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Article

Facile Preparation of YVO4: RE Films and the Investigation of Photoluminescence

by
Taihui Chen
1,2,
He Zhang
1,2,
Zhihong Luo
1,2,
Jun Liang
1,2,* and
Xiaoli Wu
1,2,3,*
1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
3
Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploration of Hidden Nonferrous Metal Deposits and Development of New Materials in Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2022, 12(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040461
Submission received: 11 February 2022 / Revised: 24 March 2022 / Accepted: 24 March 2022 / Published: 29 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Films and Coatings: Properties and Applications)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Facile preparation of YVO4 films was hydrothermally achieved within 1 h by using layered yttrium hydroxide (Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O) films as the sacrificial precursor in the presence of excess NaVO3 at pH~8, without subsequent heat treatment. Detailed structures and optical properties of the products were obtained by using a combination of XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and PLE/PL techniques. The phase and morphological evolution from Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O to YVO4 was unveiled by varying the reaction time. Photoluminescence spectra showed that the Eu3+ doped YVO4 films exhibited the characteristic emission of Eu3+, with the transition 5D0–7F2 (614 nm, red) being the dominant; while Dy3+ activator doped YVO4 films exhibited the characteristic emission of Dy3+, with the transition 4F9/2–6H13/2 (575 nm, green) being the most dominant.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In recent years, lanthanide compounds have received widespread attention as excellent luminescent materials useful in the development of new lighting/visualization technologies [1,2]. Among them, the rare-earth orthovanadate (YVO4: RE) is considered an attractive compound since it displays high quantum yield caused by the efficient energy transfer from the VO43− ligand to RE3+. Because of the continuous development of optoelectronic devices, the design and fabrication of luminescent films have become more and more important. In the present research, we proposed a methodology to produce red-emitting and green-emitting YVO4: RE films, which may find wide applications in various lighting and display areas including fluorescent lamps, white LEDs, FEDs, PDPs, FDPs and CRTs, among others [3,4].
At present, a variety of techniques for the preparation of the vanadate films are available. They include the calcination of the MOF (metal-organic framework) precursor [5], pulsed-laser deposition [6], microwave-assisted chemical deposition [7] and sol-gel/electrospinning process [8], among others. The chemical deposition and pulsed-laser deposition are convenient when thin films are prepared from powder. However, these methods require expensive equipment. Calcination of the MOF (metal-organic framework) precursor and the sol-gel/electrospinning process require complex steps and/or high heat treatment temperatures, which may cause the film to crack. In the present work, a low-temperature method was used to synthesize YVO4: RE films from Layered Yttrium Hydroxide (LYH) film as sacrificial template and NaVO3 as an anion source. The phase and morphological evolution during the transformation of LYH to YVO4 and photoluminescence properties of activated (Eu3+ and Dy3+) doped YVO4 films were investigated in detail.
The layered rare earth hydroxides (LRHs) are a new type of inorganic functional layered compounds, and the general formula of “251” typed LRH is RE2(OH)5(Am−)1/m·nH2O (RE = Rare-earth elements; A = Cl or NO3). The structure of “251” typed LRH is constructed via alternative stacking of the hydroxide main layers composed of [Ln(OH)7H2O] and [Ln(OH)8H2O] coordination polyhedral and interlayer NO3− free anions along the c-axis ([001] direction) [9,10]. Because of their special layered structure and properties of rare-earth elements, the “251” typed LRHs have attracted extensive attention since they were first reported in 2006 [11]. In the past several years, different aspects of the “251” typed LRHs have been studied including the interlayer anion exchange capacity [10,11,12,13,14,15], catalytic performance of intercalated products [11,14,15], exfoliation of bulk crystals into nanosheets [16,17,18], photoluminescence [9,10,19,20,21], enhancement of luminescence [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29], and the self-assembly of functional films [29,30,31,32,33,34]. Also, because of their composition and structure, a significant amount of research has been performed to study, photoluminescence properties of the “251” typed LRH. However, poor photoluminescence has been observed [9,10,19,20,21]. This low performance can be attributed to the presence of hydroxyl, crystal water, and nitrate groups in the LRH structure, that provide channels for nonradiative relaxation. The most common method used to achieve photoluminescence optimization, consists of inserting inorganic [21] or organic anions [25,26] via interlayer anion exchange to sensitize activators in the host layer. However, this method presents some limitations because the quenching groups are still present in the structure. Another way to enhance photoluminescence by doping the LYH and LGdH matrix with subsequent calcination to remove the quenching groups and form cubic Y2O3:RE/Gd2O3:RE [16,19,22,23,24,31,32]. The heat treatment also requires high temperatures (>550 °C). Thus, in this optimization method, production of a flat film without cracks is still a challenge. In 2016, (Y1−xEux)PO4 was successfully synthesized by using (Y1−xEux)2(OH)5NO3·nH2O as the sacrificial template and NaH2PO4 as an anion source [35]. However, high temperatures (600–1000 °C) were also required to produce the target (Y1−xEux)2PO4 phase. Still, it provides a theoretical basis for the design and preparation of various rare-earth materials. To the best of our knowledge, electrodeposited “251” typed LRH films have not been utilized as a precursor template to synthesize REVO4 films at low temperatures, and without the need of further heat treatment. We believe that this strategy may attract wide research interest and result in the practical application of “251” typed LRHs.

