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Article

Formation of Coatings Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanosolson Polyester Fibre Materials

by
Natalia Prorokova
1,2,*,
Tatiana Kumeeva
1 and
Igor Kholodkov
1,3
1
G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya St., 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
2
Department of technology of electronic materials and devices, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, Sheremetevsky Ave., 21, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
3
Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky Ave., 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010082
Submission received: 26 December 2019 / Revised: 15 January 2020 / Accepted: 16 January 2020 / Published: 19 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Coatings for Textile Applications)
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Abstract

:
In this paper, we show that functionalization of fibrous materials through coating formation is hindered by the need to preserve the capillary-porous system of the fabric and its drapability. Additionally, such coatings must be resistant to abrasion and washing. We consider ways of solving these problems by analysing the formation of a stable coating based on photoactive titanium dioxide on a polyester fibre material as an example. The purpose of such coatings is to destroy coloured organic contaminants when the fabric is exposed to sunlight. We show that a polyester fabric with a titanium dioxide coating can become highly photochemically active and capable of inhibiting the vital activity of gram-negative bacteria and remaining soft and breathable at the same time. We also determined that depositing a titanium dioxide coating does not reduce the polyester fabric tensile strength. Polyester fabrics with photoactive properties can be widely used as decorative and trimming materials—for housing decoration, production of curtains and other decorative interior design elements.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The problem of modifying fibrous materials in order to endow them with fundamentally new properties is of relevance, as attempts are now being made to create “smart” textiles and “smart” clothes, i.e., materials and clothes that respond to external effects. Researchers have recently been paying increasing attention to the use of the sol-gel technology of nanosol synthesis in the processes of fibrous material modification and the formation of a modifying coating on the fibres. The implementation of this technology implies that a small amount of the modifying compound is used, and the fabric is treated at rather low temperatures usingtraditional equipment [1,2,3,4,5,6].
Nanosols represent colloidal solutions of particles of nano-sized inorganic oxides in aqueous or organic solvents [1,2]. A very large surface area of such particles makes nanosols metastable [7]. That is why they easily form coatings when the solvent is removed. The coatings can range from monomolecular films to three-dimensional objects several hundred nanometers thick. The process of coating formation includes the stages of nanoparticle synthesis involving a sol-gel process [8,9], particle deposition, and drying [1,3].
The last few years have seen the publication of a lot of papers devoted to the problem of endowing fibre materials with new properties through the use of nanosols. However, the results of a whole range of studies are incorrect because the authors in many cases did not take into account the features of the tissues as modification objects when forming coatings. In particular, they did not takeinto account the requirement of preserving the softness, drapability, breathability and some other properties (inherent in textile fabrics) by fibrous materials. Additionally, such coatings must be resistant to severe exposure a fibrous material is subjected to when used. The coatings must retain their properties after repeated washing and/or dry cleaning. This fact is also emphasized by the authors of review [10] on textiles with special wettability.
In this work, we propose a solution to the problem of modification of a polyester fabric without deterioration of its consumer properties by making the polyester fabric photochemically active as an example.
Photochemically active materials exposed to sunlight destroy adsorbed organic contaminants, i.e., they are self-cleaning. The simplest method of endowing materials with photochemical properties is coating their surface with a film based onnanosols of crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the form of anatase that is an effective catalyst.
Quite a lot of self-cleaning glasses and construction materials with photocatalytic properties are being produced now. Undoubtedly, there is also a demand for self-cleaning textile fabrics that can be used for decorative and trimming purposes. These properties are especially important for synthetic, and above all polyester, fabrics. Theseare widely used for housing decoration, making curtains and other decorative interior design elements.
