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Article

Monitoring and Signaling of the Most Important Aphid Species in the Territory of Greater Poland and Silesia Provinces

by
Kamila Roik
1,*,
Anna Tratwal
1,
Sandra Małas
1 and
Jan Bocianowski
2
1
Department of Monitoring and Signaling of Agrophages, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland
2
Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2260; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122260
Submission received: 9 October 2024 / Revised: 4 December 2024 / Accepted: 6 December 2024 / Published: 10 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Agriculture in Implementing Concept of Sustainable Food System)
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Abstract

:
Aphids are significant pests affecting crop yields both through direct feeding and as vectors of viruses. The monitoring focused on 10 of the most important aphid species. This study investigates the dynamics of aphid populations in two Polish regions, Winna Góra (Greater Poland Province) and Sośnicowice (Silesia Province), over a five-year period (2019–2023) using Johnson suction traps. Data collection covered species composition, migration timing, and seasonal variations in aphid abundance. Dominance patterns were assessed using a species-specific index, and inter-regional comparisons were analyzed through correlation and principal component analysis. Results indicate notable population peaks during autumn, suggesting this period is optimal for implementing control measures. The Johnson traps proved valuable for timely pest monitoring, offering predictive potential for future aphid migration, particularly in relation to virus-transmitting species critical to plants.

1. Introduction

During the growing season, crop plants are exposed to attack by many species of agrophages, such as pathogenic microorganisms, weeds, and pests [1]. Aphids are among the most important pests of crop plants, which can cause significant yield losses, both directly, as a result of feeding on plants, and indirectly, when they are vectors of viruses [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Indirect damages usually cause greater yield losses than direct pests.
Aphids are highly adaptive to changing environmental conditions [8,9,10]. The evolutionary adaptation of aphids to respond quickly to temperature changes is primarily due to their small body size and rapid development of generations, which consequently allows their populations to grow rapidly [11,12,13]. According to the study, 764 taxa (species and subspecies), occurring in 167 genera, had been recorded in Poland by 2015. About 100–150 species of aphids are economically important pests worldwide [5,14,15].
The threat to crops from aphids, which occurs every year, makes it necessary to conduct systematic and long-term monitoring of the dynamics of their flights. Such studies, which are a form of detailed recording of 24 h aphid flights, make it possible to track what structural changes are taking place in the afidofauna of the studied area. Knowledge of the spread of aphids and their colonization of new areas is a key element in forecasting their emergence and signaling. The spread of aphids and their colonization of new areas, which can travel considerable distances, was the subject of research conducted using a Johnson suction trap. The Johnson suction trap offers a unique advantage over other aphid sampling methods due to its continuous, autonomous operation and capacity to sample at heights. Unlike pan and sticky traps, which are passive and tend to capture only aphids actively flying close to the ground, the Johnson trap can provide data on aphid migration and dispersal at higher elevations [16].
The aim of the ongoing research was to analyze the species composition, flight timing, and abundance dynamics of the most important aphid species.

