Plants

21 pages, 14426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Liriodendron Dof Gene Family in Abiotic Stress Response

by Bojun Liao, Pengxiang Liang, Lu Tong, Lu Lu, Ye Lu, Renhua Zheng, Xueyan Zheng, Jinhui Chen and Zhaodong Hao

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142009 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 955

Abstract

The DOF (DNA-binding with one finger) transcription factors are exclusive to plants and play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Although extensive research has been conducted on the Dof gene family in Arabidopsis, maize, and Solanum, investigations [...] Read more.

The DOF (DNA-binding with one finger) transcription factors are exclusive to plants and play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Although extensive research has been conducted on the Dof gene family in Arabidopsis, maize, and Solanum, investigations concerning the role of this gene family in Liriodendron remain unreported, leaving its biological function largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide identification of the Dof gene family based on the Liriodendron genome, resulting in the discovery of a total of 17 LcDof gene members. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, the 17 LcDof proteins were classified into eight subfamilies. The motif analysis revealed the diverse nature of motifs within the D1 subfamily, which includes a distinct type of Dof transcription factor known as CDF (Cycling Dof Factor). We further characterized the chromosomal distribution, gene structure, conserved protein motifs, and cis-elements in the promoter regions. Additionally, utilizing transcriptome data from Liriodendron hybrids and conducting RT-qPCR experiments, we investigated the expression patterns of LhDofs under various abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, and heat stress. Notably, we found that several LhDofs, particularly LhDof4 and LhDof6, were significantly upregulated in response to abiotic stress. Furthermore, we cloned LhDof4 and LhDof6 genes and found that its encoding protein was mainly located in the nucleus by transient transformation in Liriodendron hybrids protoplast. Subsequently, we used LhDof6-overexpressing Liriodendron hybrid seedlings. We found that overexpression of LhDof6 enhanced the cold tolerance of the plants, increasing their survival rate at −20 °C. This result was further validated by changes in physiological indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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15 pages, 1430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Reference Transcriptome and Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes Linked to Salt Stress in Salt Marsh Grass (Sporobolus alterniflorus) along Delaware Coastal Regions

by Antonette Todd, Ketaki Bhide, Rita Hayford, Vasudevan Ayyappan, Mayavan Subramani, Lathadevi Karuna Chintapenta, Jyothi Thimmapuram, Gulnihal Ozbay and Venu (Kal) Kalavacharla

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142008 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 930

Abstract

Salt marsh grass (Sporobolus alterniflorus) plays a crucial role in Delaware coastal regions by serving as a physical barrier between land and water along the inland bays and beaches. This vegetation helps to stabilize the shoreline and prevent erosion, protecting the [...] Read more.

Salt marsh grass (Sporobolus alterniflorus) plays a crucial role in Delaware coastal regions by serving as a physical barrier between land and water along the inland bays and beaches. This vegetation helps to stabilize the shoreline and prevent erosion, protecting the land from the powerful forces of the waves and tides. In addition to providing a physical barrier, salt marsh grass is responsible for filtering nutrients in the water, offering an environment for aquatic species and presenting a focal point of study for high salt tolerance in plants. As seawater concentrations vary along the Delaware coast from low to medium to high salinity, our study seeks to identify the impact of salt tolerance in marsh grass and to identify genes associated with salt tolerance levels. We developed more than 211,000 next-generation-sequencing (Illumina) transcriptomic reads to create a reference transcriptome from low-, medium-, and high-salinity marsh grass leaf samples collected from the Delaware coastline. Contiguous sequences were annotated based on a homology search using BLASTX against rice (Oryza sativa), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and non-redundant species within the Viridiplantae database. Additionally, we identified differentially expressed genes related to salinity stress as candidates for salt stress qPCR analysis. The data generated from this study may help to elucidate the genetic signatures and physiological responses of plants to salinity stress, thereby offering valuable insight into the use of innovative approaches for gene expression studies in crops that are less salt tolerant. Full article

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15 pages, 2790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outbreak of Alternaria Black Spot of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Italy as a Consequence of Unusual Climatic Conditions

by Gaetano Tirrò, Sebastiano Conti Taguali, Antonella Pane, Mario Riolo, David Ezra and Santa Olga Cacciola

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142007 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1563

Abstract

Alternaria black spot of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was reported for the first time in Italy. In spring 2023, an outbreak of this disease was noticed in commercial pomegranate ‘Wonderful’ orchards of the municipality of Misterbianco (Sicily), following an unusually rainy period. [...] Read more.

Alternaria black spot of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was reported for the first time in Italy. In spring 2023, an outbreak of this disease was noticed in commercial pomegranate ‘Wonderful’ orchards of the municipality of Misterbianco (Sicily), following an unusually rainy period. A total of 30 randomly selected Alternaria isolates recovered from typical necrotic spots of leaves and fruits were characterized. Based on the colony morphology on solid agar media (PDA and MEA), isolates were separated into three distinct morphotypes (1, 2, and 3). The first two morphotypes comprised only isolates from fruits, while morphotype 3 comprised only isolates from leaves. Multigene phylogenetic analysis of four DNA regions, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and a SCAR marker (OPA10–2), identified the isolates of morphotypes 1 and 2 as Alternaria alternata and morphotype 3 isolates as A. arborescens. In pathogenicity tests on unwounded leaves and fruit, the isolates of all three morphotypes produced symptoms on the leaves of three pomegranate cultivars, ‘Acco’, ‘Wonderful’, and ‘Etna’. The symptoms on ‘Acco’ leaves were the least severe. Conversely, the fruits of ‘Acco’ were the most susceptible. The isolates of morphotypes 2 and 3 were not pathogenic on the fruits of ‘Wonderful’ and ‘Etna’. This is the first report of Alternaria black spot in Italy and of A. arborescens associated with Alternaria black spot of pomegranate worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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16 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Drought Stress on Leaf Functional Traits and Biomass Characteristics of Atriplex canescens

by Shuai Wang, Hai Zhou, Zhibin He, Dengke Ma, Weihao Sun, Xingzhi Xu and Quanyan Tian

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142006 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1029

Abstract

Drought is a critical factor constraining plant growth in arid regions. However, the performance and adaptive mechanism of Atriplex canescens (A. canescens) under drought stress remain unclear. Hence, a three-year experiment with three drought gradients was performed in a common garden, [...] Read more.