2. Experiment

Materials: The rare-earth source of Y(NO3)3·6H2O (99.5% pure), Eu(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9% pure), Dy(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9% pure) and Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3, 99.9% pure) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. The indium tin oxide (ITO) glass (sheet resistance: ≤5 Ω) were obtained from Xiang Cheng Technology Ltd., Shenzhen, China. The platinum electrode and Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl electrode were purchased from Tianjin Ida Technology Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China.
Synthesis: The three-electrode cell system was used to prepare the Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O film, in which the rare-earth nitrate solution as electrodeposition solution, ITO glass, platinum foil, and Ag/AgCl/saturated KCl were used as the working, counter, and reference electrodes, respectively. After the deposition, all films were cleaned with deionized water and dried at 60 °C for 30 min. For the synthesis of the activator doped system (Y1−xRrepeatingH)5NO3·nH2O (RE = Eu and Dy), the RE/(Y + RE) atomic ratio was tuned according to the doping amounts of activators, and then repeat the electrodeposition process. For the synthesis of YVO4 films, 0.5 mol/L of NaVO3 solution with pH value of 8 was prepared; then the LYH films were placed in the NaVO3 solution, and the mixture was subjected to hydrothermal reaction at 100 °C. Afterward, the prepared films were naturally cooled, washed several times with distilled water and ethanol, and then dried at 60 °C for 30 min.
Characterization techniques: Phase identification was made via X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Model X’Pert PRO, PANalytical B.V., Almelo, The Netherlands) operated at 40 kV/40 mA nickel filtered using Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) and a scanning speed of 15.0° 2θ per minute. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR, Model Spectrum RXI, Perkin-Elmer, Shelton, Connecticut) was conducted via the standard KBr method. The morphology and microstructure of the products were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Model JSM6380-LV, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEM-3000F, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The photoluminescence properties were measured on a FluoroMax-4 fluorescence spectrophotometer (HORIBA, Kyoto, Japan) using a 150 W Xe-lamp as the excitation source at room temperature.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O (LYH) Film and YVO4 Film

Figure 1a shows the XRD patterns of the precursor film and the anion-exchange film, respectively. The precursor film presents a series of (00l) and (220) diffraction patterns characteristic of Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O compounds [10,12,13], In addition, the diffraction peaks of the anion-exchange film can be assigned to pure tetragonal YVO4 (PDF No.17-0341) [36]. Figure 1b shows the FT-IR spectra of the precursor and the anion-exchange films. In the precursor film spectrum, the absorption peak at ~1384 cm−1 corresponds to uncoordinated NO3− (v3) stretching [19,20,21,23,24], while the absorption band at ~3600 cm−1 indicates OH− vibration [19,20,21,23,24]. Additionally, the absorption bands at ~3438 and ~1634 cm−1 are attributable to the O-H stretching (v1 and v3) and H-O-H bending (v2) vibrations of hydration water, respectively [19,20,21,23,24]. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the existence of all the functional groups present in LYH. In the case of the anion-exchange film, the vibration peak of NO3− and hydroxyl disappeared, while a strong absorption peak at 820 cm−1 appeared. This peak can be assigned to stretch vibration (v3) originating from the V-O stretching vibration in VO43− [8,37]. However, the absorptions of H2O were still observable at 3412 cm−1 and 1640 cm−1, which indicated the presence of some hydration or surface-absorbed water molecules in the anion-exchange film rather than the coordinated H2O from the precursor LYH film [36]. These results demonstrated that the YVO4 film was successfully synthesized by using Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O film as a precursor template and NaVO3 as an anion source.
As shown in Figure 2a, the FE-SEM image indicated that the LYH precursor film crystallized as flower-like aggregates, which were assembled in nanosheets with different lateral and vertical arrangements and angles. As observed from the FE-SEM image in Figure 2b and the TEM image in Figure 2c, the YVO4 film crystallized in structures like rice grains, which were totally different from those observed in the precursor template. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED, the inset of Figure 2c) yielded diffraction spots that correspond to the (200), (301) and (202) planes of tetragonal structured YVO4, indicating that the anion exchange film under observation is a well-crystallized single crystal. The identified (200), (301) and (202) diffractions displayed values of d200 = 3.559 Å, d301 = 2.220 Å and d202 = 2.357 Å, respectively. These results were close to the values of d200 = 3.574 Å, d301 = 2.228 Å and d202 = 2.361 Å calculated from the XRD results, respectively. The (202) and (200) planes observed in the SAED pattern presented a dihedral angle of ~48.7°, which was also close to the calculated value of ~48.5°. High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) analysis clearly resolved the lattice fringes of the LRH crystal, and a spacing of 0.354 nm properly corresponded to the (200) plane of the host layer (Figure 2d).

