Agriculture

17 pages, 34633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit Stalk Recognition and Picking Point Localization of New Plums Based on Improved DeepLabv3+

by Xiaokang Chen, Genggeng Dong, Xiangpeng Fan, Yan Xu, Tongshe Liu, Jianping Zhou and Hong Jiang

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2120; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122120 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Among the challenges posed by real orchard environments, where the slender new plum fruit stalks exhibit varying postures and share similar coloration with surrounding leaves and branches, the significant obscuration caused by leaves leads to inaccurate segmentation of the fruit stalks, thereby complicating [...] Read more.

Among the challenges posed by real orchard environments, where the slender new plum fruit stalks exhibit varying postures and share similar coloration with surrounding leaves and branches, the significant obscuration caused by leaves leads to inaccurate segmentation of the fruit stalks, thereby complicating the precise localization of picking points and other related issues. This paper proposes a method for new plum fruit stalk recognition and picking point localization based on the improved DeepLabv3+ model. Firstly, it employs the lightweight MobileNetv2 as the backbone feature extraction network. Secondly, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is integrated into the decoder to enhance the model’s ability to extract key features of the fruit stalks. Moreover, dense atrous spatial pyramid pooling (DenseASPP) is utilized to replace the original ASPP module, thereby reducing segmentation leakage. Finally, a picking point localization method is designed based on a refinement algorithm and an endpoint detection algorithm to meet the specific picking demands of new plum, identifying the endpoints along the skeletal line of the fruit stalks as the optimal picking points. The experimental results demonstrate that the mean intersection over union (MIoU) and mean pixel accuracy (MPA) of the enhanced DeepLabv3+ model are 86.13% and 92.92%, respectively, with a model size of only 59.6 MB. In comparison to PSPNet, U-Net, and the original DeepLabv3+ model, the MIoU improves by 13.78, 0.34, and 1.31 percentage points, while the MPA shows enhancements of 15.35, 1.72, and 1.38 percentage points, respectively. Notably, with the endpoint of the fruit stalk’s skeletal structure designated as the picking point for new plums, the localization success rate reaches 88.8%, thereby meeting the requirements for precise segmentation and picking point localization in actual orchard environments. Furthermore, this advancement offers substantial technical support for the research and development of new plum harvesting robots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

15 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Tillage Systems and Cover Crops on Soil Quality and Soybean Yield

by Qiliang Hunag, Yingting Gong, Peiran Li, Ratih Kemala Dewi and Masakazu Komatsuzaki

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122119 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Implementing management practices that minimize environmental impact while maintaining high crop yields is essential to achieve sustainable agricultural production. This study conducted a field trial within a soybean system to evaluate the responses of crop yield, residue decomposition, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, [...] Read more.

Implementing management practices that minimize environmental impact while maintaining high crop yields is essential to achieve sustainable agricultural production. This study conducted a field trial within a soybean system to evaluate the responses of crop yield, residue decomposition, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, and soil total nitrogen (STN) stock to varying tillage [moldboard tillage (MP) vs. no-tillage (NT)] and cover crop [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV) vs. rye (Secale cereal, RY)] management practices. The results showed no significant difference in soybean economic yield between MP and NT. However, NT demonstrated a higher SOC stock (0–30 cm), exceeding MP by 4.0% in 2020 and 8.2% in 2021. STN stock (0–30 cm) under NT also surpassed that of MP by 3.3% in 2020 and 3.6% in 2021. No significant differences were observed in soybean yield, SOC stock, and STN stock between HV and RY. Compared to NT, MP accelerated the decomposition of cover crop residues. Moreover, the decomposition of RY was more difficult than that of HV. These findings suggest that NT enhances soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration without compromising yield, positioning it as a sustainable practice for soybean systems, particularly when integrated with RY cover crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Responses of Food Crops to Fertilization and Conservation Tillage)

16 pages, 3699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Sequestration Through Groundcovers and Pruning Residues in Sustainable Olive Orchards Under Different Edaphoclimatic Conditions

by Miguel A. Repullo-Ruibérriz de Torres, Óscar Veroz-González, Francisco Sánchez-Ruiz, Manuel Moreno-García, Rafaela Ordóñez-Fernández, Emilio J. González-Sánchez and Rosa M. Carbonell-Bojollo

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2118; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122118 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key parameter of soil quality, and its improvement reduces the risk of desertification and provides several ecosystem services. Groundcovers are efficient for reducing soil degradation through erosion control and the improvement of organic matter. This article shows [...] Read more.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key parameter of soil quality, and its improvement reduces the risk of desertification and provides several ecosystem services. Groundcovers are efficient for reducing soil degradation through erosion control and the improvement of organic matter. This article shows the effect of groundcovers with the addition of pruning residues on the SOC in olive orchards compared to soil management based on tillage. Four olive fields located in several edaphoclimatic zones of the Andalusia Region (southern Spain) were monitored, and the SOC stock was assessed during four seasons. The spontaneous groundcovers with the addition of shredded pruning residues had significant effects on SOC in all fields. The tillage treatment also increased the SOC content due to the carbon input through spontaneous vegetation and pruning residues, but to a lesser extent than the non-disturbed soil with groundcovers. The climate and soil characteristics of each zone, especially the clay content, determined the magnitude of the SOC increase. Carbon sequestration rates ranged from 0.02 to 3.02 MgC ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ up to 30 cm in depth, and the SOC stock measured at the end of the four-season study period was significantly higher in the groundcover treatment, making this system sustainable in olive orchards and recommendable for the entailed ecosystem services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Conservation in Olive Orchard)

