Variation in the Floral Morphology of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae), a Mexican Endemic Orchid at Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis Tests
2.2. Multivariate Analyses (PCA, CVA, and Cluster Analysis)
3. Discussion
3.1. Morphological Variation in Natural Populations of Prosthechea karwinskii
3.2. Morphological Patterns of Zaachila Flowers of Unknown Origin
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Biological Material
4.2. Selection of Floral Characters
4.3. Statistial Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | df | ss | ms | F-Value | p-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SlLt | 11 | 1546 | 140.51 | 3.214 | <0.001 | *** |
SlAm | 11 | 120.4 | 10.944 | 2.213 | 0.015 | * |
SlA1 | 11 | 127.1 | 11.552 | 2.096 | 0.022 | * |
SlA2 | 11 | 135.1 | 12.278 | 2.209 | 0.022 | * |
SlLa | 11 | 463 | 42.13 | 1.35 | 0.201 | . |
SlAa | 11 | 1846 | 167.86 | 1.702 | 0.076 | . |
SdLt | 11 | 2005 | 182.27 | 4.338 | <0.001 | *** |
SdAm | 11 | 142 | 12.913 | 2.262 | 0.013 | * |
SdA1 | 11 | 121.9 | 11.084 | 1.72 | 0.072 | . |
SdA2 | 11 | 137.1 | 12.462 | 2.177 | 0.017 | * |
SdLa | 11 | 467 | 42.47 | 1.718 | 0.072 | . |
SdAa | 11 | 2178 | 198 | 1.513 | 0.130 | . |
PeLt | 11 | 1777 | 161.52 | 4.154 | <0.001 | *** |
PeAm | 11 | 516.8 | 46.98 | 3.065 | <0.001 | *** |
PeA1 | 11 | 473.5 | 43.05 | 3.222 | <0.001 | *** |
PeA2 | 11 | 351.4 | 31.95 | 2.592 | 0.004 | ** |
PeLa | 11 | 515.5 | 46.86 | 2.643 | 0.003 | ** |
PeAa | 11 | 8608 | 862.5 | 4.436 | <0.001 | *** |
LaLt | 11 | 2123 | 193 | 4.351 | <0.001 | *** |
LaAm | 11 | 677 | 61.55 | 2.497 | 0.006 | ** |
LaLl | 11 | 678 | 61.63 | 2.99 | 0.001 | ** |
LaAml | 11 | 3.817 | 0.347 | 4.113 | <0.001 | *** |
LaA1l | 11 | 172.9 | 15.714 | 3.881 | <0.001 | *** |
LaAul | 11 | 14463 | 1314.8 | 9.014 | <0.001 | *** |
LaAlm | 11 | 3.817 | 0.347 | 4.113 | <0.001 | *** |
LaLm | 11 | 5.668 | 0.5152 | 4.874 | <0.001 | *** |
LaAbm | 11 | 172.6 | 15.695 | 1.839 | 0.050 | . |
LaAmm | 11 | 169.7 | 15.423 | 1.816 | 0.054 | . |
CoLt | 11 | 262.2 | 23.836 | 6.174 | <0.001 | *** |
CoA1 | 11 | 46.92 | 4.266 | 2.917 | 0.001 | ** |
RoAl | 11 | 48.02 | 4.366 | 3.471 | <0.001 | *** |
RoAn | 11 | 42.36 | 3.85 | 2.119 | 0.016 | * |
DlAl | 11 | 95.07 | 8.642 | 14.04 | <0.001 | *** |
DlAn | 11 | 27.24 | 2.4768 | 3.08 | 0.008 | ** |
DmAl | 11 | 109.69 | 9.972 | 18.58 | <0.001 | *** |
AnDlDm | 11 | 12.45 | 1.1315 | 6.602 | <0.001 | *** |
CuLt | 11 | 112.9 | 10.264 | 2.263 | 0.013 | * |
CuAm | 11 | 12.1 | 1.1 | 3.215 | <0.001 | *** |
CuA1 | 11 | 1.27 | 0.11542 | 3.472 | <0.001 | *** |
CuA2 | 11 | 7.75 | 0.7046 | 2.245 | 0.014 | * |
Variable | PCA (n =185) | CVA (n =185) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 | A8 | A1 | A2 | A3 | |