3.2. Evolution of Phase and Morphology from LYH to YVO4 upon Anion Exchange

Through a series of exploratory experiments, it was found that the concentration of NaVO3 in the solution is the key factor affecting the phase and morphology of the exchanged products, and high concentrations of the anion source facilitated the reaction. To determine the phase and morphological evolution during the transformation from LYH to YVO4, different hydrothermal reactions were performed. For this purpose, we used 0.05 M NaVO3 (with a fixed volume of 50 mL) as the anion source and LYH film as the precursor template. In addition, different reaction times were tested at pH of ~7.3. Figure 3a compares the XRD patterns of the original LYH template and anion-exchange films at different reaction times. Data indicated that at a reaction time of 5 min, a mixture of phases was present. Herein, the peaks at 9.95°and 29.25° correspond to the characteristic diffraction of the (220) plane present in the LYH template. In addition, the diffraction peaks at 24.46°, 35.69° and 50.24° were well correlated with the (200), (112) and (312) planes of the YVO4 phase, respectively. Obviously, LYH phase is the main phase in the mixture product. FT-IR (Figure 3b) showed that the absorption of uncoordinated NO3− at 1384 cm−1 and the absorption of VO43− at 820 cm−1 were simultaneously observed when the reaction time was 5 min. With the increase in reaction time, the diffraction peaks of LYH became weaker, and the final YVO4 anion exchange product was obtained until the reaction time reached 1h. The corresponding FT-IR spectra of the exchanged products showed the weakened absorptions of hydroxyl and NO3−, and enhanced absorptions of VO43−. Until the reaction time reached 1 h, the absorptions of hydroxyls and NO3− disappeared. According to the synthesis used in the present research, the phase conversion process from LYH to YVO4 may be described as follows: VO3−(aq) + 2OH−(aq) → VO43−(aq) + H2O(aq). Subsequently, the coordinated hydroxyl and water present in [Y2(OH)5(H2O)n]+ host layer were completely exchanged by VO43−.
The morphological evolution from LYH to YVO4 can be observed in Figure 4. The sample with the reaction time of 5 min largely retained the LYH nanoplate-like morphology, among which some YVO4 particles were found. The FE-SEM data showed that, with increasing reaction time, more LYH nanosheets were converted into YVO4 spindle-shaped particles. When the reaction proceeded for 1 h, all the LYH nanosheets were completely transformed into YVO4 spindle-shaped particles. This indicated that phase transition occurred a dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism.