2. Material and Methods

Winna Góra and Sośnicowice are two locations where Johnson suction traps have been installed, each with distinct environmental characteristics. The trap in Winna Góra is situated on the grounds of the Experimental Field Station, a branch of the Institute of Plant Protection–National Research Institute (IPP-NRI), in western Poland (Greater Poland Province, Środa Wielkopolska County, coordinates: latitude 52.20548, longitude 17.44712). The surrounding area comprises agricultural fields (mainly winter wheat, winter barley, winter rape, and sugar beet), forests, and small towns. Similarly, in Sośnicowice, the trap is located within a branch of the IPP-NRI in southern Poland (10 km from Gliwice, Silesia Province, Gliwice County, coordinates: latitude 50.27099, longitude 18.54144) and is surrounded by fields, forests, and small towns. However, unlike Winna Góra, the Sośnicowice area also includes water reservoirs. These regional and environmental differences may impact local microclimatic conditions and the diversity of insect species present, which is relevant for studying the populations and migration patterns of insects such as aphids. The steel structure of the aspirator has an electric fan sucking air through a pipe 9 m long and 250 mm in diameter, and the total height of the aspirator is 12.2 m. This is the optimal height for studying aphid flights from remote areas. The samples collected represent the status of migratory fauna in an area with a radius of up to 80 km from the aspirator site [17,18,19]. The device operated from the beginning of May, at the time of the beginning of the migration of the first aphids until the end of October, i.e., until the cessation of autumn flights, from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Samples with trapped insects were taken every day at a fixed time (12:00 p.m.). Aphids were selected from among the collected insects, which were then determined into species and counted based on available keys and catalogs for identifying aphid species [20,21,22,23,24]. The labeled and identified material was preserved in 70% propanol. The individual dominance index for a grouping of migratory aphids caught with an aspirator was calculated according to the formula [25]:
D = n/N·100 [in %],
where n is the number of individuals of a given species present in the sample at a certain time and N is the number of all individuals of aphids caught with an aspirator at a certain time.
Five classes of dominance were adopted: D5—eudominants—more than 10% of the number of individuals of each species in the sample; D4—dominants—5.1–10.0%; D3—subdominants—2.1–5.0%; D2—recedents—1.1–2.0%; and D1—subrecedents—less than 1.0%.
An analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the effect of the differentiating factors studied (years and locations) and year-by-location interaction on aphid abundance. The interdependence of the abundance of individual aphid species in the studied environments (combinations of localities and survey years) was assessed using Pearson’s linear correlation and Spearman’s rank correlation. The similarity in the grouping of aphid species based on data observed in all environments (combinations of localities and survey years) taken together was examined multidimensionally by applying principal component analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the Genstat 23.1 package (VSN International Genstat for Windows 23rd Edition. VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK, 2023).