Fabrics with such properties havenot been produced yet, although the scientific foundations for their production are being actively studied. For example, the authors of works [11,12,13,14,15] show that it is possible to make fabrics of different chemical compositions highly photochemically active by coating them with TiO2 nanoparticles. However, to achieve the necessary result, almost all researchers, in a similar way as for obtaining self-cleaning glasses and construction materials, deposit a very large amount of TiO2 on a fibrous material. As a result, the modifier is not fixed firmly on the fibres, but is deposited in the inter-fibre space. This worsens the performance characteristics of the fabric. Additionally, the excess TiO2 is washed out, peels off, or wears off as the fabric is used. Some of the researchers [16,17,18] are trying to solve this problem by applying crosslinking agents. When they are used, the TiO2 adhesion to the fibrous substrate becomes higher but even in this case, TiO2 is deposited on the fabric in excessive quantities. Additionally, crosslinking has a negative effect on the properties of the fabric making it more rigid. The result of such modification is a fabric that has lost its softness and drapability and has become a composite material whose characteristics do not meet the requirements oftraditional fabrics.
In contrast to the above-mentioned studies, in work [19], we suggested coating a polyester fibre material with a very small number of TiO2 nanoparticles. As a result, an ultrathin coating of these particles is formed on the fibre surface. TiO2 adhesion to the fibrous substrate is ensured by preliminary activation of the polyester fibre based on controlled weak hydrolysis of the fibre-forming polymer (polyethylene terephthalate) macromolecules localized on the surface.
The effectiveness of different methods of polyester fibre preliminary activation was analysed by us in works [20,21,22,23,24]. Thesestudies showed that activation increased the content of oxygen-containing groups on the fibre surface and the fibre roughness degree. This led to higher TiO2 adhesion to its surface. This means that it is possible to deposit TiO2 nanoparticles on fibrous materials in quantities sufficient for the formation of a continuous photochemically active coating on every thread, but insufficient for their deposition in the inter-fibre space. We established that modification even with such small TiO2 amount makes a polyester fabric capable of discolouring coloured contaminants on its surface [19], but the modified fabric does not acquire the ability to inhibit the vital activity of microorganisms.
The authors of [25,26] showed that the main mechanism forinhibiting bacteria with TiO2-coated materials wasphotocatalytic. Based on this, we suggested that the absence of biocidal properties in a modified polyester fabric is explained by the fact that when a polyester fabric coated with a small amount of TiO2 is exposedto light, the number of the active radicals generated is insufficient to inhibit the activity of bacteria. To increase the photochemical activity of a modified polyester fabric we suggested raising the photochemical activity of the modifier itself—TiO2. It is known that one of the simple ways of achieving this goal is the doping of the TiO2 crystal lattice with several other elements. Doping of TiO2 with metals significantly increases the redox potential of the formed radicals and increases quantum efficiency by reducing the degree of recombination of electrons and holes. This leads to an increase in the activity of the photocatalyst. For example, high photocatalytic activity has beenregistered in TiO2 doped with iron and silver [27,28,29,30]. Works [31,32] confirm that doping with metals increases the capacity of TiO2 nanoparticles to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.
The aim of the present work was to form ultrathin wear-resistant coatings based on TiO2 of increased photochemical activity on the surface of polyester fabric fibres. The purpose of the coatings is to create a polyester material capable of destroying adsorbed organic contaminants and inhibiting the vital activity of pathogenic bacteria while, at the same time, retaining good consumer characteristics.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The object of the study in this work was a polyester basket weave fabric with 180 ± 10 g/m2 area density, 216 ± 4 ends per 10 cm and 203 ± 4 picks per 10 cm (produced by “Y.R.C. Textile Co., Ltd”, Bangkok, Thailand), bought at a store.
The polyester fabric was modified with undoped TiO2 nanoparticles and iron- and silver-doped TiO2 nanoparticles obtained via sol-gel synthesis. In the synthesis procedure we used Ti(C3H7O)4 (97%, purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich company, Saint Louis, MO, United States), C3H7OH (c.p., purchased from the CHIMMED company, Moscow, Russia), concentrated HNO3 (c.p., purchased from the CHIMMED company), Fe3O4 (97%, purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich company), AgNO3 (≥99%, purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich company). For polyester fabric activation we used NaOH (c.p., purchased from the CHIMMED company). To evaluate the physical activity, we employed the eosin dye (tetrabromofluorescein) (analysis-acs, purchased from the Kemikon company, Wcega Tower, singapore) as an indicator.