Drought is a critical factor constraining plant growth in arid regions. However, the performance and adaptive mechanism of Atriplex canescens (A. canescens) under drought stress remain unclear. Hence, a three-year experiment with three drought gradients was performed in a common garden, and the leaf functional traits, biomass and biomass partitioning patterns of A. canescens were investigated. The results showed that drought stress had significant effects on A. canescens leaf functional traits. A. canescens maintained the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), but the peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity decreased, and the content of proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS) increased only under heavy drought stress. Under drought stress, the leaves became smaller but denser, the specific leaf area (SLA) decreased, but the dry matter content (LDMC) maintained stability. Total biomass decreased 60% to 1758 g under heavy drought stress and the seed and leaf biomass was only 10% and 20% of non-stress group, but there had no significant difference on root biomass. More biomass was allocated to root under drought stress. The root biomass allocation ratio was doubled from 9.62% to 19.81% under heavy drought, and the root/shoot ratio (R/S) increased from 0.11 to 0.25. The MDA was significantly and negatively correlated with biomass, while the SPAD was significantly and positively correlated with total and aboveground organs biomass. The POD, CAT, Pro and SS had significant correlations with root and seed allocation ratio. The leaf morphological traits related to leaf shape and weight had significant correlations with total and aboveground biomass and biomass allocation. Our study demonstrated that under drought stress, A. canescens made tradeoffs between growth potential and drought tolerance and evolved with a conservative strategy. These findings provide more information for an in-depth understanding of the adaption strategies of A. canescens to drought stress and provide potential guidance for planting and sustainable management of A. canescens in arid and semi-arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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19 pages, 7885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Aspects of Lentil–Fusarium Interactions

by Chrysanthi Foti, Antonios Zambounis, Evmorfia P. Bataka, Chrysanthi Kalloniati, Evangelia Panagiotaki, Christos T. Nakas, Emmanouil Flemetakis and Ourania I. Pavli

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2005; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142005 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 761

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol) is considered the most destructive disease for lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) worldwide. Despite the extensive studies elucidating plants’ metabolic response to fungal agents, there is a knowledge gap in the biochemical mechanisms governing Fol [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol) is considered the most destructive disease for lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) worldwide. Despite the extensive studies elucidating plants’ metabolic response to fungal agents, there is a knowledge gap in the biochemical mechanisms governing Fol-resistance in lentil. Τhis study aimed at comparatively evaluating the metabolic response of two lentil genotypes, with contrasting phenotypes for Fol-resistance, to Fol-inoculation. Apart from gaining insights into the metabolic reprogramming in response to Fol-inoculation, the study focused on discovering novel biomarkers to improve early selection for Fol-resistance. GC-MS-mediated metabolic profiling of leaves and roots was employed to monitor changes across genotypes and treatments as well as their interaction. In total, the analysis yielded 178 quantifiable compounds, of which the vast majority belonged to the groups of carbohydrates, amino acids, polyols and organic acids. Despite the magnitude of metabolic fluctuations in response to Fol-inoculation in both genotypes under study, significant alterations were noted in the content of 18 compounds, of which 10 and 8 compounds referred to roots and shoots, respectively. Overall data underline the crucial contribution of palatinitol and L-proline in the metabolic response of roots and shoots, respectively, thus offering possibilities for their exploitation as metabolic biomarkers for Fol-resistance in lentil. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metabolomics-based approach to unraveling the effects of Fol-inoculation on lentil’s metabolome, thus providing crucial information related to key aspects of lentil–Fol interaction. Future investigations in metabolic aspects of lentil–Fol interactions will undoubtedly revolutionize the search for metabolites underlying Fol-resistance, thus paving the way towards upgrading breeding efforts to combat fusarium wilt in lentil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Legumes: Domestication, Plant–Microbe Interaction, Stress Resistance and Breeding)

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16 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enriching NPK Mineral Fertilizer with Plant-Stimulating Peptides Increases Soilless Tomato Production, Grower Profit, and Environmental Sustainability

by Michele Ciriello, Sara Rajabi Hamedani, Youssef Rouphael, Giuseppe Colla and Mariateresa Cardarelli

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142004 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 885

Abstract

The need to increase agricultural production to feed a steadily growing population may clash with the more environmentally friendly but less efficient production methods required. Therefore, it is important to try to reduce the use of chemical inputs without compromising production. In this [...] Read more.

The need to increase agricultural production to feed a steadily growing population may clash with the more environmentally friendly but less efficient production methods required. Therefore, it is important to try to reduce the use of chemical inputs without compromising production. In this scenario, natural biostimulants have become one of the most sought-after and researched technologies. In the present study, the results of a greenhouse experiment on hydroponic tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are presented, which involved comparing the use of ordinary NPK fertilizer (Cerbero^®) with the use of NPK fertilizers enriched with 0.5% protein hydrolysate of plant origin (Cerbero Green^®) at both standard (100%) and reduced (70%) fertilization rates. The results highlight how the use of Cerbero Green^® fertilizers improves the production performance of tomatoes. More specifically, they show that the use of Cerbero Green^® leads to higher marketable yields, especially under reducing fertilizer use, ensuring a positive net change in profit for the grower. In addition, carbon footprint analysis has revealed that the use of Cerbero Green^® reduces the environmental impact of hydroponic tomato growing practices by up to 8%. The observed higher yield of hydroponically grown tomatoes even with reduced fertilization rates underlines once again the key role of natural biostimulants in increasing both the economic and environmental sustainability of horticultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biostimulants: Exploring Sustainable Sources and their Applications in Agriculture Production)

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11 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Essential Oil Content, Composition and Free Radical Scavenging Activity from Different Plant Parts of Wild Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) in Montenegro

by Ljubomir Šunić, Zoran S. Ilić, Ljiljana Stanojević, Lidija Milenković, Dragana Lalević, Jelena Stanojević, Aleksandra Milenković and Dragan Cvetković

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142003 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 712

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the sea fennel essential oil (SFEO) yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of leaves, stem, inflorescences, and umbels from seeds of wild sea fennel (SF) (Crithmum maritimum L.) from the Montenegro coast. The chemical composition of isolated [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to determine the sea fennel essential oil (SFEO) yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of leaves, stem, inflorescences, and umbels from seeds of wild sea fennel (SF) (Crithmum maritimum L.) from the Montenegro coast. The chemical composition of isolated essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC/FID analyses. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay. The maximum SFEO yield was found in umbels with seeds (4.77 mL/100 g p.m.). The leaves contained less EO (0.52 mL/100 g p.m.) than immature inflorescence (0.83 mL/100 g p.m.) The minimum EO content was found in the stem (0.08%). Twenty components were isolated from SFEO leaves, twenty-four from inflorescence, thirty-four components from the stem, and twenty-one components from umbels with seeds. Limonene (62.4–72.0%), γ-terpinene (9.5–14.0%), α-pinene (1.4–5.8%), and sabinene (1–6.5%) were found to be the main components of the SFEO from monoterpene hydrocarbons as dominant grouped components (86% to 98.1%). SF plant parts showed differences in chemical profiles, especially in specific and low-represented ingredients. (E)-anethole (4.4%), fenchone (0.5%), and trans-carveol (0.2%) were present only in umbel with seeds, while the β-longipipene (0.5%), (E)-caryophyllene (0.5%), and (2E)-decenal (0.2%) were found only in the stems. The degree of DPPH radical neutralization increased with incubation time. The SFEO isolated from the stems showed stronger antioxidant activity during the incubation times of 20 and 40 min (EC₅₀ value of 5.30 mg/mL and 5.04 mg/mL, respectively) in comparison to the SFEO isolated from the other plant parts. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained with the SFEO leaves (155.25 mg/mL and 58.30 mg/mL, respectively). This study indicates that SFEO possesses significant antioxidant activities and is animportant component in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is important to preserve the existing gene pool and biodiversity with rational use SF for the extraction of high-quality essential oils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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17 pages, 4877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Morphogenesis of Tobacco: Modulation of Endogenous Growth Regulators by Tulsi (Holy Basil)

by Vanessa Vongnhay, Mukund R. Shukla, Murali-Mohan Ayyanath, Karthika Sriskantharajah and Praveen K. Saxena