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18 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Properties of Rapeseed Honey Enriched with Lyophilized Fruits

by Aleksandar Marić, Marijana Sakač, Pavle Jovanov, Branislava Đermanović, Nemanja Teslić, Dragana Plavšić and Dimitar Jakimov

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2117; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122117 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study evaluates the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative properties of rapeseed honey collected from Vojvodina, Serbia, as well as rapeseed honey-based products enriched with 10% fruit lyophilizate, including sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), strawberry (Fragaria), blueberry (Vaccinium [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative properties of rapeseed honey collected from Vojvodina, Serbia, as well as rapeseed honey-based products enriched with 10% fruit lyophilizate, including sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), strawberry (Fragaria), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), orange (Citrus sinensis), and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Honey-based products with lyophilizates were developed to enhance the relatively limited therapeutic potential of rapeseed honey by incorporating fruit lyophilizates known to possess bioactive compounds. The moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and mineral composition were analyzed. Sour cherry-enriched honey exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC = 102 ± 0.18 mg GAE/100 g), while blueberry-enriched honey had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC = 34.9 ± 0.89 mg CAE/100 g) and total anthocyanin content (TAC = 299 ± 3.14 mg EC/100 g), with the greatest relative scavenging capacity (81.0 ± 0.46% of DPPH inhibition). Polyphenol profiling identified phenolic acids and flavonoids, with raspberry-enriched honey showing the highest total polyphenol content (47.0 ± 0.98 mg/kg) due to its high ellagic acid content (38.4 ± 1.11 mg/kg). All honey-based products demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Significant antiproliferative effects against breast (MCF-7), cervix (HeLa), and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines were observed, particularly in pineapple and blueberry-enriched honey, with IC₅₀ values as 9.04 ± 0.16 mg/mL and 9.95 ± 0.24 mg/mL for MCF-7 cells, respectively. Based on all the obtained results, it can be concluded that the enrichment of rapeseed honey with fruit lyophilizates at a 10% level contributed to an increase in the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative properties of rapeseed honey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety)

19 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Rural Tourism on Rural Culture Evidence from China

by Yanjun Wang, Yanjun Chen, Wang Zhang, I-Chen Chao and Hang Li

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122116 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The development of rural tourism plays an important role in promoting rural culture. By integrating 3833 household questionnaires from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) database with remote sensing data, we constructed an evaluation system to measure the level of rural culture. [...] Read more.

The development of rural tourism plays an important role in promoting rural culture. By integrating 3833 household questionnaires from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) database with remote sensing data, we constructed an evaluation system to measure the level of rural culture. Then, we analyzed the impacts of rural tourism on rural culture from macro and micro perspectives. Our research results show the following: (1) Villages with developed rural tourism show a 85.9% increase in rural culture compared to those without tourism; (2) mechanism tests show that rural tourism promotes the rural culture by improving households’ risk-sharing behavior, human resources, and self-identification, leading to increases of 3.4%, 55% and 10.9%, respectively; (3) with micro-level (fieldwork survey) and macro-level analysis (remote sensing), we analyzed the various impacts of rural tourism on rural culture under different income levels, demographic structures, geographical locations and topographical conditions. The results show that at the micro level, the promotion effect of rural tourism on rural culture increases by 2.214% and 1.679% with the increase in per capita income and the proportion of women, respectively. For geographical location, macro-level data suggest that rural tourism in the east of China increases the rural culture by 3.416%. Moreover, in plain areas, both micro- and macro-level analysis indicated that rural tourism promotes rural culture by 2.323% and 4.607%, respectively. This is the first time rural culture has been evaluated on a large scale with two cross-validated approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

17 pages, 3092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floral Composition and Productivity of Leys and Permanent Grasslands in Baltic Livestock Farms

by Vilma Živatkauskienė, Giedrius Petrauskas, Vilma Kemešytė, Gražina Statkevičiūtė, Vaclovas Stukonis and Eglė Norkevičienė

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2115; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122115 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Agricultural reforms, land consolidation, and the abandonment of livestock farming effects grassland ecosystems worldwide. Utilising data from four medium-sized livestock farms across different regions in Lithuania, we assess floristic composition, productivity, and grass quality in both permanent grasslands and leys. Our findings reveal [...] Read more.

Agricultural reforms, land consolidation, and the abandonment of livestock farming effects grassland ecosystems worldwide. Utilising data from four medium-sized livestock farms across different regions in Lithuania, we assess floristic composition, productivity, and grass quality in both permanent grasslands and leys. Our findings reveal significant differences in flora diversity, with 120 species identified in permanent grasslands compared to only 20 in leys. Additionally, dry matter yield was notably higher in leys (13.97 t ha⁻¹) than in permanent grasslands (5.66 t ha⁻¹), underscoring the productivity potential of leys. The crude protein levels remained stable across both types, but leys demonstrated significantly lower neutral detergent fibre content, indicating better forage quality. However, the high biodiversity of permanent grasslands supports ecosystem services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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27 pages, 2666 KiB

Open AccessReview

Farming Practice Variability and Its Implications for Soil Health in Agriculture: A Review

by Elsadig Omer, Dora Szlatenyi, Sándor Csenki, Jomana Alrwashdeh, Ivan Czako and Vince Láng

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2114; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122114 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Soil health is essential for sustainable agricultural operations, as it supports farm production and ecosystem services. The adoption of sustainable agriculture practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and crop rotation provides significant benefits for both crop productivity and environmental sustainability. These practices [...] Read more.