3. Results and Discussion

Systematic trapping of aphids allowed analysis of changes in the abundance and species composition of winged aphids in 2019–2023. The 10 economically important aphid species trapped in the study were Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, Aphis frangulae, Aphis nasturtii, Anoecia corni, Brevicoryne brassicae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Sitobion avenae [8]. In the two localities where aspirator trapping was conducted, different, though sometimes very similar, dates of the first aphid flights were observed in each year of the study. The most similar was in 2020, where the difference in the first flights of all species aphids between Winna Gora and Sosnicowice was a maximum of 4 days (Table 1 and Table 2). The intensity of the flights of these species varied depending on the season and the year of observation. The total number of aphids caught using the Johnson aspirator in all years of the study was 165,253 in both localities (Winna Gora—73,526 and Sosnicowice—91,727) (Table 3 and Table 4). The highest number of aphids was found in 2022 in both localities, i.e., 42,860 in Winna Góra and 55,455 in Sosnicowice. Much less was caught in 2020 (Winna Góra—9411, Sosnicowice—11,769) and 2021 (Winna Góra—9315, Sosnicowice—13,258), while less numerous in 2019 Winna Góra—5049, Sosnicowice—5057) and 2023 (Winna Góra—6892, Sosnicowice—6188). The first flights of aphids take place at the turn of May and June.
The localities, as well as their specificities (the surrounding effects, the weather conditions), all have an impact on the development of the aphids and on the difference in their abundance. In 2019, the average annual temperature across Poland was 10.2 °C, 2.4 °C higher than the 1971–2000 norm. Spring was warm in most parts of Poland, including Greater Poland, and very warm in areas of Silesia. Summer, as well as autumn throughout Poland, was extremely warm. In terms of precipitation, 2019 was classified as normal. The average air temperature in 2020 in Poland was 9.9 °C. Particularly warm months were February and August, while very cool months included May. The average precipitation in 2020 in Poland was 645.4 mm. The driest month was April. The area’s average air temperature in 2021 was 8.7 °C in Poland. The year was classified as a thermally normal year. The amount of precipitation in 2021 in Poland was 627.4 mm and was classified as a normal years. The area’s average air temperature in 2022 was 9.5 °C in Poland, and it was a very warm and dry year (average precipitation in Poland was 534.4 mm). The area’s average air temperature in 2023 was 10.0 °C in Poland, as much as 1.3 °C higher than the multi-year average from 1991–2020; 2023 was an extremely warm year with precipitation levels at average levels. The most abundant species in all years of the study, both in Winna Gora and Sosnicowice, was R. padi, the percentage of which ranged from 49 to 88.6% in individual years. Also in the studies of other scientists, this species was also caught in the greatest numbers [26,27]. In the study, aphids belonging to the species A. corni were also very numerous, the percentage of which ranged from 6.1 to 32.5% in individual years. Aphids of the species M. persicae, the proportion of which ranged from 0.7 to 7.5%, and A. fabae (in Winna Gora from 1.8–8.5%) were also caught in greater numbers (in both localities).
The distribution of the observed aphid species in the pattern of the first two principal components was very efficient and explained a total of 99.95% of the total variation (Figure 1). The principal component analysis conducted allowed us to distinguish three groups of aphid species. The first group is the R. padi species; the second group is the A. corni species; and the third group is the other aphid species. The discriminant analysis performed shows a statistically significant effect of all combinations of localities and years on the first principal component. In contrast, the second principal component was not determined by any of the environments.
Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients of aphid abundance were statistically significant for all pairs of environments. They were all positive. For rank correlation, statistical significance was noted in most comparisons. No rank correlation of aphid abundance was observed in four cases: in Winna Góra between the years 2019–2023, 2021–2023, 2022–2023, and between Sośnicowice 2022 and Winna Góra 2023 (Table 5).
Based on the methodology of Zlotkowski and Bandyk [28], an index of individual dominance was determined, where the values of multi-year average abundance totals of individual insect species were taken. Determination of dominance usually indicates the quantitative share of the studied species in specific ecosystems, for example, for individual water bodies or the grouping of different organisms in a specific place within a geographical region. The study of species structure in relation to the grouping of migratory aphids is a new form of analysis of the course of their migration. In Winna Góra, the most numerous group consisted of species belonging to the subdominants, two species were classified as subrecedents, and one species each was classified in the eudominant classes. On the other hand, in Sośnicowice, the most numerous were the subrecedents grouping as many as 6 aphid species, two species were classified into the eudominant group, and one species was classified into the recedents. The percentage of R. padi in all years of the study in both localities exceeded 10%, which classified this species into the eudominants, and the abundance of A. corni species in Winna Góra at the turn of 5 years classified this species in the dominant group and in Sośnicowice in the eudominant group (Table 3 and Table 4).
Most of the trapped aphid species are dioecious species that re-migrate to secondary hosts in autumn. The dynamics of aphid flights during the years of the study indicate a significant disparity in aphid abundance in autumn compared to spring and summer. May and June were taken as the spring months, July and August as the summer months, and September and October as the autumn months. In studies by other researchers, the seasonal dynamics of aphid flight abundance were similar [26,29,30,31,32], and sometimes a higher proportion of aphids was recorded during spring migration [33,34]. This is due to the occurrence of increasingly long and warm autumns, which allow aphids to develop longer (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Daily aphid trapping makes it possible to track the intensity and timing of the flight of individual species, which is particularly important for signaling threats, mainly from aphid vectors of viruses. Remigrations of various species recorded with the aspirator can provide a basis for forecasting the intensity of their appearance in the following year. In the case of short-term forecasting, the aspirator is an extremely important tool for ascertaining the presence of aphids in the air shortly before they colonize crops, which allows rapid decision-making on protective treatment [35,36,37,38,39,40]. The guidelines of integrated control, which apply to all professional users of crop protection products, clearly indicate the priority of using preventive methods crop of protection.
One of the most important elements of integrated control is prevention. Using the results obtained from aphid trapping with the Johnson aspirator is a good example of such measures. First of all, it is important that the presence of specific aphid species in the trapped material indicates the threat of these species in crop fields in about 10 to 14 days. Secondly, the results obtained from the trapping are representative of the area within a radius of about 80 km from the device [35,37,38,40].
The results obtained are very useful for planning plantation protection strategies, especially in the context of the observed climate change, i.e., warming. The increased number of days with warmer weather in autumn has a significant impact on increasing the threat from pests, including aphids. The use of equipment such as the Johnson aspirator is an important element in supporting compliance with the principles of integrated protection.