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142002 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 717

Abstract

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a vital role in the induction of morphogenesis in vitro. Synthetic PGRs are commonly used to induce organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from various explants, while natural substances are rarely utilized. This study aimed to enhance the regenerative response [...] Read more.

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a vital role in the induction of morphogenesis in vitro. Synthetic PGRs are commonly used to induce organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from various explants, while natural substances are rarely utilized. This study aimed to enhance the regenerative response in Nicotiana tabacum leaf explants using Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract and to elucidate the biochemical interactions during modulation of endogenous plant growth regulators, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin, and 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP). Tulsi leaf extract significantly improved shoot production through interactions between endogenous hormones and those present in the extract, which enhanced stress mitigation. The 20% Tulsi leaf extract treatment produced significantly more shoots than the control, coinciding with increased endogenous IAA and zeatin levels starting on day 10 in culture. Furthermore, ABA and zeatin concentrations increased on days 15 and 25, respectively, in the 20% Tulsi extract treatment, suggesting their role in the induction of somatic embryo-like structures. ABA likely acts as an activator of stress responses, encouraging the development of these structures. Additionally, 2iP was involved in the induction of both forms of regeneration in the 10% and 20% extract treatments, especially in combination with ABA. These results suggest that Tulsi leaf extract holds promising potential as a natural supplement for increasing plant regeneration in vitro and advancing our understanding of how natural extracts of plant origin can be harnessed to optimize plant regeneration processes in vitro. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Morphogenesis of Plants)

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13 pages, 1347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Strategy for Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) Applied in Grapevine (Vitis spp.) Breeding for Resistance to Downy (Plasmopara Viticola) and Powdery (Erysiphe Necator) Mildews

by Tyrone Possamai, Leonardo Scota, Riccardo Velasco and Daniele Migliaro

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142001 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 882

Abstract

Plant breeders utilize marker-assisted selection (MAS) to identify favorable or unfavorable alleles in seedlings early. In this task, they need methods that provide maximum information with minimal input of time and economic resources. Grape breeding aimed at producing cultivars resistant to pathogens employs [...] Read more.

Plant breeders utilize marker-assisted selection (MAS) to identify favorable or unfavorable alleles in seedlings early. In this task, they need methods that provide maximum information with minimal input of time and economic resources. Grape breeding aimed at producing cultivars resistant to pathogens employs several resistance loci (Rpv, Ren, and Run) that are ideal for implementing MAS. In this work, a sustainable MAS protocol was developed based on non-purified DNA (crude), multiplex PCR of SSR markers, and capillary electrophoresis, and its application on grapevine seedlings to follow some main resistance loci was described. The optimized protocol was utilized on 8440 samples and showed high efficiency, reasonable throughput (2–3.2 min sample), easy handling, flexibility, and tolerable costs (reduced by at least 3.5 times compared to a standard protocol). The Rpv, Ren, and Run allelic data analysis did not show limitations to loci combination and pyramiding, but segregation distortions were frequent and displayed both low (undesired) and high rates of inheritance. The protocol and results presented are useful tools for grape breeders and beyond, and they can address sustainable changes in MAS. Several progenies generated have valuable pyramided resistance and will be the subject of new studies and implementation in the breeding program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics of Disease Resistance in Horticultural Crops)

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14 pages, 5116 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant-Derived Waste as a Component of Growing Media: Manifestations, Assessments, and Sources of Their Phytotoxicity

by Juncheng Liu, Wenzhong Cui, Zhiyong Qi, Lingyi Wu and Wanlai Zhou

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2000; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142000 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 896

Abstract

Every year, approximately 2 billion tons of plant-derived waste (such as straw and crop residues) are generated globally, most of which are either incinerated, dumped, or landfilled without proper planning, leading to severe environmental pollution and resource wastage. Plant-derived waste exhibits potential advantages [...] Read more.

Every year, approximately 2 billion tons of plant-derived waste (such as straw and crop residues) are generated globally, most of which are either incinerated, dumped, or landfilled without proper planning, leading to severe environmental pollution and resource wastage. Plant-derived waste exhibits potential advantages as a growing media component in various aspects. However, numerous studies have also indicated that plant-derived waste generally possesses strong phytotoxicity, which must be removed or reduced before being utilized as a growing media component. Therefore, accurately assessing their phytotoxicity and appropriately modifying it to ensure their support for plant growth when used as a growing media component is crucial. This paper reviews the manifestation and assessment methods of phytotoxicity in plant-derived waste; systematically summarizes the phytotoxicity sources of three common types of plant-derived waste (garden waste, crop straw, and spent mushroom substrate), as well as the toxic mechanisms of two representative phytotoxic substances (phenolic compounds and organic acids); and proposes some insights into further research directions. By consolidating insights from these studies, this review aims to deepen our understanding of phytotoxicity and its implications, and offer valuable references and guidance for future research endeavors and practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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2 pages, 151 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Saqib et al. Antidiarrheal and Cardio-Depressant Effects of Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies. Plants 2022, 11, 78

by Fatima Saqib, Faisal Usman, Shehneela Malik, Naheed Bano, Najm Ur-Rahman, Muhammad Riaz, Romina Alina Marc (Vlaic) and Crina Carmen Mureşan

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1999; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141999 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 404

Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spicy and Aromatic Plants)

15 pages, 4155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sunpheno: A Deep Neural Network for Phenological Classification of Sunflower Images

by Sofia A. Bengoa Luoni, Riccardo Ricci, Melanie A. Corzo, Genc Hoxha, Farid Melgani and Paula Fernandez

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141998 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 882

Abstract

Leaf senescence is a complex trait which becomes crucial for grain filling because photoassimilates are translocated to the seeds. Therefore, a correct sync between leaf senescence and phenological stages is necessary to obtain increasing yields. In this study, we evaluated the performance of [...] Read more.