Soil health is essential for sustainable agricultural operations, as it supports farm production and ecosystem services. The adoption of sustainable agriculture practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and crop rotation provides significant benefits for both crop productivity and environmental sustainability. These practices can increase soil biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and organic matter, which increase the resilience of agroecosystems. This narrative review synthesizes the insights of the soil health practices adoption literature, with a focus on common farming practices that can improve soil health and enhance crop yields, reviewing the results of various approaches and pointing out the challenges and opportunities for implementing sustainable agriculture on a larger scale. This paper discusses the effects of various tillage and cropping system approaches on soil health, including no-till and conventional tillage systems, crop rotation, cover cropping, cultivator combinations, and fertilizer application. This study found that conservation tillage is more beneficial to soil health than conventional tillage—which is still debated among scientists and farmers—and that different tillage methods interact differently. In contrast, agricultural yields increase more with intercropping, crop rotation, and cover crops than monocropping. For maintaining soil fertility, this study shows that agricultural yields could be increased by implementing zero tillage. This review identifies the most suitable farming practices for improving soil health while boosting crop production with minimal negative impact on the soil. It also highlights the benefits of these practices in maintaining soil quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges and Trends in Agri-Environmental Management: Accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals)

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17 pages, 2226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Agricultural Biogas Desulfurization: Improving Cost-Efficiency and Robustness Through Micro-Aeration with Psychrophilic Anaerobic Liquid/Solid Media

by Rajinikanth Rajagopal and Bernard Goyette

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2113; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122113 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study endeavors to develop an economical and user-friendly biological sulfide oxidation system and explore its mechanism for generating biological elemental sulfur under micro-aerobic conditions using psychrophilic anaerobically digested media (liquid/solid inoculums obtained from agricultural livestock wastes) for sulfide-free biogas production. With an [...] Read more.

This study endeavors to develop an economical and user-friendly biological sulfide oxidation system and explore its mechanism for generating biological elemental sulfur under micro-aerobic conditions using psychrophilic anaerobically digested media (liquid/solid inoculums obtained from agricultural livestock wastes) for sulfide-free biogas production. With an initial hydrogen sulfide concentration of 5000 ppm, a biogas flow rate ranging from 0.9 to 1.8 L/h-L_inoculum-mix, and an air injection rate of 0.6–1% (oxygen concentration in biogas), a remarkable biodesulfurization efficiency of 99–100% was attained using solid inoculum as the biodesulfurization medium. This efficiency was achieved without compromising the methane quality in the treated biogas. Compared to liquid inoculum, solid inoculum requires less than half the volume and no mixing equipment, such as bubble column reactors. The biodesulfurization reactor requires only 1 m³, which is approximately 1.5% of the volume of a wet anaerobic digester and 3% of a dry anaerobic digester, while processing cow manure (Total Solids: 20%) at 1.03 m³ of manure per day. Moreover, it can be operated at (19–20 °C), leading to substantial reductions in cost and footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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25 pages, 4978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Thermo-Ombroclimatic Indicators into Sustainable Olive Management: A Pathway for Innovation and Education

by José Carlos Piñar-Fuentes, Juan Peña-Martínez and Ana Cano-Ortiz

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122112 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The study explores the integration of thermo and ombroclimatic bioindicators into sustainable agricultural practices, focusing on olive production in the Mediterranean. Given the increasing challenges posed by climate change, the study highlights the critical role of bioindicators in optimizing crop resilience and yield. [...] Read more.

The study explores the integration of thermo and ombroclimatic bioindicators into sustainable agricultural practices, focusing on olive production in the Mediterranean. Given the increasing challenges posed by climate change, the study highlights the critical role of bioindicators in optimizing crop resilience and yield. Using data from the CHELSA model and long-term olive production records, the research identifies the impact of key climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, on olive yield variability. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that geographical location, precipitation, and thermal extremes significantly influence productivity. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression model confirmed the ombroclimatic index (Io) as a strong predictor of yield, emphasizing the necessity of balanced climatic conditions. The findings advocate for the integration of bioclimatic principles into agricultural training programs, promoting a holistic approach to crop management. Ultimately, the study underscores the need for informed decision-making and adaptive practices to ensure sustainable agricultural production under varying climatic conditions. This research provides a framework for future studies aiming to enhance crop resilience and address climate challenges, suggesting a pathway towards an innovative, sustainable agricultural model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

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17 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Wastewater Resource Management

by Ayşe Ulusoy, Atılgan Atılgan, Roman Rolbiecki, Barbara Jagosz and Stanisław Rolbiecki

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122111 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Sustainable wastewater management is essential for conserving water resources and reducing environmental pollution. Traditional wastewater treatment methods primarily aim to purify water for reuse, yet they often involve high energy consumption, extensive chemical use, and loss of potentially recoverable resources, which pose sustainability [...] Read more.