2.2. Methods

2.2.1. Synthesis of Nanoparticles

The basis of the synthesis procedure of TiO2 nanoparticles was the sol-gel method of obtaining monodisperse titanium dioxide powders through hydrolysis of a corresponding alkoxide with the general formula Ti(OR)n [33], where R is the alkoxide radical, from an alcoholic solution. TiO2 was obtained in the sol form by Ti(C3H7O)4hydrolysis in an aqueous medium with 0.1 M HNO3 The amount of 0.0405 M Ti(C3H7O)4 was mixed with 0.21 M C3H7OH. The obtained solution was added to an excess of 0.1 M HNO3 at 70 °C. The immediate result was a loose sediment of hydrolysis products that was then mixed at 80 °C for 5 h till a transparent TiO2 sol was formed.
TiO2 doped with Fe3O4 nanoparticles was obtained in a one-stage process by mixing two solutions under ultrasound treatment [34]. The first solution was obtained by peptizing 4.3 × 10−5 moles Fe3O4 in a 0.1 M solution of concentrated HNO3 under mixing and heating to 70 °C, and the second solution was prepared by mixing 0.0405 M Ti(C3H7O)4 with 0.21 M C3H7OH. The immediate result was loose sediment of hydrolysis products that was then mixed at 80 °C for 5 h until a transparent TiO2 sol was formed. The result of the synthesis was a TiO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposite whose structure and main properties were described in detail in work [34].
The synthesis of TiO2 doped with silver nanoparticles was carried out in one step by mixing two solutions under ultrasound treatment. The first one was obtained through peptization of 1.7×10−5 mole AgNO3 in a 0.1 M solution of concentrated HNO3 under mixing and heating to 70 °C, while the second solution was prepared by mixing 0.0405 M Ti(C3H7O)4 with 0.21 M C3H7OH. The immediate result was loose sediment of hydrolysis products which was then mixed at 80 °C for 5 h until a transparent TiO2 sol was formed [35].

2.2.2. Polyester Fabric Preparation and Modification

We deposited nanosols containing different TiO2 modifications on the polyester fabric by dipping and then drying it at 40 °C. We regulated the TiO2 nanosol concentration so that the fabric surface contained 8 g/m2 TiO2.
TiO2 nanosol was deposited on the polyester fabric that had been activated in advance. Based on the preliminary studies, we chose two methods for polyester fabric activation before TiO2 modification: sodium hydroxide solution treatment (chemical activation) [21] and dielectric barrier discharge surface treatment (plasma activation) [24]. For chemical activation of the polyester fabric, we treated it with a sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 3.75 g/L at 100 °C for 20 min. The surface barrier-discharge plasma activation was performed on an original apparatus (whose design is described in work [24]) for 5 s. at the output voltage of 3.5 kV and frequency of 22 kHz.