Leaf senescence is a complex trait which becomes crucial for grain filling because photoassimilates are translocated to the seeds. Therefore, a correct sync between leaf senescence and phenological stages is necessary to obtain increasing yields. In this study, we evaluated the performance of five deep machine-learning methods for the evaluation of the phenological stages of sunflowers using images taken with cell phones in the field. From the analysis, we found that the method based on the pre-trained network resnet50 outperformed the other methods, both in terms of accuracy and velocity. Finally, the model generated, Sunpheno, was used to evaluate the phenological stages of two contrasting lines, B481_6 and R453, during senescence. We observed clear differences in phenological stages, confirming the results obtained in previous studies. A database with 5000 images was generated and was classified by an expert. This is important to end the subjectivity involved in decision making regarding the progression of this trait in the field and could be correlated with performance and senescence parameters that are highly associated with yield increase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deciphering Plant Molecular Data Using Computational Methods)

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15 pages, 3373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application and Evaluation of the Antifungal Activities of Glandular Trichome Secretions from Air/Sun-Cured Tobacco Germplasms against Botrytis cinerea

by Jing Liu, Jiao Wang, Yongmei Du, Ning Yan, Xiao Han, Jianhui Zhang, Yuqing Dou and Yanhua Liu

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141997 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 913

Abstract

The secretions of the glandular trichomes of tobacco leaves and flowers contain abundant secondary metabolites of different compounds, such as cebradanes, labdanes, and saccharide esters. These secondary metabolites have shown interesting biological properties, such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant activity. In this study, [...] Read more.

The secretions of the glandular trichomes of tobacco leaves and flowers contain abundant secondary metabolites of different compounds, such as cebradanes, labdanes, and saccharide esters. These secondary metabolites have shown interesting biological properties, such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant activity. In this study, 81 air/sun-cured tobacco germplasms were used as experimental materials. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the glandular secretion components were conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The ethanol extracts of glandular trichomes from tobacco leaves and flowers were evaluated for antifungal activity against the fungus Botrytis cinerea using the mycelial growth rate method. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (OPLS) analysis was then performed to determine the relationship between the trichome secretion components and their anti-fungal activity. The results showed significant differences among the antifungal activities of the tested ethanol extracts of tobacco glandular trichomes. The inhibition rates of the upper leaves and flower extracts against B. cinerea were significantly higher than those of the middle and lower leaves, and 59 germplasms (73.75% of the tested resources) showed antifungal rates higher than 50%, with four germplasms achieving a 95% antifungal rate at the same fresh weight concentration (10 mg/mL). The OPLS analysis revealed that the antifungal activity was primarily associated with alpha-cembratriene-diol (α-CBT-diol (Peak7)) and beta-cembratriene-diol (β-CBT-diol (Peak8)), followed by sucrose esters III (SE(III)) and cembratriene-diol oxide. These findings help identify excellent tobacco germplasms for the development and utilization of botanical pesticides against fungi and provide a theoretical reference for the multipurpose utilization of tobacco germplasms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical Defenses of Plants)

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29 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbial Bioherbicides Based on Cell-Free Phytotoxic Metabolites: Analysis and Perspectives on Their Application in Weed Control as an Innovative Sustainable Solution

by Diego Ocán-Torres, Walter José Martínez-Burgos, Maria Clara Manzoki, Vanete Thomaz Soccol, Carlos José Dalmas Neto and Carlos Ricardo Soccol

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141996 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1276

Abstract

Weeds cause significant agricultural losses worldwide, and herbicides have traditionally been the main solution to this problem. However, the extensive use of herbicides has led to multiple cases of weed resistance, which could generate an increase in the application concentration and consequently a [...] Read more.

Weeds cause significant agricultural losses worldwide, and herbicides have traditionally been the main solution to this problem. However, the extensive use of herbicides has led to multiple cases of weed resistance, which could generate an increase in the application concentration and consequently a higher persistence in the environment, hindering natural degradation processes. Consequently, more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as microbial bioherbicides, have been sought. Although these bioherbicides are promising, their efficacy remains a challenge, as evidenced by their limited commercial and industrial production. This article reviews the current status of microbial-based bioherbicides and highlights the potential of cell-free metabolites to improve their efficacy and commercial attractiveness. Stirred tank bioreactors are identified as the most widely used for production-scale submerged fermentation. In addition, the use of alternative carbon and nitrogen sources, such as industrial waste, supports the circular economy. Furthermore, this article discusses the optimization of downstream processes using bioprospecting and in silico technologies to identify target metabolites, which leads to more precise and efficient production strategies. Bacterial bioherbicides, particularly those derived from Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas, and fungal bioherbicides from genera such as Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma and Phoma, show significant potential. Nevertheless, limitations such as their restricted range of action, their persistence in the environment, and regulatory issues restrict their commercial availability. The utilization of cell-free microbial metabolites is proposed as a promising solution due to their simpler handling and application. In addition, modern technologies, including encapsulation and integrated management with chemical herbicides, are investigated to enhance the efficacy and sustainability of bioherbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioherbicide Development for Weed Control II)

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11 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds in the Oils of the Autochthonous Slovenian Olive Varieties ‘Buga’, ‘Črnica’ and ‘Drobnica’

by Vasilij Valenčič, Milena Bučar-Miklavčič and Maja Podgornik

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1995; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141995 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 641

Abstract

The adaptation of autochthonous olive varieties to local soil and climatic conditions can lead to a unique chemical composition and characteristics of olive oils that may differ from the generally accepted quality standards set out in the International Olive Oil Council strategy documents [...] Read more.

The adaptation of autochthonous olive varieties to local soil and climatic conditions can lead to a unique chemical composition and characteristics of olive oils that may differ from the generally accepted quality standards set out in the International Olive Oil Council strategy documents and EU regulations. Therefore, the fatty acid composition, biophenol, tocopherol, sterol and triterpenic dialcohol content and composition of the autochthonous Slovenian olive varieties ‘Buga’, ‘Črnica’ and ‘Drobnica’ were studied for a three-year period with the aim of valorising the characteristics of the three olive varieties. Standardised and accredited analytical methods in accordance with SIST EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 were applied. The results of the investigation showed that the highest average amount of oleic acid (75.75%) was found in the oils of the ‘Črnica’ variety, followed by the ‘Drobnica’ (72.06%) and the ‘Buga’ (68.73%). All three varieties are a good source of total biophenols (‘Buga’ 616 mg/kg, ‘Drobnica’ 569 mg/kg and ‘Črnica’ 427 mg/kg) and α-tocopherol (‘Buga’ 378 mg/kg, ‘Drobnica’ 279 mg/kg, and ‘Črnica’ 243 mg/kg). ‘Buga’ and ‘Drobnica’ are characterised by high amounts of total sterols, 2468 mg/kg and 2391 mg/kg, respectively, while ‘Črnica’ oils, in comparison, showed a lower average value of total sterols (1351 mg/kg). Due to their exceptional chemical composition, ‘Buga’, ‘Črnica’ and ‘Drobnica’ show great potential for the further cultivation and valorisation of traditional olive oil production in the region, thus contributing to the preservation of biodiversity and local traditions. The quality parameters of olive oil from the autochthonous Slovenian olive varieties ‘Buga’, ‘Črnica’ and ‘Drobnica’ also fulfil the limits for extra virgin olive oil according to the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/2104, despite local climatic influences. However, accelerated growth due to climatic changes affecting early harvest can lead to them falling outside these limits, which was observed in particular for the ‘Buga’ variety in terms of the linoleic acid content. This study emphasises the importance of timing the harvest to achieve optimum maturity and meet EU quality standards, taking into account the genetic makeup of the varieties and their response to the current climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agronomical, Phenotypical and Biochemical Evaluation of Olive)

