the doxorubicin group. A higher risk of developing neutropenia (9% vs. 23%, p = 0.005), grade 3 anemia (39% vs. 56%, p = 0.009), grade 3 neutropenia (9% vs. 21%, p = 0.017), and grade 3 thrombocytopenia (9% vs. 18%, p = 0.034) was observed. In contrast, proteinuria and hypothyroidism were more prevalent in patients who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, with incidence rates of 31% vs. 16% and 37% vs. 18%, respectively. The risks of liver enzyme abnormalities, hypertension, diarrhea, fatigue, arthralgia, nausea, and vomiting were comparable between the two groups. A comparison of adverse events is shown in Table 3.

4. Discussion

In this retrospective, multi-institutional study using real-world data acquired from the TriNetX platform, we found that the combination of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab was associated with improved OS when compared with doxorubicin monotherapy in patients with advanced or recurrent ECs and treatment-free intervals of <6 months from first-line PT (OS: 12.8 vs. 8.2 months; HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.46–0.91). Adverse event analysis showed a higher incidence and severity of hematologic toxicities among patients who received doxorubicin, whereas patients who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab exhibited increased instances of proteinuria and hypothyroidism. These findings are consistent with those reported in previous studies [11,12,23,24,25,26].
The treatment-free interval after first-line PT has been shown to be strongly correlated with survival. A pooled analysis from five prospective randomized trials conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) with 586 patients who had advanced or recurrent EC after first-line chemotherapy revealed that the interval between the first primary chemotherapy and recurrence was the most significant prognostic factor for second-line chemotherapy [14]. The risk of death was significantly reduced by 30% in patients with progression-free intervals over six months compared with those with intervals under six months. Additionally, the median OS for second-line treatment also increased by five months (10 vs. 5 months). The response rates were invariably poor among patients with treatment-free intervals under three months, regardless of platinum or non-platinum agents received as second-line chemotherapy (ORR < 10% in both groups) [14]. A retrospective study with platinum-based first-line treatment revealed that platinum rechallenge was ineffective in patients with treatment-free intervals of <6 months [17]. Another report from a single-centered study showed an 11.4% response rate and OS of 10 months among patients who underwent platinum rechallenge within a platinum-free interval of <6 months [27]. As a result, before the emergence of immuno-oncology, for patients with short platinum-free intervals where platinum rechallenge is rendered no longer desirable, clinicians were left with limited chemotherapeutic options.
The majority of studies on single-agent chemotherapies as second-line treatments were conducted over a decade ago and consistently presented poor efficacies, with reported ORRs of approximately 5–15% [10,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42] (Table 4). In practice, a preference for selecting doxorubicin over paclitaxel and other regimens for patients with platinum-pretreated ECs has been observed [6,12]. This preference was also evident in the composition of the chemotherapy arm, which was determined by physicians’ preference in the KEYNOTE-775 study [12]. Out of the 388 patients in the chemotherapy arm, 289 received doxorubicin, while only 99 received paclitaxel. Doxorubicin was reported to have a 19–25% response rate when used in chemotherapy-naïve patients [7,28]. However, doxorubicin monotherapy has been reported to have limited efficacies in second-line settings, with ORRs of approximately 10–15% and median OS of 5.8–12.3 months [28,29,30,31,32]. One retrospective study investigating 17 patients with a median treatment-free interval from first-line PT of eight months found that none of the patients responded to second-line doxorubicin monotherapy [30]. On the other hand, a 27% ORR has been historically reported for paclitaxel in paclitaxel-naïve patients [33]. However, considering the short treatment-free interval following first-line PT, whether a 27% ORR can be achieved remains uncertain. These findings highlight the constrained options that clinicians often face when managing patients experiencing disease progression shortly after first-line PT, underscoring the need for a better option.