Sustainable wastewater management is essential for conserving water resources and reducing environmental pollution. Traditional wastewater treatment methods primarily aim to purify water for reuse, yet they often involve high energy consumption, extensive chemical use, and loss of potentially recoverable resources, which pose sustainability challenges. With approximately 2.2 billion people worldwide currently lacking access to clean water—a number projected to exceed 3 billion by 2025—water scarcity has become an urgent issue. Traditional wastewater treatment processes handle around 330 billion cubic meters of water annually; however, they account for 3–4% of global energy consumption and produce 300 million tons of carbon emissions. This situation underscores the need for more sustainable treatment methods. Innovative wastewater treatment technologies have the potential to facilitate the reuse of approximately 50 billion cubic meters of water each year, helping to alleviate water scarcity. Additionally, energy recovery from these processes aims to achieve an annual energy savings of 20 TWh, in contrast to conventional treatment methods. This article examines recent advances in sustainable wastewater management technologies, specifically focusing on biological, physicochemical, and membrane-based processes. It discusses strategies for optimizing these processes to minimize environmental impact. Furthermore, innovative approaches, such as advanced oxidation processes and energy recovery, are explored for their potential to harness energy and recover nutrients from wastewater. The article concludes that implementing innovative strategies in sustainable wastewater management can significantly contribute to water conservation, energy savings, and a reduction in carbon footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecosystem, Environment and Climate Change in Agriculture)

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17 pages, 2845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfur Induces As Tolerance in Barley Plants

by Mar Gil-Díaz, Juan Alonso, Carolina Mancho, Pilar García-Gonzalo and M. Carmen Lobo

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122110 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The use of sulfur (S) in polluted soils can reduce metal(loid) toxicity and enhance phytoremediation effectiveness. Here we studied the response of barley plants to As in soil amended with sulfate or elemental sulfur throughout the growing cycle. A greenhouse experiment was carried [...] Read more.

The use of sulfur (S) in polluted soils can reduce metal(loid) toxicity and enhance phytoremediation effectiveness. Here we studied the response of barley plants to As in soil amended with sulfate or elemental sulfur throughout the growing cycle. A greenhouse experiment was carried out using 4-L pots filled with clay-loam soil spiked with 60 mg kg⁻¹ As (Na₂HAsO₄·7H₂O). Two chemical forms of sulfur (elemental sulfur (S⁰) or sulfate (CaSO₄·2H₂O)) were applied at a dose of 1 and 3 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively, and two previously seeded barley plants were transplanted in each pot, using eight pots per treatment. At the end of the growing cycle, the biomass, nutrients, and metal(loid) content, as well as several physiological and biochemical parameters of the plants were analyzed. Moreover, the effect of the treatments on soil characteristics was also evaluated, including soil pore water. The treatment with sulfur promoted the growth of barley plants through their vegetative cycle, enhancing photosynthesis, although biomass did not significantly increase. Both sources of S promoted the accumulation of As in the root, thereby limiting its translocation to the aerial part of the plant, sulfate being more effective (an increase of 300%) than elemental S (an increase of 82%). The addition of S decreased soil pH. Furthermore, both treatments, but particularly sulfate, increased soluble sulfate and stimulated soil biological properties. In conclusion, the application of sulfate to As-polluted soil can enhance As phytostabilization by barley plants while simultaneously improving the biological properties of the soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment and Remediation of Agricultural Soil Pollution)

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21 pages, 10488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Exogenous Hormone and Stress Response Expression Analysis of the GARP Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max)

by Lijun Cai, Zhenhua Guo, Junjie Ding, Zhijia Gai, Jingqi Liu, Qingying Meng, Xu Yang, Na Zhang and Qingsheng Wang

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2109; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122109 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 81

Abstract

The GARP transcription factor family is integral to the regulation of plant growth, development, hormone signaling pathways, circadian rhythms, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stressors. Despite its recognized importance, a comprehensive characterization of the GARP gene family in Glycine max remains [...] Read more.

The GARP transcription factor family is integral to the regulation of plant growth, development, hormone signaling pathways, circadian rhythms, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stressors. Despite its recognized importance, a comprehensive characterization of the GARP gene family in Glycine max remains unexplored. In this study, we identified 126 GmGARP genes across the 16 chromosomes of G. max and elucidated their diverse physicochemical properties. Phylogenetic classification grouped the GmGARP genes into eight distinct subfamilies, based on conserved motifs and gene structures, suggesting functional and evolutionary conservation within these clusters. The discovery of 56 segmentally duplicated gene pairs highlights gene duplication as a key driver of family expansion. Promoter analysis revealed various cis-regulatory elements, while expression profiling demonstrated that GmGARP genes possess significant tissue specificity. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis indicated that GmGARP genes are highly responsive to exogenous hormones, such as ABA, MeJA, and GA, as well as to abiotic stresses, including cold, salt, and drought conditions. Notably, GmGARP120 and GmGARP98 contain specific cis-elements linked to hormone responses, with their interaction verified through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Additionally, 11,195 potential target genes were predicted, underscoring the regulatory potential of the GmGARP transcription factors. These findings provide significant insights into the GmGARP gene family, laying a strong foundation for future studies on its role in G. max development and adaptive responses to environmental stressors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity Assessment and Phenotypic Characterization of Crops)

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21 pages, 17301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design and Experimentation of a Wing-Shaped Stubble-Breaking Device for Maize Stubbles

by Xuanting Liu, Hongyan Qi, Shuo Wang, Zihe Xu, Peng Gao, Daping Fu and Yunhai Ma

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122108 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 82

Abstract

To achieve high-quality no-till seeding, a wing-shaped stubble-breaking device with excellent stubble-breaking performance was designed for maize stubble. A model of maize stubble was developed based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and verified through soil bin tests. The DEM model was used [...] Read more.