2.2.3. Testing of Modified Polyester Fabric

The photochemical activity of the modified fabric was determined by the degree of discolouration of a drop of the eosin dye solution (tetrabromofluorescein) exposed to UV radiation for 5–250 min. Among the dyes traditionally used for studying the photochemical activity of catalysts, we chose eosin because it allows the minimization ofthe experimental error, as it is poorly adsorbed by TiO2 [36]. In addition, eosin has an acidic nature and, consequently, is not adsorbed by the polyester fabric. The UV-radiation source was a 6W UV light bulb (produced by “VilberLourmat”) with the radiation maximum at 365 nm. We chose a source with such spectral characteristics because there is an absorption maximum at 300–400 nm on the TiO2 nanoparticle spectrum.
The effectiveness of the modified fabric photocatalytic activity was determined by the calorimetric method—by the colour intensity of an indicator drop placed on the fabric surface. The colour intensity was measured after the sample was exposed to different doses of UV-radiation. The colour intensity of the drop placed on the sample surface was quantitatively estimated by the colour differences that were measured by a colour measurement complex equipped with the program “Kolorist” (version 4.2.1994, 2000, the authors are V.S. Pobedinsky, F.Yu. Telegin, I.A. Danilin).
The stability of the polyester fabric self-cleaning ability and resistance to washing and abrasion were determined by changes in its photochemical activity after the fabric was washed three times in an automatic washing machine in the standard regime for blended and synthetic fabrics (with a detergent at a temperature of 40 °C within 60 min with subsequent drying in the air) or subjected to abrasion 10 times. The abrasive effect consisted of the simultaneous action of normal applied load and shear load produced by the application of a horizontal force. Such effect was realized by using a special apparatus PT-4 for evaluating the colour resistance to abrasion. A fabric sample was pulled onto the apparatus stage and abraded with a calico piece fixed onto a protruding rubber stopper. The abrasion was produced by pulling the handle to move the stage by 10 cm 10 times in the forward and 10 times in the reverse direction. The total force applied by the stopper to the stage was 9.8 N. Ten parallel measurements were made.
We evaluated the softness and drapability of the fabric in index of stiffness (inflexibility). We determined the stiffness in accordance with GOST 10550-75 by the simplified console method. A 4 cm × 6 cm fabric sample was fixed in a special clip in the form of a console by one narrow end. After 20 s, the deflection angle of the sample under its own weight was measured. The stiffness calculation was carried out according to the results of 5 parallel measurements according to the formula:
G = (φfin − 90):(φor − 90),
where G is the fabric stiffness; φfin is the deflection angle of the coated sample, degrees; φor is the deviation angle of the original sample, degrees.
The higher the stiffness of the sample - the more the stiffness indicator differs from 1.
The surface morphology was studied by an atomic-force scanning probe microscope Solver-47Pro (“NT MTD”, Zelenograd, Russia), a scanning electron microscope NVision 40 (“Carl Zeiss”, Jena, Germany), and an optical microscope (“Biomed”, Moscow, Russia) equipped with a webcamera (1.3 MP).
The adhesion properties of the coatings and their stiffness were obtained based on the earlier studies conducted by the force spectroscopy method on an atomic-force scanning probe microscope Solver-47Pro (“NT MTD”, Zelenograd, Russia). The method is based on measuring the cantilever displacement (deflection degree) at different distances between the probe and the sample. Work [37] contains a detailed description of the method. The adhesion was determined by Hooke’s law based on the known stiffness coefficient of the probe used (3.5 N/m) when the probe moved away from the surface. The relative stiffness was characterized by the relative cantilever deflection when the probe approached the surface. The error of these measurements was ~5%.
We evaluated the effect of the modified fibrous material on the vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms using typical test cultures: Staphylococcus aureus 6538-P ATCC=209-P FDA (hereafter S. aureus) and Escherichia coli strain M-17 (hereafter E. coli)—gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cultures, respectively—Candida albicansCCM 8261 (ATCC 90028) (hereafter C. albicans)—yeast-like microscopic fungi. Thiswas done by conducting a “counting” test used for estimating the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment of textile materials with non-migrating compounds chemically bound with the fibre [38]. It is based on counting the number of microbial colonies formed as a result of a 24-h contact of a standard sample of a modified fibrous material with a physiological solution containing a certain number of microbial colonies introduced to it in the form of a suspension [38]. To avoid errors in counting the microorganism colonies and reduce the duration of the counting procedure, we evaluated the effect by determining the microbial culture growth by the nephelometric method (based on the solution turbidity changes).
The tensile strength and breaking elongation of the polyester fabric were determined in accordance with GOST 102132-73 on a modernized tensile testing machine 2099 P-5.