Pembrolizumab has yielded a 64% ORR and sustained progression-free survival (PFS) among patients with MSI-H or dMMR ECs [11]. Nevertheless, MSI-H or dMMR tumors represent only 16–31% of all ECs [43,44,45]. Subsequently, the KEYNOTE-775 study demonstrated a 31.9% ORR and an OS of 18.3 months among a cohort where 84% of patients had pMMR tumors and received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab [12]. These results have led to a significant shift in clinical practice regarding the choice of second-line treatments [46]. However, reports on survival outcomes with real-world data have been scarce to date. Two single-center studies in Japan yielded ORRs ranging from 40 to 60%, and PFS between 8.6 and 11.6 months [47,48]. A multi-center study involving 48 pretreated patients, with a median treatment-free interval of 4.3 months, who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, reported a 23.8% ORR [25]. Although not reaching statistical significance, a trend toward a worse PFS was observed in patients with treatment-free intervals of <5 months [25]. The largest cohort to date, comprised of 70 patients treated at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, showed a 36.1% ORR and a median OS of 8.6 months [26]. In our study, among 117 patients receiving lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab with a platinum-free interval of <6 months in the matched cohort, the median OS was significantly improved compared with doxorubicin (12.8 vs. 8.2 months, p = 0.012; HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46–0.91). Our survival outcome appeared worse when compared with the data presented in the KEYNOTE-775 study (18.3 vs. 11.4 months, p < 0.001; HR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.51–0.75), in which the treatment-free intervals were not specified [12]. This was consistent with the observations that a shorter treatment-free interval from first-line PT was correlated with a poorer prognosis [14,15,16]. Nonetheless, even in such circumstances, lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab still provided superior outcomes compared with doxorubicin.
Studies have shown that the most common adverse events for lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab were hypertension (59–65%), fatigue (34–65%), diarrhea (43–64%), hypothyroidism (47–59%), proteinuria (23–31%), and arthralgia (23–32%) [12,23,24,25,26]. Although these adverse events were generally considered manageable, up to 70% of patients experienced dose reductions and treatment interruptions, with 33% eventually having to discontinue their treatment due to intolerable toxicities [12]. Despite the high rates of dose reduction in lenvatinib, the treatment response rates appeared unaffected when initiated at a reduced dose (most commonly 14 mg daily) compared with the recommended dose (20 mg daily), with ORRs of 38.3% and 28.6%, respectively [26]. In terms of the toxicity profile, our findings were consistent with that of previous reports, showing a higher incidence of hematologic adverse events in the doxorubicin group, as anticipated.
This study had several limitations. First, our study was limited by the absence of details on histological compositions, dosage, and MMR status between groups. Additionally, all patient diagnoses, laboratory results, adverse events, and treatment histories were identified using the ICD, RxNorm, HCPCS, and CPT coding systems. Therefore, our outcomes may have been affected by misclassification or delays in reporting the mortality data. Furthermore, due to platform limitations, data regarding multivariate cox proportional hazard model cannot be obtained. Nevertheless, our results provide valuable real-world data by comparing the two most frequently used strategies for the management of advanced or recurrent ECs at short treatment-free intervals. The considerable number of patients and a well-matched PSM should strengthen our results.