4. Conclusions

In five years of aphid trapping with the Johnson suction traps, there was a clear dominance of two species: R. padi and A. corni in relation to the total number of aphids caught.
Based on the abundance of aphids trapped in 2019–2023, there was a clear dominance of autumn migrations of these insects compared to flights observed in spring and summer at both locations.
The use of the Johnson suction traps in the autumn period is very useful in determining the optimal timing of chemical treatment against R. padi, the main vector of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Accuracy and precision in determining the correct timing of aphid control affect reducing the level of chemization, which is the main goal of integrated protection.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.R., A.T. and S.M.; methodology, K.R., A.T. and J.B.; software, K.R. and J.B.; validation, A.T. and J.B.; formal analysis, K.R. and S.M.; investigation, K.R. and S.M.; resources, A.T. and J.B.; data curation, K.R.; writing—original draft preparation, K.R., A.T., S.M. and J.B.; writing—review and editing, K.R., A.T., S.M. and J.B.; visualization, S.M. and J.B.; supervision, A.T. and J.B.; project administration, K.R.; funding acquisition, K.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Distribution of the observed aphid species in the pattern of the first two principal components: PC1 and PC2.
Figure 1. Distribution of the observed aphid species in the pattern of the first two principal components: PC1 and PC2.
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Figure 2. Comparison of the number of 10 important species caught during the spring, summer, and autumn of 2019–2023 in Winna Góra.
Figure 2. Comparison of the number of 10 important species caught during the spring, summer, and autumn of 2019–2023 in Winna Góra.
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Figure 3. Comparison of the number of 10 important species caught during the spring, summer, and autumn in 2019–2023 in Sośnicowice.
Figure 3. Comparison of the number of 10 important species caught during the spring, summer, and autumn in 2019–2023 in Sośnicowice.
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Table 1. Dates of the beginning of first flights economically 10 important species of aphids caught by Johnson suction trap in Winna Góra.
Table 1. Dates of the beginning of first flights economically 10 important species of aphids caught by Johnson suction trap in Winna Góra.
Year/Beginning of First Flights
Species20192020202120222023
Rhopalosiphum padi L.10 May9 May24 May8 May12 May
Anoecia corni F.12 May13 May5 June6 June22 May
Sitobion avenae F.19 May12 May21 May10 May19 May
Metopolophium dirhodum Walk.3 June8 June16 June19 May22 May
Myzus persicae Sulz.9 May11 May7 June14 May2 June
Brevicorynae brassicae L.16 May14 May11 June5 June23 June
Aphis fabae Scop.11 May11 May10 May8 June12 May
Aphis frangulae Kalt and Aphis nasturtii Kalt.8 June16 June16 June7 May2 June
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris11 May16 May1 June16 May18 May
Table 2. Dates of the beginning of first flights economically 10 important species of aphids caught by Johnson suction trap in Sośnicowice.
Table 2. Dates of the beginning of first flights economically 10 important species of aphids caught by Johnson suction trap in Sośnicowice.
Year/Beginning of First Flights
Species20192020202120222023
Rhopalosiphum padi L.2 May8 May19 May11 May12 May
Anoecia corni F.25 May9 May13 June6 June20 May
Sitobion avenae F.17 May12 May25 May12 May8 May
Metopolophium dirhodum Walk.5 June12 June9 June25 May21 May
Myzus persicae Sultz7 May9 May30 June15 May27 May
Brevicorynae brassicae L.11 May12 May3 June2 June16 June
Aphis fabae Scop.19 May8 May17 May7 June11 May
Aphis frangulae Kalt and Aphis nasturtii Kalt.-12 June8 June4 June3 June
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris5 May20 May3 June8 June11 May
Table 3. Species composition of winged aphid morphs in the years of studies in Winna Góra.
Table 3. Species composition of winged aphid morphs in the years of studies in Winna Góra.
SpeciesYear/Number of AphidsTotal%Class of Dominance
2019%2020%2021%2022%2023%