16 pages, 5970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neighborhood Diversity Promotes Tree Growth in a Secondary Forest: The Interplay of Intraspecific Competition, Interspecific Competition, and Spatial Scale

by Haonan Zhang, Yuanyun Gao, Xiao Zheng, Yaping Hu, Xu Zhou, Yanming Fang, Yao Li, Lei Xie and Hui Ding

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141994 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1121

Abstract

Understanding the biodiversity–productivity relationship (BPR) is crucial for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. While it is known that diversity enhances forest productivity, the underlying mechanisms at the local neighborhood level remain poorly understood. We established a 9.6 ha dynamic forest plot to study [...] Read more.

Understanding the biodiversity–productivity relationship (BPR) is crucial for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. While it is known that diversity enhances forest productivity, the underlying mechanisms at the local neighborhood level remain poorly understood. We established a 9.6 ha dynamic forest plot to study how neighborhood diversity, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition influence tree growth across spatial scales using linear mixed-effects models. Our analysis reveals a significant positive correlation between neighborhood species richness (NSR) and relative growth rate (RGR). Notably, intraspecific competition, measured by conspecific neighborhood density and resource competition, negatively impacts RGR at finer scales, indicating intense competition among conspecifics for limited resources. In contrast, interspecific competition, measured by heterospecific density and resource competition, has a negligible impact on RGR. The relative importance of diversity and intra/interspecific competition in influencing tree growth varies with scale. At fine scales, intraspecific competition dominates negatively, while at larger scales, the positive effect of NSR on RGR increases, contributing to a positive BPR. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between local interactions and spatial scale in modulating tree growth, emphasizing the importance of considering biotic interactions and spatial variability in studying BPR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maintenance and Function of Biodiversity in Forests)

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14 pages, 3422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sphingosine Promotes Fiber Early Elongation in Upland Cotton

by Li Wang, Changyin Jin, Wenqing Zhang, Xueting Mei, Hang Yu, Man Wu, Wenfeng Pei, Jianjiang Ma, Bingbing Zhang, Ming Luo and Jiwen Yu

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141993 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 791

Abstract

Sphingolipids play an important role in cotton fiber development, but the regulatory mechanism is largely unclear. We found that serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) enzyme inhibitors, myriocin and sphingosine (dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and phytosphingosine (PHS)), affected early fiber elongation in cotton, and we performed a sphingolipidomic [...] Read more.

Sphingolipids play an important role in cotton fiber development, but the regulatory mechanism is largely unclear. We found that serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) enzyme inhibitors, myriocin and sphingosine (dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and phytosphingosine (PHS)), affected early fiber elongation in cotton, and we performed a sphingolipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of control and PHS-treated fibers. Myriocin inhibited fiber elongation, while DHS and PHS promoted it in a dose–effect manner. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), we found that contents of 22 sphingolipids in the PHS-treated fibers for 10 days were changed, of which the contents of 4 sphingolipids increased and 18 sphingolipids decreased. The transcriptome analysis identified 432 differentially expressed genes (238 up-regulated and 194 down-regulated) in the PHS-treated fibers. Among them, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway is the most significant enrichment. The expression levels of transcription factors such as MYB, ERF, LBD, and bHLH in the fibers also changed, and most of MYB and ERF were up-regulated. Auxin-related genes IAA, GH3 and BIG GRAIN 1 were up-regulated, while ABPs were down-regulated, and the contents of 3 auxin metabolites were decreased. Our results provide important sphingolipid metabolites and regulatory pathways that influence fiber elongation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Cotton Fiber Gene Regulation)

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23 pages, 24736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Physical Fields (Magnetic and Electric) and LASER Exposure on the Composition and Bioactivity of Cinnamon Bark, Patchouli, and Geranium Essential Oils

by Camelia Scheau, Carmen Rodica Pop, Ancuța Mihaela Rotar, Sonia Socaci, Anamaria Mălinaș, Marius Zăhan, Ștefania Dana Coldea, Viorel Cornel Pop, Nicodim Iosif Fit, Flore Chirilă, Horia Radu Criveanu and Ion Oltean

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141992 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 799

Abstract

In recent years, essential oils (EOs) have received increased attention from the research community, and the EOs of cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium have become highly recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Due to these properties, they have become valuable and [...] Read more.

In recent years, essential oils (EOs) have received increased attention from the research community, and the EOs of cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium have become highly recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Due to these properties, they have become valuable and promising candidates for addressing the worldwide threat of antimicrobial resistance and other diseases. Simultaneously, studies have revealed promising new results regarding the effects of physical fields (magnetic and electric) and LASER (MEL) exposure on seed germination, plant growth, biomass accumulation, and the yield and composition of EOs. In this frame, the present study aims to investigate the influence of MEL treatments on cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium EOs, by specifically examining their composition, antimicrobial properties, and antioxidant activities. Results showed that the magnetic influence has improved the potency of patchouli EO against L. monocytogenes, S. enteritidis, and P. aeruginosa, while the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon EO against L. monocytogenes was enhanced by the electric and laser treatments. All exposures have increased the antifungal effect of geranium EO against C. albicans. The antioxidant activity was not modified by any of the treatments. These findings could potentially pave the way for a deeper understanding of the efficiency, the mechanisms of action, and the utilization of EOs, offering new insights for further exploration and application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

17 pages, 3272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

6-BA Reduced Yield Loss under Waterlogging Stress by Regulating the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Wheat

by Faiza Gulzar, Hongkun Yang, Jiabo Chen, Beenish Hassan, Xiulan Huang and Fangao Qiong

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141991 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

Waterlogging stress causes substantial destruction to plant growth and production under climatic fluctuations globally. Plants hormones have been widely explored in numerous crops, displaying an imperative role in crop defense and growth mechanism. However, there is a paucity of research on the subject [...] Read more.