3. Results and Discussion

As work [19] showed, depositing a small amount of TiO2 nanoparticles onto a pre-activated polyester fabric leads to the formation of an ultrathin continuous coating on thesurface of every thread of the fabric. The best qualitative characteristics and high adhesion are achieved at the TiO2 content of 8 g/m2 on the surface. As the comparison of micrographs 1a and 2a (Figure 1) shows, the formation of such coatings is not accompanied by TiO2 sedimentation in the inter-fibre space. Table 1 shows the stiffness (inflexibility) of fabrics with different TiO2 surface content. It follows from Table 1 that the stiffness of the PEF fabric after application of TiO2 increases very little. This proves that the fabric retains high performance characteristics - softness and good drapability.
The images of the morphology of the coating obtained by the scanning electron (Figure 1b,e) and atomic-force microscopy (Figure 1c,f)show that the coating has a nanostructure and are ordered.
The coating formed is photochemically active, which is confirmed by discolouration of a dye drop on its surface when the coating is exposed to UVradiation (Figure 2).
The uniformity of distribution of the photoactive centres on the polyester fibre surface was achieved by using a highly dilute solution of TiO2 hydrosol with small-sized particles and high sedimentation stability. The most effective methods of polyester fabric preactivation, facilitating the formation of the maximum number of active oxygen-containing groups on the polyester fibres and increasing the roughness of their surface were found to be fabric treatment with a NaOH solution with a concentration of 3.75 g/L at 100 °C for 20 min and surface-barrier discharge plasma treatment for 5 s. at the output voltage of 3.5 kV and frequency of 22 kHz. The drawback of polyester fabric modification with TiO2 nanoparticles is, as was mentioned above, the inability of the modifiedpolyester fabric to inactivate pathogenic bacteria, which, in our opinion, is a result of the fact that its photochemical activity is insufficient for this purpose.
In the present work, we used TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron and silver to modify a polyester fabric in order to achieve a further increase in its photochemical activity. The modification was carried out at the parameters that had been determined earlier and create the conditions favourable for coating formation. Figure 3 shows dependences allowing a comparison of the discolouration effectiveness of the eosin dye exposed to UV-radiation when it is deposited on a polyester fabric modified with undoped and doped TiO2 and preactivated by different methods The rate of photochemical decomposition of the eosin dye was determined by the slope of the dependences of the sample colour changes on the UV-exposure duration. The figure shows that TiO2 doping leads to a significant increase in the rate of the eosin photochemical decomposition, which is especially fast in the first 60 min of UV-exposure. The largest increase in the polyester fabric photochemical activity after the fabric modification with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with metals is observed when silver is used as the doping element. It must be said that this also results in considerable growth in the dye decomposition degree.
Figure 3 also allows evaluating the preactivation effect on the photochemical properties of a polyester fabric modified with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with metals and undoped ones. The Figure shows that, in comparison with undoped TiO2, activation has the least effect on the rate of the dyephotochemical decomposition by a polyester fabric coated with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with metals. This is probably due to a change in the adhesive properties of TiO2 as a result of doping with metals.
One of the important characteristics determining the possibility of practical application of a modified polyester fabric is the resistance of the achieved properties to dry friction and washing. Figure 4 presents data allowing us to compare changes caused by abrasion in the photochemical activity of a polyester fabric modified with undoped TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron and silver. The figure shows that dry friction leads to decrease in the rate and intensity of the dye photochemical decomposition by the polyester fabric coated with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron, which is, presumably, the result of partial removal of the loosely adhering TiO2 caused by intensive abrasion. However, if the modifier is undoped TiO2 nanoparticles and those doped with silver, the polyester fabric photochemical activity decreases slightly or practically unchanged.