SlLt | −0.835 | 0.367 | 0.015 | 0.063 | 0.114 | 0.132 | 0.030 | 0.031 | −0.128 | −0.941 | −0.066 |
SlAm | −0.852 | −0.089 | −0.055 | 0.070 | −0.247 | 0.085 | 0.067 | −0.019 | −0.551 | 0.230 | −0.146 |
SlLa | −0.671 | 0.369 | −0.209 | 0.087 | −0.050 | 0.187 | −0.059 | −0.117 | 0.435 | −0.159 | −0.004 |
SlAa | −0.281 | −0.701 | 0.027 | 0.372 | −0.134 | 0.054 | −0.001 | −0.050 | 0.411 | 0.241 | 0.222 |
SdLa | −0.657 | 0.403 | −0.166 | 0.028 | −0.041 | 0.161 | −0.051 | −0.242 | −0.230 | 0.006 | 0.112 |
SdAa | −0.174 | −0.696 | −0.001 | 0.407 | −0.121 | −0.033 | 0.056 | 0.161 | −0.242 | −0.121 | −0.024 |
PeAm | −0.853 | 0.104 | −0.045 | 0.114 | −0.221 | 0.025 | 0.059 | 0.092 | 0.062 | 0.352 | −0.007 |
PeLa | −0.706 | 0.407 | −0.128 | 0.124 | 0.002 | 0.043 | 0.032 | −0.164 | 0.082 | −0.188 | 0.205 |
PeAa | −0.176 | −0.632 | 0.114 | 0.457 | 0.059 | 0.189 | 0.016 | 0.129 | 0.341 | −0.104 | 0.191 |
LaLt | −0.827 | 0.323 | 0.106 | 0.103 | 0.121 | 0.063 | −0.067 | 0.153 | 0.158 | 1.015 | 0.088 |
LaAm | −0.861 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.236 | −0.244 | −0.081 | −0.007 | 0.081 | 0.291 | −0.420 | 0.480 |
LaLl | −0.804 | 0.201 | 0.147 | 0.205 | −0.006 | −0.021 | −0.040 | 0.150 | 0.143 | 0.241 | −0.436 |
LaAml | −0.630 | 0.199 | 0.145 | 0.204 | −0.376 | −0.276 | −0.052 | 0.184 | −0.533 | 0.040 | −0.050 |
LaAul | 0.251 | −0.043 | −0.518 | −0.069 | 0.206 | 0.137 | 0.018 | −0.242 | 0.082 | −0.230 | 0.628 |
LaAlm | −0.074 | 0.020 | −0.022 | −0.010 | 0.474 | 0.441 | 0.375 | 0.404 | 0.034 | −0.040 | 0.157 |
LaLm | −0.604 | 0.329 | 0.096 | 0.049 | 0.147 | 0.192 | −0.094 | −0.031 | 0.227 | −0.273 | −0.064 |
LaAmm | −0.661 | −0.047 | −0.018 | 0.131 | −0.121 | 0.270 | 0.028 | −0.166 | −0.432 | −0.050 | −0.139 |
LaAam | 0.016 | −0.220 | 0.070 | 0.026 | −0.102 | 0.458 | −0.717 | −0.011 | 0.049 | −0.104 | −0.053 |
CoLt | −0.622 | 0.168 | −0.107 | 0.016 | 0.249 | −0.313 | −0.037 | 0.161 | −0.152 | 0.557 | −0.050 |
CoAe | −0.729 | −0.390 | −0.297 | −0.277 | −0.039 | −0.125 | 0.024 | 0.078 | −0.497 | −0.334 | 0.034 |
CoA1 | −0.711 | −0.311 | −0.327 | −0.208 | −0.065 | 0.094 | 0.204 | −0.065 | 0.031 | −0.074 | −0.076 |
CoGa | −0.750 | −0.274 | −0.345 | −0.195 | −0.002 | −0.090 | 0.233 | −0.026 | 0.081 | 0.142 | 0.484 |
RoAl | −0.394 | −0.147 | −0.248 | −0.405 | 0.094 | −0.156 | −0.488 | 0.207 | −0.327 | −0.198 | 0.354 |
RoAn | −0.588 | −0.372 | −0.350 | −0.404 | 0.009 | −0.062 | −0.121 | 0.145 | 0.285 | 0.219 | −0.269 |
DlAl | −0.339 | 0.008 | 0.067 | 0.189 | 0.580 | −0.345 | −0.163 | 0.260 | 0.162 | 0.594 | 0.339 |
DlAn | −0.543 | −0.199 | −0.204 | 0.021 | 0.137 | −0.316 | 0.028 | −0.297 | −0.240 | −0.393 | 0.309 |