To achieve high-quality no-till seeding, a wing-shaped stubble-breaking device with excellent stubble-breaking performance was designed for maize stubble. A model of maize stubble was developed based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and verified through soil bin tests. The DEM model was used to optimize the design parameters of the device and to investigate the interaction between the blades and the maize stubble during the stubble-breaking process. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the device. The results indicated that the DEM model was accurate; when the optimal design parameters of the wing-shaped stubble-breaking device were a 37° slide cutting angle, 31° pitching angle, and 50 mm wing width, the average torque was 41.26 N·m, the soil breakage rate was 85.68%, and the soil backfill rate was 71.65%; the wing-shaped stubble-breaking device could separate the inside and outside of the strip tillage area and cut maize stubbles and soil blocks twice, thus having excellent stubble-breaking performance. This study provided an effective and feasible method for designing stubble-breaking devices and studying the interaction between blades, soil, and roots, which improved soil tillage theory and was beneficial in promoting conservation tillage technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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13 pages, 1693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irrigation Effects on Volatile Profile and Essential Oil Yield of Guayule During Flowering

by Emilio José González-Navarro, Maria de las Mercedes García-Martínez, María Engracia Carrión Jiménez, Manuel Carmona and Amaya Zalacain

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2107; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122107 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 192

Abstract

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) has the potential to be an alternative source of rubber if its co-products can be exploited on an industrial scale. Among the co-products that have garnered interest are the essential oils (EOs), which can reach relatively high [...] Read more.

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) has the potential to be an alternative source of rubber if its co-products can be exploited on an industrial scale. Among the co-products that have garnered interest are the essential oils (EOs), which can reach relatively high yields. In the present study, the production and profile of EOs from two guayule accessions, AZ-3 and AZ-5, across different flowering stages (5 months) were analyzed under two irrigation regimes (100% and 50% of crop water evapotranspiration) and compared with control plants that received no additional water, (considered as a water-stress condition). The results showed that the extracted EO yield was consistently higher in the AZ-3 accession than in the AZ-5, especially under water-stress conditions, and that the flowering stage significantly affected the yield irrespective of the accession. Furthermore, differences in EO composition were observed between accessions, with AZ-3 containing more monoterpenes and AZ-5 containing more sesquiterpenes. The yields obtained underline the economic potential of guayule EO production, especially under water-stress and flowering conditions, and position it favorably against other aromatic plants. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing guayule cultivation to increase EO yields, with both economic and environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Water Management)

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18 pages, 8011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Soil Quality but Increased Microbial Diversity in Cultivated Land Compared to Other Land-Use Types in the Longzhong Loess Plateau

by Hang Xiang, Jingjing Xu, Hang Yang, Jianchao Song and Xiaojun Yu

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2106; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122106 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Soil microorganisms, as a vital part of terrestrial ecosystems, play a key role in sustaining essential soil functions. However, the impact of cultivated land (CL) on soil quality and microbial communities compared to other land-use types is still unclear. This study investigated the [...] Read more.

Soil microorganisms, as a vital part of terrestrial ecosystems, play a key role in sustaining essential soil functions. However, the impact of cultivated land (CL) on soil quality and microbial communities compared to other land-use types is still unclear. This study investigated the soil quality index (SQI) along with bacterial and fungal communities across various land-use types, including abandoned land, cultivated land, forest land, and grassland, in the Longzhong region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that CL had the lowest SQI, but the diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in CL was significantly higher than that of other land-use types. The relative abundance of Ascomycota in CL fungal communities is significantly higher than that of other land-use types. Soil water content, organic matter, alkaline nitrogen, total nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen all have an impact on soil bacterial and fungal communities in CL. The diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities is mainly influenced by pH, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus. This study emphasizes the impact of human activities such as tillage on soil quality, as well as the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities, in cultivated land compared to other different land-use methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Soil Microbial Communities in Maintaining Agricultural Soil Quality)

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15 pages, 2976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Biofortification of Maize (Zea mays L.) with Selenium: Effects of Compound Type, Application Rate, and Growth Stage

by Tomáš Mrština, Lukáš Praus, Jiřina Száková, Lukáš Kaplan and Pavel Tlustoš

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122105 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 202

Abstract

Nowadays, attention is focused on the lack of selenium in the average diet, which is a highly valued element in the body’s antioxidant system. The major metabolites of selenium are selenoproteins, which have an irreplaceable function in the body. This study focused on [...] Read more.

Nowadays, attention is focused on the lack of selenium in the average diet, which is a highly valued element in the body’s antioxidant system. The major metabolites of selenium are selenoproteins, which have an irreplaceable function in the body. This study focused on optimizing conditions for the biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.) with selenium (Se). Three separate pot experiments were conducted to identify the key factors influencing the efficacy of foliar selenium application. The experiments were designed to investigate the effects of different forms of selenium (selenite, selenate, and selenium nanoparticles) on maize development, the influence of the phenological stage of maize at the time of foliar Se application, and the optimal application rate of Se (100, 150, 200, or 250 µg). The results indicated that sodium selenate without a wetting agent was the most effective form for enhancing total Se content in maize, with the greatest accumulation being in leaves (3.01 mg/kg dry matter). Phenological stages (BBCH) 51 and 60 were identified as the most suitable phenological stages for Se application in terms of total Se content about 1 mg/kg in leaves and about 0.4 mg/kg in grain and the presence of organic Se compounds (mostly selenate ion and selenomethionine). We concluded from the study that a foliar application of 200 µg of sodium selenate per pot during these stages resulted in maximum Se uptake without adversely affecting plant yield. Further research is recommended to validate these findings under field conditions, paving the way for improved agricultural practices in selenium biofortification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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21 pages, 1372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Competitive Position of Polish and Ukrainian Food Producers in the EU Market

by Łukasz Ambroziak, Iwona Szczepaniak and Małgorzata Bułkowska

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2104; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122104 - 21 Nov 2024

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Abstract

The war in Ukraine and the related disruptions in its supply chains shook global markets for agricultural and energy commodities, causing their prices to increase to unprecedented levels. At the same time, this situation highlighted the fact that Ukraine is an important global [...] Read more.