3.3. Structure Characterization and Photoluminescence of Activators Doped YVO4 Films

In the present research, two types of activated ion doped YVO4 films (Eu3+ doped and Dy3+ doped) were prepared. Figure 5a shows the XRD results of the films obtained when reactions proceeded with different molar contents of Eu3+. Data indicated that all the diffraction peaks can be well indexed to the tetragonal YVO4 (PDF No.17-0341). As shown in Figure 5b, the body-centered tetragonal unit cell of YVO4 consists of four units, where two sets of oxygen atoms, differing in the Y-O bond length, are coordinated to Y3+ to form the YO8 dodecahedron. The derived cell parameters are summarized in Table 1. Compared with the standard YVO4 film, the YVO4: Eu film presented a larger cell volume, which was ascribed to the increase in the RE-O bond length. This resulted from the replacement of smaller ionic radius of Y3+ with the larger Eu3+ (eight-fold coordination, 0.1019 nm for Y3+, 0.1066 nm for Eu3+) and caused the direct crystallization of solid solution. The crystallite size assayed from the Scherrer equation via profile broadening analysis of the (200) diffraction, and the calculated values of the crystallite size are summarized in Table 1. Data shows that the crystalline size of YVO4: Eu nanoparticles gradually decreased with the increased doping amount of RE3+ ions.
The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of the YVO4: Eu3+ films observed by monitoring the red emission of Eu3+ at 614 nm consisted of a strong and broad excitation band ranging from ~280 to 320 nm (Figure 6a), which was attributed to the energy transfer from VO43− to Eu3+ [38]. The molecular orbital theory suggests that the absorption band was overlapped by the charge electron transitions of VO43− ion from the 1A2(1T1) ground state to the 1E(1T2) excited state at 290 nm and 1A1(1E) excited state at 308 nm [36]. Negligible peaks located at 396 nm and 466 nm were observed, which resulted from the general 7F0,1–5L6 and 7F0,1–5D2 transitions of Eu3+, respectively. Upon UV excitation at 290 nm, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the YVO4: Eu3+ films (Figure 6b) exhibited transitions from the 5D0 excited state to the 7FJ (J = 1, 2, and 3) ground states of Eu3+ ranging from 500 to 650 nm, with the transition 5D0–7F2 (614 nm, red emission) being the most dominant [39,40]. According to the Judd-Ofelt parity rule [41,42], the relative intensity of emission peaks is closely related to the transition of excited electrons to different energy levels and the coordination environment of Eu3+. The intensity of the 5D0 → 7F2 electric dipole transition is greater than that of the 5D0 → 7F1 magnetic dipole transition, indicating the activator Eu3+ occupies a low-symmetry site in the lattice. As shown in Figure 6b, the optimal concentration of doped Eu3+ was 10 mol (%); over-doping led to the concentration quenching of luminescence via cross-relaxation mechanism. Figure 6c,d show the excitation and emission spectra of YVO4: Dy3+, respectively. By monitoring the emission of Dy3+ at 573 nm, it was observed that the PLE spectra of the YVO4: Dy3+ films exhibited a strong and broad band ranging from 280-310 nm, which was also associated with the efficient energy transfer from VO43− to Dy3+. Moreover, the peaks located at 350–500 nm were attributed to the 4F9/2–6H15/2 and 4F9/2–6H13/2 intra-transitions of Dy3+ (Figure 6c). Upon the excitation at 290 nm, the emission spectra of the YVO4: Dy3+ films were composed of two bands centered at ~483 nm (blue emission) and 573 nm (green emission, dominant), which corresponded to the 4F9/2–6H15/2 and 4F9/2–6H13/2 intra-transitions of Dy3+, respectively. Data in Figure 6d indicated that the optimal doped Dy3+ concentration was 5 mol (%). Additionally, the (Y0.90Eu0.05)VO4 and (Y0.95Dy0.05)VO4 films exhibited vivid red and bright green emissions under UV excitation at 254 nm.