DmAl | −0.252 | −0.253 | 0.140 | 0.261 | 0.505 | 0.237 | −0.057 | −0.193 | 0.950 | −0.243 | −0.160 |
DmAn | −0.494 | −0.329 | −0.096 | −0.040 | 0.262 | 0.044 | −0.071 | −0.283 | 0.108 | −0.213 | −0.342 |
AnDlDm | −0.089 | −0.043 | 0.019 | −0.489 | −0.278 | 0.463 | 0.081 | 0.314 | −0.311 | −0.402 | −0.360 |
CuLt | −0.466 | −0.051 | 0.303 | −0.273 | 0.306 | 0.073 | −0.035 | −0.019 | −0.098 | 0.211 | −0.088 |
CuAm | −0.424 | −0.186 | 0.651 | −0.201 | −0.088 | −0.131 | −0.102 | −0.133 | 0.144 | 0.206 | −0.107 |
CuA1 | −0.486 | −0.126 | 0.647 | −0.315 | 0.108 | 0.013 | 0.117 | −0.088 | 0.217 | 0.221 | −0.202 |
CuA2 | −0.484 | −0.218 | 0.622 | −0.356 | −0.026 | −0.042 | 0.146 | −0.169 | −0.096 | −0.088 | 0.016 |
Eigenvalue | 11.06 | 3.16 | 2.35 | 1.93 | 1.65 | 1.42 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 3.29 | 1.96 | 1.27 |
Accumulated variance (%) | 33.51 | 43.10 | 50.23 | 56.09 | 61.08 | 65.37 | 68.80 | 71.91 | 33.56 | 53.52 | 66.46 |
Number | Locality/Population | n | Expanded Population (n) | Elevation | Vegetation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amialtepec, Santa Catarina Juquila | 14 | Juquila (14) | 2105 m | QF |
2 | El Lazo, Sola de Vega | 6 | Sola_El Lazo (6) | 1840 m | QPF |
3 | El Vergel, Tlaxiaco | 1 | Tlaxiaco (15) | 1900 m | QPF |
4 | La Purisima, Tlaxiaco | 1 | 2160 m | QPF | |
5 | San Mateo Peñasco, Tlaxiaco | 1 | 2150 m | QF | |
6 | Tlaxiaco | 8 | 2160 m | QPF | |
7 | Santiago Nundiche, Tlaxiaco | 4 | 2200 m | QPF | |
8 | Rancho Viejo, Sola de Vega | 11 | Sola_Rancho Viejo (21) | 1838 m | QF |
9 | San Agustin, Sola de Vega | 10 | 2091 m | QPF | |
10 | San Agustin, Etla | 19 | Etla (19) | 1950 m | QPF |
11 | San Pedro y San Pablo Teposcolula | 13 | Teposcolula (13) | 2410 m | QPF |
12 | El Vado-San Sebastian de las Grutas, Sola de Vega | 4 | Sola_Lachixio (20) | 2100 m | QF |
13 | San Vicente Lachixio, Sola de Vega | 16 | 2240 m | QPF | |
14 | Santa Maria Jaltianguis | 11 | Jaltianguis (11) | 2164 m | QPF |
15 | San Lorenzo Albarradas | 6 | Albarradas (6) | 2230 m | QPF |
16 | Santo Domingo Yanhuitlan | 22 | Yanhuitlan (22) | 2400 m | QPF |
17 | Yahuiche, Ixtlan de Juarez | 19 | Yahuiche (19) | 2017 m | QF |
18 | Zaachila | 19 | Zaachila (19) | NA | NA |
Floral Structure | Variable | Number | Code |
---|---|---|---|
Lateral sepal | Total length | 1 | SlLt |
Maximum width | 2 | SlAm | |
Width at 1/3 | 3 | SlA1 | |
Width at 2/3 | 4 | SlA2 | |
Length between maximum width and apex | 5 | SlLa | |
Angle at the apex | 6 | SlAa | |
Dorsal sepal | Total length | 7 | SdLt |
Maximum width | 8 | SdAm | |
Width at 1/3 | 9 | SdA1 | |
Width at 2/3 | 10 | SdA2 | |
Length between maximum width and apex | 11 | SdLa | |
Angle at the apex | 12 | SdAa | |
Petal | Total length | 13 | PeLt |