The war in Ukraine and the related disruptions in its supply chains shook global markets for agricultural and energy commodities, causing their prices to increase to unprecedented levels. At the same time, this situation highlighted the fact that Ukraine is an important global producer and exporter of certain agricultural products. The complete opening of the EU market to duty-free imports from Ukraine showed that Ukrainian products constitute competition for both EU and Polish food producers. This, in turn, caused further disruptions in the food supply chains within the EU. The aim of this article is to assess the competitive position of Polish and Ukrainian food producers in the EU market and the prospects for the evolution of their competitive advantages. The analysis was carried out using selected quantitative indicators of competitive position, namely Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and the Trade Coverage Index (TC). The calculations were made using statistical data from the World Bank WITS-Comtrade database. The research covered the period from 2018 to 2023, inclusive. The research shows that between 2018 and 2023, the share of products in Polish exports to the EU, in which both countries compete, increased to 37.5%; that is, both countries had comparative advantages in these products on this market. The current competition includes, among others, poultry meat, bakery products, wafers and cookies, chocolate, corn, fruit juices, frozen fruit, water and other non-alcoholic drinks, and wheat. At the same time, more than half of Polish exports consisted of products that may become the subject of such competition in the future (currently, only Poland has comparative advantages in the export of these products). These may include, among others, cigarettes, animal feed, fresh or chilled beef, other food products, smoked fish, canned meat, fish fillets, pork, canned fish, and liquid milk and cream. Therefore, Polish food producers face big challenges; the process of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and its potential integration with the single European market will strengthen the competitive position of Ukrainian food producers in the EU market. The current competitive strategy of Polish producers, based on cost and price advantages, may turn out to be ineffective under these conditions. Therefore, they must look for new sources of competitive advantage that will distinguish Polish products from the cheaper Ukrainian ones. Therefore, a strategy of competing on quality may prove effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Markets and Agrifood Supply Chains)

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17 pages, 1633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusion of Hybrid Pennisetum and Probiotics Enhanced Anaerobic Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Diversity of Alfalfa Silage

by Jiaqi Tang, Jue Li, Xuelin Han, Jie Qiao, Shuangshuang Bu, Xiaoping Xie, Xin Li, Jing Zhou and Fulin Yang

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122103 - 21 Nov 2024

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Abstract

This study aims to assess the impact of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) on the fermentation quality, microbial communities, and predicted metabolic pathways in mixed silage made from alfalfa and hybrid Pennisetum. We prepared mixed silage from fresh alfalfa and [...] Read more.

This study aims to assess the impact of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) on the fermentation quality, microbial communities, and predicted metabolic pathways in mixed silage made from alfalfa and hybrid Pennisetum. We prepared mixed silage from fresh alfalfa and hybrid Pennisetum in a 1:1 ratio and inoculated it with BS, LB, or a combination of both (BSLB) or left it untreated as a control. The silage was fermented for 30 and 60 days. The results showed that inoculation with BS, LB, or their combination increased the lactic acid and crude-protein content while reducing the fiber content compared to the control. Additionally, BS and LB inoculation raised (p < 0.05) the acetic acid content, and the combination of both strains increased (p < 0.05) the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid. LB alone and the combined inoculation also increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus during the pre-silage period. Functional analysis through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed considerable variations among the different probiotic treatments. The silage process reduced nucleotide metabolism but enhanced carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, cofactor, and vitamin nucleotide metabolism. High-throughput sequencing combined with KEGG functional prediction demonstrated significant differences in community composition and functional changes at 30 and 60 days of fermentation. These findings enhance our understanding of bacterial communities and functional changes in mixed silage of alfalfa and hybrid Pennisetum, offering valuable insights into the fermentation mechanisms of legume and grass silage and informing practices for producing high-quality mixed silage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

15 pages, 2277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Independent Acquisition Method for In-Depth Proteomic Screening of Donkey Meat

by Liyuan Wang, Honglei Qu, Xinrui Wang, Tianqi Wang, Qiugang Ma, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Mingxia Zhu, Changfa Wang, Wenqiang Liu and Wenqiong Chai

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122102 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 233

Abstract

Donkey meat has gained popularity as an emerging meat product due to its superior nutritional value and distinctive flavor. Despite this, research on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to meat quality, particularly within the field of proteomics, remains limited. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Donkey meat has gained popularity as an emerging meat product due to its superior nutritional value and distinctive flavor. Despite this, research on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to meat quality, particularly within the field of proteomics, remains limited. This study aimed to address this gap by utilizing the data-independent acquisition (DIA) technique to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the gluteus superficialis (WG), longissimus thoracis (WLT), and semitendinosus (WS) muscles of donkeys. Our analysis revealed 189 and 384 DEPs in the WG/WLT and WS/WLT muscles, respectively. Several significant potential pathways, involving these DEPs, were found to be closely associated with donkey meat quality. These pathways include fatty acid biosynthesis, TGF-β signaling, FOXO signaling, mTOR signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation. The identified DEPs and their regulated pathways were involved in regulating intramuscular fat deposition, protein metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in donkey muscles. These mechanisms have a direct impact on the physicochemical properties and flavor of donkey meat. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular processes influencing the quality of donkey meat. Additionally, the findings of our study may be influenced by the sample size. Therefore, further research with a larger sample is needed to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of meat quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Technologies in Farm Animal Production: Improving Meat Safety and Nutritional Value)