5. Conclusions

Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, compared with doxorubicin, was associated with improved OS in patients with advanced or recurrent ECs who had short treatment-free intervals from first-line PT.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm13195670/s1, Table S1: Details of diagnostic and procedural query codes used in our analysis; Figure S1: Distribution of propensity score matching before and after matching for the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin groups.

Author Contributions

The authors confirm their contributions to this paper as follows. C.-H.L. was responsible for the study conception and design. H.-H.C. and C.-T.F. helped acquire the data and design of the study. L.S., Y.-F.C., T.-F.L. and Y.-H.S. helped acquire the tables, figures, and literature review. H.-H.C., S.-T.H., C.-K.L. and S.-F.H. helped with data analysis, interpretation, and participated in the search for literature and manuscript editing. S.-J.W. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Taichung Veterans General Hospital (grant numbers: TCVGH-1136401C). The funding source had no role in the methodology, data analysis, or writing of this research.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the TriNetX platform displaying all data in aggregate counts, and all information is de-identified, which ensures compliance with privacy regulations. TriNetX has received a waiver from the Western Institutional Review Board and adheres to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Still, we had acquired approval from the Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital.

Informed Consent Statement

The need for inform consent from participants was waived by the Western Institutional Review Board (IRB), as all data acquired from this study are displayed in aggregate form, and any patient-level data generated by the TriNetX platform only contains de-identified data in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule standard16. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The network contains data that are provided by participating Health Care Organizations (HCOs), each of which represents and warrants that it has all necessary rights, consents, approvals and authority to provide the data to TriNetX under a Business Associate Agreement (BAA), so long as their name remains anonymous as a data source and their data are utilized for research purposes. The data shared through the TriNetX Platform are attenuated to ensure that they do not include sufficient information to facilitate the determination of which HCO contributed which specific information about a patient.

Data Availability Statement

The data were acquired using the TriNetX platform in this study. Researchers can identify similar cohorts by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria described in the Methods section. However, TriNetX is a live network that frequently updates with new data; subsequent queries may exhibit mild variations. Data may be obtained from a third party (TriNetX); however, a data-sharing agreement may be required, and data access fees may be incurred.

Acknowledgments

We thank the TriNetX team for their assistance with the database queries.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Jcm 13 05670 g001
Figure 1. The 3-year OS between the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin groups after propensity score matching. OS, overall survival.
Figure 1. The 3-year OS between the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin groups after propensity score matching. OS, overall survival.
Jcm 13 05670 g001
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin cohorts, before and after PSM.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin cohorts, before and after PSM.
Before Match After Matched
Lenvatinib + Pembrolizumab
N = 130		Doxorubicin
N = 122		p-ValueLenvatinib + Pembrolizumab
N = 117		Doxorubicin
N = 117		p-Value
Age at index *65.665.3 65.965.5
  <65 years56 (43)52 (43)0.9447 (40)47 (40)1
  ≥65 years74 (57)70 (57)0.9470 (60)70 (60)1
Race
  White69 (53)84 (69)0.0163 (54)80 (68)0.02
  African American29 (22)25 (21)0.7325 (21)25 (21)1
  Asian 10 (8)10 (8)0.8810 (9)10 (9)1
  Unknown18 (14)10 (8)0.1510 (9)10 (9)1
Diabetes mellitus42 (32)32 (26)0.2937 (32)32 (27)0.47
Cerebral vascular disease10 (8)16 (13)0.1610 (9)15 (13)0.29
Ischemic heart disease20 (15)19 (16)0.9717 (15)19 (16)0.72
History of irradiation *31 (24)28 (23)0.8728 (24)27 (23)0.88
Therapies received before designated treatment
  Carboplatin130 (100)122 (100)NA117 (100)117 (100)NA
  Paclitaxel 130 (100)122 (100)NA117 (100)117 (100)NA
  Bevacizumab10 (8)22 (18)0.0110 (9)21 (18)0.03
Sites of metastasis
  Lymph node46 (35)31 (25)0.0939 (33)28 (24)0.11
  Para-aortic LN18 (14)18 (15)0.8414 (12)17 (15)0.56
  Pelvic LN25 (19)17 (14)0.2623 (20)16 (14)0.22