To find out the reasons for such result, we analysed the morphology of the coating before and after it were subjected to abrasion by the atomic-force microscopy method. The study results are given in Figure 5 and Table 2.
The figure shows that the coating based on TiO2 undoped nanoparticles and TiO2 doped with silver becomes denser when subjected to abrasion. The ordering and higher density of the coating structure, evidently, has a positive effect on the photochemical activity. The observed regularity is confirmed by the data in Table 2.
As the table shows, the probe adhesion to the coating based on TiO2 undoped nanoparticles and TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron increases under abrasion. It means that the coating becomes looser. The probe adhesion to the coating based on TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver, in contrast, becomes weaker. This indicates that the coating becomes denser. Similar conclusions can be also made after analysing the relative stiffness of the coatings. It is determined by the relative value of the cantilever deflection as the probe approaches the surface. A stiffer surface needs a smaller displacement for obtaining the required change in the recorded signal that is proportional to the cantilever deflection. The table shows that the coating based on TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron is less stiff.
Figure 6 presents dependences reflecting the stability of the photochemical activity of a polyester fabric modified by undoped TiO2 nanoparticles and those doped with metals when the fabric is washed.
As the figure shows, washing leads to an insignificant reduction in the photochemical activity of the polyester fabric modified with all TiO2 types. This is, evidently, the result of partial removal of the loosely adhering TiO2 from the polyester fabric fibre surface. This hypothesis is confirmed by Figure 7 that shows scanning electron microscopy images of the fabric surface coated with TiO2 before and after the washing.
The fabric with the highest photochemical activity after the washing is the one modified with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver. In combination with the above-mentioned data on the extremely high resistance of this coating to dry friction, these results indicate that the coating-based of TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver has a dense ordered structure and high adhesion to the fibrous substrate.
It is known that for the photocatalytical inactivation of pathogenic bacteria, the bacterial cells must be sorbedby a coating based on TiO2 nanoparticles [39,40]. Therefore, to evaluate the ability of a modified polyester fabric to inhibit the activity of pathogenic organisms, we used a “counting” test in which the fabric got in contact with suspensions of test organisms, allowing the coating to sorb the latter. The obtained data are given in Table 3.
It follows, from Table 3, that the polyester fabric coated with TiO2 does not inactivate the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and opportunistic fungi of the genus Candida. However, when the polyester fabric is modified with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron and silver, it becomes capable of inactivating the gram-negative bacteria E. coli. These bacteria are more sensitive to the pathophysiological effect of active radicals generated by UV radiation than the gram-positive ones. Such sensitivity is determined, first of all, by the specific structure of their cell walls. As Table 3 shows, TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver have much higher biocidal activity against E. coli, which agrees with the conclusions made in works [41,42]. A coating of TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver contains a small number of silver nanoparticles retaining their own biological activity. However, this is not the reason for the coating biocidal action. In work [43], we showed that the vital activity of the gram-negative bacteria E. coli is inhibited by the active radicals generated by TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver.
A fabric coated with TiO2 has a self-cleaning ability when exposed to UV-radiation, which is known to cause degradation of many polymers. It can be expected that long-time exposure of afibrous material can lead to the loss of its strength. Some researchers believe that depositing a photoactive coating on a fibre can protect it from photodegradation [44]. Others, on the contrary, suppose that such coating can facilitate fibre degradation [45]. We have also evaluated the effect of TiO2-based coatings formed on a polyester fabric on its physical and mechanical properties. The obtained data are shown in Table 4.
The table shows that exposure to UV radiation of both the untreated polyester fabric and the one modified with TiO2 nanoparticles for 250 min does not reduce its tensile strength and breaking elongation.