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14 pages, 1116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Responses of Cabernet Sauvignon to Dividing Canopies in the Chihuahuan Desert

by Elizabeth Hernández-Ordoñez, Oscar Cruz-Alvarez, Jesús Antonio Orozco-Avitia, Ofelia Adriana Hernández-Rodríguez, Rodrigo Alonso-Villegas, Juan Luis Jacobo-Cuellar, Alfonso Antero Gardea-Bejar and Damaris Leopoldina Ojeda-Barrios

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122101 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Canopy architecture is fundamental to productivity in grapevines. This research focused on evaluating the impact of opening canopies on the capture of photosynthetically active radiation, photosynthetic activity, and berries’ physicochemical properties in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. A completely randomised design was used to compare [...] Read more.

Canopy architecture is fundamental to productivity in grapevines. This research focused on evaluating the impact of opening canopies on the capture of photosynthetically active radiation, photosynthetic activity, and berries’ physicochemical properties in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. A completely randomised design was used to compare open and closed canopies, with ten replicates per treatment (20 vines in total), during the vegetative growth period and after harvest. The key measurements included photon flux density (PFD), daily light integral (DLI), photosynthetic rate (PR), stomatal conductance (SC), intercellular CO₂ concentration (IC), leaf area (LA), transpiration, ambient CO₂ concentration, and temperature. Additionally, we assessed berry quality variables, such as total soluble solids (TSS), glucose/fructose ratio, total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, TSS/TTA, and total phenols (TP). During vegetative growth, PFD, DLI, PR, IC, and LA increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), whereas after harvest, only PR and IC showed variation Closed canopies increased water use efficiency (CO₂/H₂O) by 62.5%, while the temperature was higher in open canopies. Opening canopy increased contacts, gaps and visible sky and reduced leaf area index. Berries from open canopies showed higher TSS, glucose-fructose, pH, TSS/TTA and TP contents. Opening canopy is essential for improving light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, and fruit quality in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine cultivated in northern Mexico. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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22 pages, 4504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Situation of Honey-Producing Apiaries—Quantitative Study of Honey Production Characteristics Based on a Questionnaire Survey in Hungary

by Aliz Feketéné Ferenczi, Angéla Kovácsné Soltész, István Szűcs and Andrea Bauerné Gáthy

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122100 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 220

Abstract

This study examined the conditions and factors affecting honey production in Hungary from the perspective of Hungarian beekeepers. Due to the scarcity of research on Hungary, this study can be considered a missing piece. The survey was based on a questionnaire survey (N [...] Read more.

This study examined the conditions and factors affecting honey production in Hungary from the perspective of Hungarian beekeepers. Due to the scarcity of research on Hungary, this study can be considered a missing piece. The survey was based on a questionnaire survey (N = 632). Basic statistical tools (frequencies, means) were used to describe the data. To assess differences between some categorical variables, cross-stability was assessed using chi-square tests, and non-parametric tests were used. Based on the study results, the study population has an average of 101 colonies per beekeeper. Beekeepers with a low number of colonies are mainly hobby beekeepers for whom non-economic goals are a priority. The average honey yield is 40 kg per bee colony, with a wide variation between counties. The primary function of beekeeping is production and selling, followed by the importance of pollinating crops and other plants, maintaining natural landscapes and habitats, and conserving plant biodiversity. Around 80% of beekeepers keep bees primarily for income, which is consistent with production and selling as their primary activity. The main problems identified are bee mite infestation (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman), bee poisoning from pesticides, Nosema (Nosema apis Zander; Nosema ceranae Huang) infection, problems with sales and profitability, and lack of bee pastures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bees as a Tool for Agricultural Production)

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27 pages, 7577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experiment of Obstacle Avoidance Mower in Orchard

by Yi Yang, Yichuan He, Zhihui Tang and Hong Zhang

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2099; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122099 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 189

Abstract

In order to solve the problem of mowing between plants in Xinjiang trunk orchards, an obstacle avoidance mower suitable for trunk orchard planting mode was designed. The whole structure, working principle and main parameter design of the obstacle avoidance mower are introduced. The [...] Read more.