  Lung28 (22)19 (16)0.2218 (15)18 (15)1
  Liver17 (13)15 (12)0.8514 (12)14 (12)1
  Peritoneum59 (45)57 (47)0.8353 (45)55 (47)0.79
  Colorectal14 (11)13 (11)0.9814 (12)13 (11)0.84
Data are No. (%). Demographic data were obtained from the TriNetX Research Network. The baseline characteristics were documented one day before the index date. Variables marked with * were selected for PSM. Patient counts less than 10 will be rounded up to 10 for display to ensure patient anonymity. PT: carboplatin plus paclitaxel; PSM: propensity score matching; LN: lymph nodes; NA: not available.
Table 2. Summary of survival outcomes of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab compared to doxorubicin.
Table 2. Summary of survival outcomes of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab compared to doxorubicin.
Pre-Match
Case No.		Case No.
after Match		DeathMedian Follow-Up (mo)Median OS (mo)
Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab1301175810.112.8
Doxorubicin122117728.18.2
OS: overall survival.
Table 3. Adverse events among patients receiving lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin after propensity score matching.
Table 3. Adverse events among patients receiving lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and doxorubicin after propensity score matching.
Lenvatinib + Pembrolizumab
N = 117		Doxorubicin
N = 117		p-Value
Anemia104 (89)108 (92)0.370
  Grade 3 anemia45 (39)65 (56)0.009
Neutropenia11 (9)27 (23)0.005
  Grade 3 neutropenia11 (9)24 (21)0.017
Thrombocytopenia14 (12)18 (15)0.447
  Grade 3 thrombocytopenia10 (9)21 (18)0.034
Liver toxicity164 (38)154 (36)0.481
Hypothyroidism43 (37)21 (18)0.001
Hypertension72 (62)72 (62)1
  Grade 3 hypertension48 (41)44 (38)0.592
Proteinuria36 (31)19 (16)0.009
Diarrhea30 (26)18 (15)0.052
Fatigue34 (29)33 (28)0.885
Nausea and vomiting59 (50)56 (48)0.695
Arthralgia 25 (21)14 (12)0.054
Table 4. Updates of single-agent treatments for previously treated, advanced, or recurrent endometrial cancer.
Table 4. Updates of single-agent treatments for previously treated, advanced, or recurrent endometrial cancer.
TreatmentCase NumberORR (%)PFS (mo)OS (mo)
Lenvatinib [10]13314.3%5.610.6
Bevacizumab [42]5213.5%4.210.5
Doxorubicin [28,29,30]13222% *NANA
3312.1%4.48.1
1702.15.8
Liposomal doxorubicin [31,32]329.5%NA8.2
5211.5% *NA10.9
Ixabepilone [38]22315.2%3.410.9
Paclitaxel [33,34]4427.3% *NA10.3
1526.7% ‡NANA
Docetaxel [35]267.7%2.06.4
Oxaliplatin [36]5213.5%NANA
Topotecan [37]229%NANA
Gemcitabine [39]234%1.7NA
Ifosfamide [40,41]160%NANA
9125% †3.68.4
* The study was performed on paclitaxel-naïve patients. † The study was performed as on patients with carcinosarcoma as first-line treatment. ‡ Heterogenous compositions of prior cytotoxic therapies were used, including those who are paclitaxel-naïve. ORR: objective response rate; PFS: progression-free survival; OS: overall survival; NA: not available.
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Wang, S.-J.; Chen, H.-H.; Sun, L.; Shih, Y.-H.; Lu, T.-F.; Chen, Y.-F.; Fan, C.-T.; Hsu, S.-T.; Liu, C.-K.; Hwang, S.-F.; et al. Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab versus Doxorubicin for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer with Short Treatment-Free Intervals Following First-Line Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5670. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195670

AMA Style

Wang S-J, Chen H-H, Sun L, Shih Y-H, Lu T-F, Chen Y-F, Fan C-T, Hsu S-T, Liu C-K, Hwang S-F, et al. Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab versus Doxorubicin for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer with Short Treatment-Free Intervals Following First-Line Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(19):5670. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195670

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Shao-Jing, Hsin-Hua Chen, Lou Sun, Yu-Hsiang Shih, Ting-Fang Lu, Yen-Fu Chen, Chun-Ting Fan, Shih-Tien Hsu, Chin-Ku Liu, Sheau-Feng Hwang, and et al. 2024. "Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab versus Doxorubicin for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer with Short Treatment-Free Intervals Following First-Line Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 19: 5670. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195670

APA Style

Wang, S. -J., Chen, H. -H., Sun, L., Shih, Y. -H., Lu, T. -F., Chen, Y. -F., Fan, C. -T., Hsu, S. -T., Liu, C. -K., Hwang, S. -F., & Lu, C. -H. (2024). Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab versus Doxorubicin for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer with Short Treatment-Free Intervals Following First-Line Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(19), 5670. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195670

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