Waterlogging stress causes substantial destruction to plant growth and production under climatic fluctuations globally. Plants hormones have been widely explored in numerous crops, displaying an imperative role in crop defense and growth mechanism. However, there is a paucity of research on the subject of plant hormones regulating waterlogging stress responses in wheat crop. In this study, we clarified the role of 6-BA in waterlogging stress through inducing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in wheat. The application of 6-BA (6-benzyladenine) enhanced the growth and development of wheat plants under waterlogging stress, which was accompanied by reduced electrolyte leakage, high chlorophyll, and soluble sugar content. ROS scavenging was also enhanced by 6-BA, resulting in reduced MDA and H₂O₂ accumulation and amplified antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, under the effect of 6-BA, the acceleration of lignin content and accumulation in the cell walls of wheat tissues, along with the activation of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), TAL (tyrosine ammonia lyase), and 4CL (4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase) activities and the increase in the level of transcription of the TaPAL and Ta4CL genes, were observed under waterlogging stress. Also, 6-BA improved the root growth system under waterlogging stress conditions. Further qPCR analysis revealed increased auxin signaling (TaPR1) in 6-BA-treated plants under waterlogging stress that was consistent with the induction of endogenous IAA hormone content under waterlogging stress conditions. Here, 6-BA also reduced yield loss, as compared to control plants. Thus, the obtained data suggested that, under the application of 6-BA, phenylpropanoid metabolism (i.e., lignin) was stimulated, playing a significant role in reducing the negative effects of waterlogging stress on yield, as evinced by the improved plant growth parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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17 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress on Salt Tolerance in Brassica napus

by Rui Dai, Na Zhan, Rudan Geng, Kun Xu, Xiangchun Zhou, Lixia Li, Guixin Yan, Fanglin Zhou and Guangqin Cai

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1990; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141990 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1131

Abstract

In China, saline–alkali lands constitute 5.01% of the total land area, having a significant impact on both domestic and international food production. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), as one of the most important oilseed crops in China, has garnered considerable attention due to [...] Read more.

In China, saline–alkali lands constitute 5.01% of the total land area, having a significant impact on both domestic and international food production. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), as one of the most important oilseed crops in China, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential adaptability to saline conditions. Breeding and improving salt-tolerant varieties is a key strategy for the effective utilization of saline lands. Hence, it is important to conduct comprehensive research into the adaptability and salt tolerance mechanisms of Brassica napus in saline environments as well as to breed novel salt-tolerant varieties. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance, physiological and phenotypic indexes, research strategies for the screening of salt-tolerant germplasm resources, and genetic engineering tools for salt stress in Brassica napus. It also introduces various agronomic strategies for applying exogenous substances to alleviate salt stress and provide technological tools and research directions for future research on salt tolerance in Brassica napus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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19 pages, 4499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria Enhance Cadmium Immobilization and Gene Expression in Wheat Roots to Reduce Cadmium Uptake

by Delong Kan, Minyu Tian, Ying Ruan and Hui Han

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141989 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1021

Abstract

The application of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria is an effective method for increasing the available phosphorus content and inhibiting wheat uptake of heavy metals. However, further research is needed on the mechanism by which phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria inhibit cadmium (Cd) uptake in wheat roots and its [...] Read more.

The application of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria is an effective method for increasing the available phosphorus content and inhibiting wheat uptake of heavy metals. However, further research is needed on the mechanism by which phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria inhibit cadmium (Cd) uptake in wheat roots and its impact on the expression of root-related genes. Here, the effects of strain Klebsiella aerogenes M2 on Cd absorption in wheat and the expression of root-related Cd detoxification and immobilization genes were determined. Compared with the control, strain M2 reduced (64.1–64.6%) Cd uptake by wheat roots. Cd fluorescence staining revealed that strain M2 blocked the entry of exogenous Cd into the root interior and enhanced the immobilization of Cd by cell walls. Forty-seven genes related to Cd detoxification, including genes encoding peroxidase, chalcone synthase, and naringenin 3-dioxygenase, were upregulated in the Cd+M2 treatment. Strain M2 enhanced the Cd resistance and detoxification activity of wheat roots through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, strain M2 regulated the expression of genes related to phenylalanine metabolism and the MAPK signaling pathway to enhance Cd immobilization in roots. These results provide a theoretical basis for the use of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria to remediate Cd-contaminated fields and reduce Cd uptake in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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18 pages, 8965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Cassava Pollen Viability and Ovule Fertilizability under Red-Light, 6-Benzyl Adenine, and Silver Thiosulphate Treatments

by Julius K. Baguma, Settumba B. Mukasa, Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula, Ephraim Nuwamanya, Paula Iragaba, Enoch Wembabazi, Michael Kanaabi, Peter T. Hyde, Tim L. Setter, Titus Alicai, Benard Yada, Williams Esuma, Yona Baguma and Robert S. Kawuki

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1988; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141988 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 675

Abstract

Understanding pollen and ovule fertility as factors influencing fruit and seed set is important in cassava breeding. Extended daylength with red light (RL) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been used to induce flowering and fruit set in cassava without any reference to [...] Read more.

Understanding pollen and ovule fertility as factors influencing fruit and seed set is important in cassava breeding. Extended daylength with red light (RL) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been used to induce flowering and fruit set in cassava without any reference to effects on pollen viability or ovule fertilizability. This study investigated the effects of field-applied RL and PGR on pollen viability and ovule fertilizability. Panels of cassava genotypes with early or moderate flowering responses were used. RL was administered from dusk to dawn. Two PGRs, 6-benzyl adenine (BA), a cytokinin and silver thiosulphate (STS), an anti-ethylene, were applied. Pollen viability was assessed based on pollen grain diameter, in vitro stainability, in vivo germinability, ovule fertilizability, and ploidy level. Treating flowers with RL increased the pollen diameter from 145.6 in control to 148.5 µm in RL, 78.5 to 93.0% in stainability, and 52.0 to 56.9% in ovule fertilizability in treated female flowers. The fruit set also increased from 51.5 in control to 71.8% in RL-treated female flowers. The seed set followed a similar trend. The ploidy level of pollen from RL-treated flowers increased slightly and was positively correlated with pollen diameter (R² = 0.09 *), ovule fertilization (R² = 0.20 *), fruit set (R² = 0.59 *), and seed set (R² = 0.60 *). Treating flowers with PGR did not affect pollen diameter but increased stainability from 78.5% in control to 82.1%, ovule fertilizability from 42.9 to 64.9%, and fruit set from 23.2 to 51.9% in PGR-treated female flowers. Combined BA + STS application caused the highest ovule fertilizability, fruit, and seed set efficiency. These results show that RL and PGR treatments increase pollen viability and ovule fertilizability. This is important for planning pollination strategies in cassava breeding programmes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Its Influence on the Growth and Quality of Plants)

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15 pages, 5474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships within Bolbitis sinensis Species Complex Using RAD Sequencing

by Liyun Nie, Yuhan Fang, Zengqiang Xia, Xueying Wei, Zhiqiang Wu, Yuehong Yan and Faguo Wang

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141987 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 654

Abstract

Species identification and phylogenetic relationship clarification are fundamental goals in species delimitation. However, these tasks pose challenges when based on morphologies, geographic distribution, and genomic data. Previously, two species of the fern genus Bolbitis, B. × multipinna and B. longiaurita were described based [...] Read more.