4. Conclusions

To increase the photoactive coating adhesion to a polyester fabric, we carried out its activation at the preliminary stage in order to form active oxygen-containing groups on the polyester fibres and increase the fibre surface roughness. Then, we treated the polyester fabric with a dilute TiO2 nanosol with high sedimentation stability. As a result, an ultrathin ordered coating was formed on the surface of each of the polyester fabric fibres. The coating formation was not accompanied by the TiO2 deposition in the inter-fibre space, which allowed the fabric to retain its softness and good drapability. To improve the photochemical activity of the modified polyester fabric we used TiO2 nanoparticles doped with metals. The use of TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver as the modifier allowed us to achieve a considerable increase in the photodegradation of the dye adsorbed by the fabric. Since the structure of the coating based on TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver was dense and ordered, the coating had good wash-resistance and excellent abrasion-resistance. This indicates the durability of coatings based on TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver and their high consumer characteristics. The use of the above-mentioned nanoparticles also allowed us to make the polyester fabric capable of inhibiting the vital activity of gram-negative bacteria when the fabric is exposed to light Exposure to UV radiation of the fabric modified with TiO2 did not reduce the tensile strength or the breaking elongation of the polyester fabric. Polyester fabrics coated with TiO2 nanoparticle doped with silver can be used in housing decoration, production of curtains and bedding, etc.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, N.P.; data curation, investigation, visualization, T.K.; software, investigation, visualization, I.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Government of Ivanovo region (project No. 15-48-03064).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to A.V. Agafonov and T.V. Gerasimova (G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for their help in synthesizing nanosized titanium dioxide, O.Yu. Kuznetsov (Ivanovo State Medical Academy) for his help in the microbiological studies, V.K. Ivanov (Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for his aid in the scanning electron microscopic studies. The work was done on the equipment of the Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment “The Upper Volga Region Center of Physico-Chemical Research” and the Center for Collective Use of Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Surface morphology of the polyester fabric activated with a NaOH solution: (a–c) without a coating; (d–f) with a TiO2-based coating. Visualization by the methods of: (a) Optical microscopy; (b) Scanning electron microscopy; (c) Atomic-force microscopy.
Figure 1. Surface morphology of the polyester fabric activated with a NaOH solution: (a–c) without a coating; (d–f) with a TiO2-based coating. Visualization by the methods of: (a) Optical microscopy; (b) Scanning electron microscopy; (c) Atomic-force microscopy.
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Figure 2. TiO2-modified polyester fabric with an eosin drop: (a) without UV-radiation; (b) after 20-min exposure to UV-radiation; (c) after 40-min exposure to UV-radiation; (d) after 60-min exposure to UV-radiation.
Figure 2. TiO2-modified polyester fabric with an eosin drop: (a) without UV-radiation; (b) after 20-min exposure to UV-radiation; (c) after 40-min exposure to UV-radiation; (d) after 60-min exposure to UV-radiation.
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Figure 3. Colour differences in the eosin drop placedon a polyester fabric: 1—Coated with TiO2 nanoparticles; 2—Coated with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron; 3—Coated with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver; (a) Nonactivatedpolyester fabric; (b) Polyester fabric pre-activated with a NaOH solution with a concentration of 3.75 g/L; (c) Polyester fabric pre-activated with surface-barrier discharge plasma for 5 s.
Figure 3. Colour differences in the eosin drop placedon a polyester fabric: 1—Coated with TiO2 nanoparticles; 2—Coated with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron; 3—Coated with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver; (a) Nonactivatedpolyester fabric; (b) Polyester fabric pre-activated with a NaOH solution with a concentration of 3.75 g/L; (c) Polyester fabric pre-activated with surface-barrier discharge plasma for 5 s.
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Figure 4. Colour differences in eosin for NaOH-activated (3.75 g/L) polyester fabric before it is subjected to abrasion (1) and after it (2). Fabric with a TiO2 coating (8 g/cm2) consisting of: (a) Undopednanoparticles; (b) Nanoparticles doped with iron; (c) Nanoparticles doped with silver.
Figure 4. Colour differences in eosin for NaOH-activated (3.75 g/L) polyester fabric before it is subjected to abrasion (1) and after it (2). Fabric with a TiO2 coating (8 g/cm2) consisting of: (a) Undopednanoparticles; (b) Nanoparticles doped with iron; (c) Nanoparticles doped with silver.