4. Conclusions

The rapid preparation of YVO4 films was successfully performed via anion exchange reaction by using the electrodeposited LYH films as a precursor template and NaVO3 as anion source at pH ~7.3, without further heat treatment. The phase evolution from LYH to YVO4 was systematically studied, and the morphological evolution from flower-like LYH nanosheets to YVO4 spindle-shaped particles indicated that a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism occurred. Photoluminescence showed that YVO4:Eu3+ films and YVO4:Dy3+ films exhibited characteristic emissions depending on the RE3+. In addition, the optimal concentrations of doped Eu3+ and Dy3+ were determined as 10 mol (%) and 5 mol (%), respectively. Moreover, the (Y0.90Eu0.10)VO4 and (Y0.95Dy0.05)VO4 film exhibit vivid red color and bright green color under UV excitation at 254 nm.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.C. and H.Z.; methodology, X.W.; software, T.C.; validation, Z.L. and J.L.; formal analysis, X.W.; investigation, T.C.; resources, X.W.; data curation, Z.L.; writing-original draft preparation, T.C.; writing—review and editing, X.W.; visualization, X.W.; supervision, X.W.; project administration, X.W.; funding acquisition, X.W. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52062011, 51402059) and Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (No. 2018GXNSFAA050011).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. XRD patterns (a), FT-IR spectra (b) of the precursor film and anion-exchange film. The diffraction peaks of ITO glass were marked with *.
Figure 1. XRD patterns (a), FT-IR spectra (b) of the precursor film and anion-exchange film. The diffraction peaks of ITO glass were marked with *.
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Figure 2. FE-SEM image of the Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O film (a), FE-SEM image (b), TEM image (c), and HR-TEM image (d) of the YVO4 film. The inset in (a) is the digital photograph of the Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O film, The inset in (b) is the digital photograph of the YVO4 film and the inset in (c) is the selected area electron.
Figure 2. FE-SEM image of the Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O film (a), FE-SEM image (b), TEM image (c), and HR-TEM image (d) of the YVO4 film. The inset in (a) is the digital photograph of the Y2(OH)5NO3·nH2O film, The inset in (b) is the digital photograph of the YVO4 film and the inset in (c) is the selected area electron.
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Figure 3. XRD patterns (a) and FT-IR spectra (b) of anion exchange films prepared with different reaction time. The diffraction peaks of ITO glass were marked with *.
Figure 3. XRD patterns (a) and FT-IR spectra (b) of anion exchange films prepared with different reaction time. The diffraction peaks of ITO glass were marked with *.
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Figure 4. FE-SEM images of anion-exchange films prepared with different reaction times: 0 min (a), 5 min (b), 10 min (c), 15 min (d), 30 min (e) and 1 h (f).
Figure 4. FE-SEM images of anion-exchange films prepared with different reaction times: 0 min (a), 5 min (b), 10 min (c), 15 min (d), 30 min (e) and 1 h (f).
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Figure 5. XRD patterns of the YVO4:Eu films with different molar doping concentration (a) and the schematic crystal structure of tetragonal REVO4 (b). The Y3+ ligands of YVO4 crystal structure are shown in the insets.
Figure 5. XRD patterns of the YVO4:Eu films with different molar doping concentration (a) and the schematic crystal structure of tetragonal REVO4 (b). The Y3+ ligands of YVO4 crystal structure are shown in the insets.
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Figure 6. The excitation spectra (a) and emission spectra (b) of Y1−xEuxVO4 films prepared for 1 h, excitation spectra (c) and emission spectra (d) of Y1−xDyxVO4 films prepared for 1 h. Insets in (b,d) show red emission and green emission of the (Y0.90Eu0.10)VO4 film and (Y0.95Dy0.05)VO4 film under the UV excitation at 254 nm, respectively.
Figure 6. The excitation spectra (a) and emission spectra (b) of Y1−xEuxVO4 films prepared for 1 h, excitation spectra (c) and emission spectra (d) of Y1−xDyxVO4 films prepared for 1 h. Insets in (b,d) show red emission and green emission of the (Y0.90Eu0.10)VO4 film and (Y0.95Dy0.05)VO4 film under the UV excitation at 254 nm, respectively.
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Table
Table 1. The results of structure refinement and the crystalline sizes for YVO4:Eu3+.
Table 1. The results of structure refinement and the crystalline sizes for YVO4:Eu3+.
SamplesA = b (Å)c (Å)V (Å3)Crystalline Sizes (nm)
YVO4: Eu (2%)7.1006.259315.51624.51
YVO4: Eu (5%)7.1216.288318.85623.20
YVO4: Eu (10%)7.1376.304321.10521.73
YVO4: Eu (15%)7.1606.295322.71721.01
YVO4: Eu (30%)7.1636.315324.01420.46
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Chen, T.; Zhang, H.; Luo, Z.; Liang, J.; Wu, X. Facile Preparation of YVO4: RE Films and the Investigation of Photoluminescence. Coatings 2022, 12, 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040461

AMA Style

Chen T, Zhang H, Luo Z, Liang J, Wu X. Facile Preparation of YVO4: RE Films and the Investigation of Photoluminescence. Coatings. 2022; 12(4):461. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040461

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Taihui, He Zhang, Zhihong Luo, Jun Liang, and Xiaoli Wu. 2022. "Facile Preparation of YVO4: RE Films and the Investigation of Photoluminescence" Coatings 12, no. 4: 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040461

APA Style

Chen, T., Zhang, H., Luo, Z., Liang, J., & Wu, X. (2022). Facile Preparation of YVO4: RE Films and the Investigation of Photoluminescence. Coatings, 12(4), 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040461

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