Spatiotemporal Influence of Urban Environment on Taxi Ridership Using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Geographically Weighted Regression Model
2.2. Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Model
3. Study Area and Data
3.1. Taxi Ridership Data
- Missing coordinates for OD location or location outside the study area.
- Missing trip distance d or d <300 m or d >40 km.
- Missing trip time t or t <1 min or t >4 h.
3.2. Urban Environment Assessment
4. Model Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Spatial Variations of the Coefficients
5.2. Temporal Variations of the Coefficients
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Variable | Description |
---|---|---|
Urban environment | Residential | Number of residential records in each cell |
Commercial | Number of retail stores, shopping malls, restaurants and entertainment centres in each cell | |
Employment | Number of companies, education and government offices in each cell | |
Public service | Number of financial, telecommunication, automobile and medical services in each cell | |
Hotel | Number of hotels in each cell | |
Attraction | Number of tourist attractions in each cell | |
Transport | Bus stop | Number of bus stops in each cell |
Road | Length of road in each cell |
Res. | Com. | Emp. | Public Services | Hotel | Att. | Bus | Road | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residential | 1 | |||||||
Commercial | 0.752 | 1 | ||||||
Employment | 0.528 | 0.627 | 1 | |||||
Public services | 0.757 | 0.779 | 0.503 | 1 | ||||
Hotel | 0.272 | 0.415 | 0.372 | 0.335 | 1 | |||
Attraction | 0.194 | 0.159 | 0.113 | 0.209 | 0.202 | 1 | ||
Bus stop | 0.475 | 0.474 | 0.373 | 0.504 | 0.322 | 0.188 | 1 | |
Road | 0.150 | 0.191 | 0.173 | 0.154 | 0.084 | 0.121 | 0.274 | 1 |
Variable | Coefficient | t-statistic | t-probability | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.834 | 20.100 | 0.000 | -- |
Residential | 0.053 | 10.075 | 0.000 | 1.651 |
Employment | −0.001 | −0.317 | 0.751 | 1.556 |
Hotel | 0.062 | 6.122 | 0.000 | 1.258 |
Attraction | −0.032 | −0.764 | 0.444 | 1.084 |
Bus stop | 0.036 | 12.943 | 0.000 | 1.517 |
Road | 0.216 | 7.933 | 0.000 | 1.125 |
Diagnostic Information | ||||
R2 | 0.4691 | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.4662 | |||
AIC | 110,806.15 | |||
RSS | 19,085.87 |
Variable | AVG | MIN | MAX | LQ | MED | UQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.877 | 0.0100 | 5.5974 | 1.1780 | 1.6947 | 2.4620 |
Residential | 0.069 | −0.4256 | 1.1324 | 0.0243 | 0.0531 | 0.0905 |
Employment | 0.020 | −0.1162 | 0.5169 | −0.0048 | 0.0020 | 0.0302 |
Hotel | 0.213 | −0.8061 | 1.8083 | 0.0970 | 0.1790 | 0.2806 |
Attraction | −0.100 | −1.3732 | 1.5520 | −0.3395 | 0.0958 | 0.0806 |
Bus stop | 0.044 | −0.0537 | 0.3449 | 0.0149 | 0.0343 | 0.0730 |
Road | 0.177 | −0.4226 | 1.3716 | 0.0215 | 0.1560 | 0.2915 |
Diagnostic Information | ||||||
R2 | 0.7805 | |||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.7793 | |||||
AIC | 101,115.35 | |||||
RSS | 8060.91 |
Variable | AVG | MIN | MAX | LQ | MED | UQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.8463 | −3.2832 | 7.4410 | 0.8118 | 1.7029 | 2.6531 |
Residential | 0.0760 | −1.6402 | 2.4488 | 0.0102 | 0.0505 | 0.1134 |
Employment | 0.0216 | −0.4920 | 1.0506 | −0.0087 | 0.0027 | 0.0323 |
Hotel | 0.2414 | −12.1476 | 3.7126 | 0.0695 | 0.1974 | 0.3782 |
Attraction | −0.1390 | −4.8221 | 3.4925 | −0.4156 | −0.1002 | 0.1653 |
Bus stop | 0.0460 | −0.1327 | 0.7814 | 0.0107 | 0.0385 | 0.0723 |
Road | 0.1746 | −1.8823 | 3.1798 | −0.0358 | 0.1711 | 0.3821 |
Diagnostic Information | ||||||
R2 | 0.9527 | |||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.9524 | |||||
AIC | 84,026.81 | |||||
RSS | 1762.43 |
Proportion | 100% | 70% | 50% | 30% | 10% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 (GTWR) | 0.9783 | 0.9803 | 0.9837 | 0.9873 | 0.9389 |
R2 (GWR) | 0.8091 | 0.8360 | 0.8379 | 0.7824 | 0.7806 |
R2 (OLS) | 0.4699 | 0.4707 | 0.4890 | 0.4523 | 0.4478 |
Variable | Period | ||
---|---|---|---|
Morning Peak | Afternoon Peak | Evening Peak | |
Residential | 0.048 | 0.102 | 0.121 |
Employment | 0.136 | 0.050 | 0.046 |
Hotel | 0.093 | 0.013 | 0.057 |
Attraction | −0.294 | −0.155 | −0.215 |
Bus stop | 0.054 | 0.053 | 0.045 |
Road | 0.008 | 0.173 | 0.230 |
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Zhang, X.; Huang, B.; Zhu, S. Spatiotemporal Influence of Urban Environment on Taxi Ridership Using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010023
Zhang X, Huang B, Zhu S. Spatiotemporal Influence of Urban Environment on Taxi Ridership Using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2019; 8(1):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010023
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xinxin, Bo Huang, and Shunzhi Zhu. 2019. "Spatiotemporal Influence of Urban Environment on Taxi Ridership Using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 1: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010023
APA StyleZhang, X., Huang, B., & Zhu, S. (2019). Spatiotemporal Influence of Urban Environment on Taxi Ridership Using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010023