Species identification and phylogenetic relationship clarification are fundamental goals in species delimitation. However, these tasks pose challenges when based on morphologies, geographic distribution, and genomic data. Previously, two species of the fern genus Bolbitis, B. × multipinna and B. longiaurita were described based on morphological traits; they are phylogenetically intertwined with B. sinensis and fail to form monophyletic groups. To address the unclear phylogenetic relationships within the B. sinensis species complex, RAD sequencing was performed on 65 individuals from five populations. Our integrated analysis of phylogenetic trees, neighbor nets, and genetic structures indicate that the B. sinensis species complex should not be considered as separate species. Moreover, our findings reveal differences in the degree of genetic differentiation among the five populations, ranging from low to moderate, which might be influenced by geographical distance and gene flow. The Fst values also confirmed that genetic differentiation intensifies with increasing geographic distance. Collectively, this study clarifies the complex phylogenetic relationships within the B. sinensis species complex, elucidates the genetic diversity and differentiation across the studied populations, and offers valuable genetic insights that contribute to the broader study of evolutionary relationships and population genetics within the Bolbitis species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Evolution in Lycophytes and Ferns)

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17 pages, 3301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Planting Density Increases the Seed Yield by Improving Biomass Accumulation and Regulating the Canopy Structure in Rapeseed

by Guobing Lin, Long Wang, Yiyang Li, Jing Li, Chen Qian, Xia Zhang and Qingsong Zuo

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141986 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 648

Abstract

Planting density is an important factor affecting plant growth and yield formation in rapeseed. However, the understanding of the mechanism underlying the impact of planting density on biomass, canopy, and ultimate seed yield remains limited. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the [...] Read more.

Planting density is an important factor affecting plant growth and yield formation in rapeseed. However, the understanding of the mechanism underlying the impact of planting density on biomass, canopy, and ultimate seed yield remains limited. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of planting density on seed yield, yield components, biomass accumulation and partitioning, and canopy structure. Five planting density levels were set as D1 (2.4 × 10⁵ plants ha⁻¹), D2 (3.6 × 10⁵ plants ha⁻¹), D3 (5.4 × 10⁵ plants ha⁻¹), D4 (6.0 × 10⁵ plants ha⁻¹), and D5 (7.2 × 10⁵ plants ha⁻¹). The results showed that with planting density increasing from D1 to D3, the seed yield, number of pods in population, and 1000-seed weight increased, while seedling survival rate, yield per plant, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per plant decreased. When planting density increased to D4 and D5, seed yield dramatically decreased due to a decreased number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. Increasing planting density from D1 to D3 increased biomass accumulation in all organs. D3 produced the highest biomass partitioning in seeds. In addition, D2 and D3 treatments had a high level of pod area index (5.3–5.8), which caused an approximately 93% of the light to be intercepted. The distribution of light in D2 and D3 was more evenly spread, with the upper and lower parts of the canopy displaying a distribution ratio of roughly 7:3. Therefore, D2 and D3 produced the highest seed yields. In conclusion, D2 and D3 are recommended in rapeseed production due to their role in improving biomass accumulation and partitioning and canopy structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Genetic Factors in Field Crop Production and Improvement: Mechanisms and Regulation)

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17 pages, 643 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Products as Hepatoprotective Agents—A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Trials

by Piotr Służały, Paweł Paśko and Agnieszka Galanty

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141985 - 20 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1228

Abstract

The hepatoprotective effects of natural products have been a significant focus in recent decades due to the growing demand for the help in the treatment of hepatic impairments. This review specifically delves into the findings of clinical trials involving 13 selected natural products, [...] Read more.

The hepatoprotective effects of natural products have been a significant focus in recent decades due to the growing demand for the help in the treatment of hepatic impairments. This review specifically delves into the findings of clinical trials involving 13 selected natural products, namely plants and their derived compounds (e.g., artichoke, berberine, and turmeric), algae (e.g., spirulina), probiotics, and other products like phospholipids and vitamin D. A literature search was performed in the Scopus database, PubMed, and Google Scholar, covering all articles found up to June 2024. Artichoke, berberine, chlorella, chicory, green tea, probiotics, phospholipids, schisandra, silymarin, spirulina, and vitamin D caused a decrease in liver enzymes, while for cinnamon and turmeric such an effect was either not observed or not convincing. The presented results indicate that some natural products might satisfactorily improve hepatic outcomes in NAFLD, NASH, and other liver disorders; however, further studies and metanalyses are needed to clearly demonstrate their effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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18 pages, 9522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in the Floral Morphology of Prosthechea karwinskii (Orchidaceae), a Mexican Endemic Orchid at Risk

by María Hipólita Santos-Escamilla, Gabriela Cruz-Lustre, Manuel Cuéllar-Martínez, Luicita Lagunez-Rivera and Rodolfo Solano

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141984 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1161

Abstract

Prosthechea karwinskii is an orchid endemic to Mexico, threatened by the destruction of its habitat and the extraction of specimens to meet its demand for ornamental and religious use. Most of its populations, including the most locally abundant ones, are found in Oaxaca [...] Read more.

Prosthechea karwinskii is an orchid endemic to Mexico, threatened by the destruction of its habitat and the extraction of specimens to meet its demand for ornamental and religious use. Most of its populations, including the most locally abundant ones, are found in Oaxaca state. Variations in some floral traits have been observed in these populations. We implemented a morphometric analysis to assess their floral variation and identify the most significant characters in the morphological patterns of this orchid. Floral samples were collected from 17 populations of P. karwinskii in Oaxaca, as well as from specimens used as ornaments during Easter in an Oaxacan community (Zaachila), whose origin is unknown. Sampling of natural populations covered the environmental, geographic, and morphological variation of the species. We performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variate analysis (CVA), and cluster analysis, including 185 individuals and 45 variables (12 of them were discarded in the multivariate analyses due to high correlation). Characters of the column, lateral sepal, and labellum were most informative for the observed morphological patterns. Albarradas showed the greatest morphological differentiation, mainly due to the column. In general, individuals from the same locality tended to overlap more, especially the populations of Jaltianguis and Yahuiche, which were different from the geographically close population of Etla. Teposcolula presented the highest values in perianth characters, unlike Sola_Rancho Viejo. The specimens recovered from religious ornaments were morphologically more similar to those from Yanhuitlan and Etla. This morphometric analysis identified characters as potential taxonomic markers for P. karwinskii and related species, showing its potential to associate specimens of unknown origin with their probable geographical region. Our work encourages working on collaborative conservation strategies to ensure the long-term permanence of both the species and its traditional uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epiphytic Plants: Perspective on Their Diversity, Distribution, Systematics and Conservation in the Changing Environment)

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15 pages, 9466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Xylem Sap Proteome Analysis Provides Insight into Root–Shoot Communication in Response to flg22

by Romana Kopecká and Martin Černý

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141983 - 20 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 784

Abstract

Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity and reproducibility of xylem sap proteome analyses, using a single plant per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum and [...] Read more.

Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity and reproducibility of xylem sap proteome analyses, using a single plant per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum and Hordeum vulgare. By analyzing the flg22 response, we identified immune response components not detectable through root or shoot analyses. Notably, we discovered previously unknown elements of the plant immune system, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases and G-type lectin receptor kinases. Despite similarities in the metabolic pathways identified in the xylem sap of both plants, the flg22 response differed significantly: S. tuberosum exhibited 78 differentially abundant proteins, whereas H. vulgare had over 450. However, an evolutionarily conserved overlap in the flg22 response proteins was evident, particularly in the CAZymes and lipid metabolism pathways, where lipid transfer proteins and lipases showed a similar response to flg22. Additionally, many proteins without conserved signal sequences for extracellular targeting were found, such as members of the HSP70 family. Interestingly, the HSP70 response to flg22 was specific to the xylem sap proteome, suggesting a unique regulatory role in the extracellular space similar to that reported in mammalians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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16 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saponin and Phenolic Composition and Assessment of Biological Activities of Saponaria officinalis L. Root Extracts

by Despina Charalambous, Michalis Christoforou, Krystallo Christou, Melina Christou, Antonis Ververis, Marios Andreou, Kyproula Christodoulou, Andrie Koutsoulidou, Christoforos Papachrysostomou and Maria Pantelidou

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141982 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1291

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the saponin and phenolic components in root extracts of Saponaria officinalis, a widespread species, found in Cyprus. A total of six major saponins, including gypsogenin and gypsogenic acid derivatives, as well as saponariosides C, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to identify the saponin and phenolic components in root extracts of Saponaria officinalis, a widespread species, found in Cyprus. A total of six major saponins, including gypsogenin and gypsogenic acid derivatives, as well as saponariosides C, D, and E, were identified using UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis, with gypsogenin derivatives being the most common saponins detected through quantitative analysis. A total of six phenolic compounds were also identified, including rutin, quercetin galactoside, syringic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic, and vanillic acid. In addition to their saponin and phenolic contents, the root extracts were prepared through different extraction methods, and their biological activity was assessed. All samples demonstrated antioxidant capacity, as well as antibacterial activity, against four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella enteritidis), with the acetone extract presenting higher susceptibility. The evaluation of anticancer activity in A375 (human malignant melanoma), HeLa (human cervical epithelioid carcinoma), and HaCaT (healthy human keratinocytes) cell lines revealed that the acetone extract of S. officinalis extract demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A375 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. None of the extracts demonstrated anti-neurotoxic potential against Aβ_25–35cytotoxic peptides. The results of this study support previous findings that reveal that the Saponaria species are an excellent natural source of biologically active compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isoprenoids: Metabolic Mechanisms, Bioactivity and Application)

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17 pages, 3196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Root Influences Rhizosphere Hydraulic Properties through Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Activity

by Aline Martineli Batista, Thaís Nascimento Pessoa, Fernando Ferrari Putti, Fernando Dini Andreote and Paulo Leonel Libardi

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141981 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1232

Abstract

Processes of water retention and movement and the hydraulic conductivity are altered in the rhizosphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical-hydric properties of soil aggregates in the rhizosphere of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cropped in a Kandiudalfic [...] Read more.

Processes of water retention and movement and the hydraulic conductivity are altered in the rhizosphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical-hydric properties of soil aggregates in the rhizosphere of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cropped in a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox, taking into account aspects related to soil aggregate stability. Soil aggregates from rhizosphere soil (RZS) and soil between plant rows (SBP) were used to determine soil water retention curves (SWRCs) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat). In addition, properties related to soil aggregate stability, such as water-dispersible clay, soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial activity, were also assessed. The higher microbial activity observed in the RZS was facilitated by increased SOC and microbial activity, resulting in improved soil aggregation (less water-dispersible clay). For nearly all measured matric potentials, RZS had a higher water content than SBP. This was attributed to the stability of aggregates, increase in SOC content, and the root exudates, which improved soil water retention. The increase in total porosity in RZS was associated with improved soil aggregation, which prevents deterioration of the soil pore space and results in higher K_sat and hydraulic conductivity as a function of the effective relative saturation in RZS compared to SBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Soil Interaction Response to Global Change)

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CRLNet: A Multimodal Peach Detection Network Based on Cooperative Asymptotic Enhancement and the Fusion of Granularity Refinement

by Jiahao Liu, Chaoying He, Mingfang Wang, Yichu Jiang, Manman Sun, Miying Yan and Mingfang He

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141980 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 785

Abstract

Accurate peach detection is essential for automated agronomic management, such as mechanical peach harvesting. However, ubiquitous occlusion makes identifying peaches from complex backgrounds extremely challenging. In addition, it is difficult to capture fine-grained peach features from a single RGB image, which can suffer [...] Read more.

Accurate peach detection is essential for automated agronomic management, such as mechanical peach harvesting. However, ubiquitous occlusion makes identifying peaches from complex backgrounds extremely challenging. In addition, it is difficult to capture fine-grained peach features from a single RGB image, which can suffer from light and noise in scenarios with dense small target clusters and extreme light. To solve these problems, this study proposes a multimodal detector, called CRLNet, based on RGB and depth images. First, YOLOv9 was extended to design a backbone network that can extract RGB and depth features in parallel from an image. Second, to address the problem of information fusion bias, the Rough–Fine Hybrid Attention Fusion Module (RFAM) was designed to combine the advantageous information of different modes while suppressing the hollow noise at the edge of the peach. Finally, a Transformer-based Local–Global Joint Enhancement Module (LGEM) was developed to jointly enhance the local and global features of peaches using information from different modalities in order to enhance the percentage of information about the target peaches and remove the interference of redundant background information. CRLNet was trained on the Peach dataset and evaluated against other state-of-the-art methods; the model achieved an

m A P_{50}

of 97.1%. In addition, CRLNet also achieved an

m A P_{50}

of 92.4% in generalized experiments, validating its strong generalization capability. These results provide valuable insights for peach and other outdoor fruit multimodal detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensing, Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Solutions for Precision Horticulture, Tree Ecophysiology and Phenotyping)

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Plants, Volume 13, Issue 14 (July-2 2024) – 126 articles

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