Maximum width | 14 | PeAm | |
Width at 1/3 | 11 | PeA1 | |
Width at 2/3 | 16 | PeA2 | |
Length between maximum width and apex | 17 | PeLa | |
Angle at the apex | 18 | PeAa | |
Labellum | Total length | 19 | LaLt |
Maximum width | 20 | LaAm | |
Length of the lateral lobe | 21 | LaLl | |
maximum width of the lateral lobe | 22 | LaAml | |
Width at 1/3 of lateral lobe | 23 | LaA1l | |
Angle between lateral lobe and claw | 24 | LaAul | |
Angle between lateral and middle lobes | 25 | LaAlm | |
Length of middle lobe | 26 | LaLm | |
Maximum width of middle lobe | 27 | LaAmm | |
Width at the base of the middle lobe | 28 | LaAbm | |
Angle at the apex of the middle lobe | 29 | LaAam | |
Column | Total length | 30 | CoLt |
Width at the stigma level | 31 | CoAe | |
Width at 1/3 | 32 | CoA1 | |
Thickness in the middle part | 33 | CoGm | |
Thickness at the level of the anther | 34 | CoGa | |
Rostellum | Height of the stigmatic cavity | 35 | RoAl |
Width of the stigmatic cavity | 36 | RoAn | |
Teeth of the column | Height of the lateral tooth | 37 | DlAl |
Width of the lateral tooth | 38 | DlAn | |
Height of the middle tooth | 39 | DmAl | |
Width of the middle tooth | 40 | DmAn | |
Width of the gap between the middle and the lateral teeth | 41 | AnDlDm | |
Cuniculus | Total length | 42 | CuLt |
Maximum width | 43 | CuAm | |
Width at 1/3 | 44 | CuA1 | |
Width at 2/3 | 45 | CuA2 |
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Santos-Escamilla, M.H.; Cruz-Lustre, G.; Cuéllar-Martínez, M.; Lagunez-Rivera, L.; Solano, R. Variation in the Floral Morphology of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae), a Mexican Endemic Orchid at Risk. Plants 2024, 13, 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141984
Santos-Escamilla MH, Cruz-Lustre G, Cuéllar-Martínez M, Lagunez-Rivera L, Solano R. Variation in the Floral Morphology of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae), a Mexican Endemic Orchid at Risk. Plants. 2024; 13(14):1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141984
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos-Escamilla, María Hipólita, Gabriela Cruz-Lustre, Manuel Cuéllar-Martínez, Luicita Lagunez-Rivera, and Rodolfo Solano. 2024. "Variation in the Floral Morphology of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae), a Mexican Endemic Orchid at Risk" Plants 13, no. 14: 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141984
APA StyleSantos-Escamilla, M. H., Cruz-Lustre, G., Cuéllar-Martínez, M., Lagunez-Rivera, L., & Solano, R. (2024). Variation in the Floral Morphology of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae), a Mexican Endemic Orchid at Risk. Plants, 13(14), 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141984