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Figure 5. Effect of abrasion on the polyester fibre surface morphology in a fabric modified with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron and silver: (a) Coating of undoped TiO2; (b) coating of undoped TiO2 after abrasion; (c) coating of TiO2 doped with iron; (d) coating of TiO2 doped with iron after abrasion; (e) coating of TiO2 doped with silver; (f) coating of TiO2 doped with silver after abrasion. AFM method. The scanning area is 2 μm × 2μm.
Figure 5. Effect of abrasion on the polyester fibre surface morphology in a fabric modified with TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron and silver: (a) Coating of undoped TiO2; (b) coating of undoped TiO2 after abrasion; (c) coating of TiO2 doped with iron; (d) coating of TiO2 doped with iron after abrasion; (e) coating of TiO2 doped with silver; (f) coating of TiO2 doped with silver after abrasion. AFM method. The scanning area is 2 μm × 2μm.
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Figure 6. Differences in eosin colour before washing (1) and after washing (2) in the polyester fabric activated with NaOH (3.75 g/L). Fabric with a coating based on (8 g/cm2): (a) Undoped TiO2 nanoparticles; (b) TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron; (c) TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver.
Figure 6. Differences in eosin colour before washing (1) and after washing (2) in the polyester fabric activated with NaOH (3.75 g/L). Fabric with a coating based on (8 g/cm2): (a) Undoped TiO2 nanoparticles; (b) TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron; (c) TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver.
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Figure 7. Polyester fabric fibres coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (8 g/cm2) before the washing (a); and after the washing (b). Scanning electron microscopy method.
Figure 7. Polyester fabric fibres coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (8 g/cm2) before the washing (a); and after the washing (b). Scanning electron microscopy method.
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Table
Table 1. The stiffness of TiO2-coated PEF fabrics.
Table 1. The stiffness of TiO2-coated PEF fabrics.
Composition of the Modified Polyester Fabric CoatingStiffness of PEF Fabric
Uncoated Fabric1
TiO2 nanoparticles, 4 g/m21.27
TiO2 nanoparticles, 8 g/m21.53
TiO2 nanoparticles, 16 g/m22.00
Table
Table 2. Adhesion properties and stiffness of coatings formed on a polyester fabric.
Table 2. Adhesion properties and stiffness of coatings formed on a polyester fabric.
Composition of the Modified Polyester Fabric CoatingProbe Adhesion to the Coating, nNRelative Stiffness, nA/nm
Initial SampleSample Subjected to AbrasionInitial SampleSample Subjected to Abrasion
TiO2 undoped nanoparticles11.67.70.0520.045
TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron16.821.00.0580.054
TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver19.815.20.0530.049
Table
Table 3. Ability of a TiO2-coatedpolyester fabric to inhibit the vital activity of pathogenic bacteria.
Table 3. Ability of a TiO2-coatedpolyester fabric to inhibit the vital activity of pathogenic bacteria.
Composition of the Modified Polyester Fabric CoatingGrowth (+) or Inhibition (−) of Pathogenic Cultures, %
E. coliS. aureusC. albicans
TiO2 nanoparticles+31+63+83
TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron−27+53+61
TiO2 nanoparticles doped with silver−50+35+8
Table
Table 4. The main physico-mechanical characteristics of a polyester fabric with TiO2 nanoparticle coatings.
Table 4. The main physico-mechanical characteristics of a polyester fabric with TiO2 nanoparticle coatings.
Type of Polyester FabricSpecific Tensile Strength, MPaRelative Breaking Elongation, %
Untreated1410 ± 4626.7 ± 4.0
Activated with 0.375 mol/L NaOH1318 ± 4525.6 ± 1.2
Untreated, after 250 min UV-exposure1381 ± 6727.0 ± 1.6
With a TiO2-based coating after NaOH activation1507 ± 6423.8 ± 1.2
With a TiO2-based coating after NaOH activation and 250 min UV-exposure1460 ± 5723.8 ± 1.6

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Prorokova, N.; Kumeeva, T.; Kholodkov, I. Formation of Coatings Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanosolson Polyester Fibre Materials. Coatings 2020, 10, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010082

AMA Style

Prorokova N, Kumeeva T, Kholodkov I. Formation of Coatings Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanosolson Polyester Fibre Materials. Coatings. 2020; 10(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010082

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prorokova, Natalia, Tatiana Kumeeva, and Igor Kholodkov. 2020. "Formation of Coatings Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanosolson Polyester Fibre Materials" Coatings 10, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010082

APA Style

Prorokova, N., Kumeeva, T., & Kholodkov, I. (2020). Formation of Coatings Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanosolson Polyester Fibre Materials. Coatings, 10(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010082

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