In order to solve the problem of mowing between plants in Xinjiang trunk orchards, an obstacle avoidance mower suitable for trunk orchard planting mode was designed. The whole structure, working principle and main parameter design of the obstacle avoidance mower are introduced. The finite element analysis and kinematic analysis of the cutter are carried out on the premise of using a Y-shaped cutter and its arrangement, and the condition that the inter-row mower does not leak is determined. Through the modal analysis of the frame, the range of the first six natural frequencies of the frame is determined and compared with the frequency of the main excitation source of the machine to determine the rationality of the frame design. On the premise of simplifying the inter-plant obstacle avoidance mechanism into a two-dimensional model for kinematics analysis, the motion parameters of the key components of the machine were determined. At the same time, the virtual kinematics simulation single-factor test of the designed inter-plant obstacle avoidance device was carried out with the help of ADAMS 2020 software. Through the reduction in and calculation of the motion trajectory of the simulation test, it was finally determined that the forward speed of the machine, the elastic coefficient of the reset spring and the compression speed of the hydraulic cylinder were the main influencing factors of the inter-plant obstacle avoidance mower. The orthogonal test was designed and the optimal solution of the three test factors was determined. The optimal solution is taken for further field test verification. The results show that when the tractor forward speed is 1.5 km∙h⁻¹, the hydraulic cylinder compression speed is 225 mm∙s⁻¹, and the elastic coefficient of the reset spring is 29 N∙mm⁻¹, the average leakage rate between the orchard plants is 7.64%, and the obstacle avoidance pass rate is 100%. The working stability is strong and meets the design requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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14 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vineyard Edges Increase Bird Richness and Abundance and Conservation Opportunities in Central Chile

by Andrés Muñoz-Sáez

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122098 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Agricultural landscapes significantly impact biodiversity, particularly within vineyard ecosystems where the configuration of native vegetation and vineyard edges plays a pivotal role. This study investigated the structure of bird communities across vineyards, their edges, and adjacent native vegetation, utilizing generalized linear mixed models [...] Read more.

Agricultural landscapes significantly impact biodiversity, particularly within vineyard ecosystems where the configuration of native vegetation and vineyard edges plays a pivotal role. This study investigated the structure of bird communities across vineyards, their edges, and adjacent native vegetation, utilizing generalized linear mixed models to analyze the influence of surrounding land covers at varying scales of 100 m and 1000 m radii across these three landscape types on bird richness and abundance and functional groups. The results highlight that native vegetation is crucial for supporting endemic bird species, with 41% of all observed species found across all three habitat types and a significant 66.7% shared between native vegetation and edge habitats. In particular, insectivores and carnivores, key to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision, showed higher abundances in areas with extensive native vegetation, underscoring its vital role in maintaining ecological functions. Edges not only enhanced the general bird richness and abundance but also served as crucial habitats for granivores and omnivores, influencing ecosystem dynamics through changes in the trophic guild community structure. These findings underscore the importance of conserving native vegetation within vineyard landscapes to foster a diverse avian community that contributes to enhancing ecosystem services. These results provide an opportunity to intensify restoration initiatives on vineyard edges and enhance our understanding of how certain species adapt to agriculture. This can be considered a vital nature-based solution for sustainable agriculture, promoting biodiversity conservation alongside productive agroecological practices in vineyard ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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15 pages, 3082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Highly Intercalated Urea–Clay Nanocomposite via Pomegranate Peel Waste as Eco-Friendly Material

by Abolfazl Teimouri Yanehsari, Hossein Sabahi, Yousef Jahani, Mohammad Hossein Mahmoodi and Farzaneh Shalileh

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2097; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122097 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Until now, no slow-release urea (SRU) fertilizer has been made using the screw press method and the powder of plant residues rich in polyphenols, which are considered eco-friendly materials due to some health benefits for agricultural soil. Therefore, the goal of this experiment [...] Read more.

Until now, no slow-release urea (SRU) fertilizer has been made using the screw press method and the powder of plant residues rich in polyphenols, which are considered eco-friendly materials due to some health benefits for agricultural soil. Therefore, the goal of this experiment was to synthesize a novel SRU fertilizer using “eco-friendly materials” and the “screw press method”. In order to achieve this goal, urea (U) was innovatively and highly intercalated between interlayers of impure montmorillonite (Mt) (bentonite) with the help of polyphenol-rich pomegranate peel powder (PPP) by a single-screw oil press machine. The experiment had five treatments, including a fixed ratio of U/Mt (4:1) with variable ratios of U/Mt/PPP (w/w), including 4:1:0 (F₁), 4:1:1 (F₂), 4:1:1.5 (F₃), and 4:1:2 (F₄). Control (U) and F₅ treatments (U/PPP at ratio of 4:1) were also included. These composites were fabricated using a single-screw oil press machine. The produced composites were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TG analyses. The release pattern was studied using the White method. The XRD (low-angle) results revealed that the interlayer space of Mt increased from 12.3 Å in bentonite to 19.4 Å, 27.3 Å, 25.7 Å, and 0 Å in the F₁, F₂, F₃, and F₄ composites, respectively, which is an indicator of the high intercalation of U between the interlayers of Mt, especially in the F₂ treatment. The XRD (low- and normal-angle) analyses indicated that the two main reasons for the high intercalation in the F₂ treatment were, first, the complete conversion of urea from a crystalline to an amorphous state by PPP and, second, the increase in the interlayer space of Mt nano-sheets by PPP. It seems that PPP at a low concentration (F₂) can have a positive effect on the placement of U in the interlayer space, but at high concentrations (F₄), due to intensive pectin gelation, the space between the Mt layers grows until complete exfoliation. FTIR spectra and TG analysis also confirmed this hypothesis. SEM images revealed the formation of an intensive crosslink between U, Mt, and PPP. A release test in water revealed that only 10% of U in the F₂ treatment was released after 10 h, and 87% after 120 h, which indicates the satisfactory slow-release pattern of this composite. By comparing the results of the present study with the other SRUs reported in the literature, it can be concluded that the composite F₂, in addition to offering valuable polyphenol-rich plant materials, had an acceptable performance in the aspect of the U release pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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Agriculture, Volume 14, Issue 12 (December 2024) – 24 articles

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