Rhopalosiphum padi L.247248.96576661.27649869.7636,45285.04559881.2256,78677.23D5
Anoecia corni F.81916.22160417.04141115.1526346.154456.4669139.40D4
Sitobion avenae F.5019.924725.014014.33470.81580.8417782.42D3
Metopolophium dirhodum Walk.1392.751161.23510.55620.141371.995050.69D1
Myzus persicae Sulz.3817.546256.643253.4913263.14035.8530604.16D3
Brevicorynae brassicae L.631.25710.75660.7700.16200.292900.40D1
Aphis fabae Scop.4278.464885.193834.1115883.71251.8130114.10D3
Aphis frangulae Kalt and Aphis nasturtii Kalt.100.280.0930.0340.01751.091000.13D1
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris2374.702612.771771.93770.88310.4510831.47D2
Total50491009411100931510042,860100689210073,526100-
Table 4. Species composition of winged aphid morphs in the years of studies in Sośnicowice.
Table 4. Species composition of winged aphid morphs in the years of studies in Sośnicowice.
SpeciesYear/Number of AphidsTotal%Class of Dominance
2019%2020%2021%2022%2023%
Rhopalosiphum padi L.336466.52695459.1915969.0849,12088.57385562.372,45278.99D5
Anoecia corni F.134426.58383032.54334425.2254589.84188230.4115,85817.29D5
Sitobion avenae F.561.11321.121481.11580.10540.874480.49D1
Metopolophium dirhodum Walk.521.03460.391180.990.01440.712690.29D1
Myzus persicae Sulz.1783.524904.162211.673800.691963.1714651.6D2
Brevicorynae brassicae L.70.13220.2350.261280.23410.662330.25D1
Aphis fabae Scop.120.242281.881451.12690.49751.217290.79D1
Aphis frangulae Kalt and Aphis nasturtii Kalt.0060.05140.160.01120.19380.04D1
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris440.87610.56740.56270.05290.472350.26D1
Total505710011,76910013,25810055,455100618810091,727100-
Table 5. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients (below the diagonal) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (above the diagonal) of aphid abundance between environments.
Table 5. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients (below the diagonal) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (above the diagonal) of aphid abundance between environments.
Location Winna GóraSośnicowice
Year2019202020212022202320192020202120222023
Winna Góra201910.933 ***0.983 ***0.883 **0.6330.850 **0.933 ***0.933 ***0.800 **0.883 **
20200.993 ***10.917 ***0.950 ***0.767 *0.883 **1.000 ***0.967 ***0.900 ***0.950 ***
20210.987 ***0.998 ***10.900 ***0.550.800 **0.917 ***0.900 ***0.850 **0.867 **
20220.963 ***0.981 ***0.990 ***10.6330.733 *0.950 ***0.850 **0.917 ***0.867 **
20230.96 ***0.980 ***0.988 ***0.999 ***10.767 *0.767 *0.800 **0.6330.817 **
Sośnicowice20190.971 ***0.986 ***0.979 ***0.945 ***0.947 ***10.883 **0.950 ***0.733 *0.867 **
20200.948 ***0.959 ***0.945 ***0.894 ***0.894 ***0.990 ***10.967 ***0.900 ***0.950 ***
20210.975 ***0.989 ***0.985 ***0.956 ***0.955 ***0.999 ***0.985 ***10.850 **0.967 ***
20220.967 ***0.986 ***0.994 ***0.998 ***0.997 ***0.961 ***0.914 ***0.970 ***10.917 ***
20230.958 ***0.971 ***0.961 ***0.917 ***0.917 ***0.997 ***0.998 ***0.993 ***0.936 ***1
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
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Roik, K.; Tratwal, A.; Małas, S.; Bocianowski, J. Monitoring and Signaling of the Most Important Aphid Species in the Territory of Greater Poland and Silesia Provinces. Agriculture 2024, 14, 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122260

AMA Style

Roik K, Tratwal A, Małas S, Bocianowski J. Monitoring and Signaling of the Most Important Aphid Species in the Territory of Greater Poland and Silesia Provinces. Agriculture. 2024; 14(12):2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122260

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roik, Kamila, Anna Tratwal, Sandra Małas, and Jan Bocianowski. 2024. "Monitoring and Signaling of the Most Important Aphid Species in the Territory of Greater Poland and Silesia Provinces" Agriculture 14, no. 12: 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122260

APA Style

Roik, K., Tratwal, A., Małas, S., & Bocianowski, J. (2024). Monitoring and Signaling of the Most Important Aphid Species in the Territory of Greater Poland and Silesia Provinces. Agriculture, 14(12), 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122260

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