Plants

14 pages, 5080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trade-Offs Between Hydraulic Efficiency and Safety in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Stems Under Elevated CO₂ and Salt Stress

by Qing Zhao, Jinliang Chen, Jian Kang and Shaozhong Kang

Plants 2025, 14(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020298 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 632

Abstract

Plants respond to environmental changes by altering the anatomical structure of the xylem and its hydraulic properties. While numerous studies have explored the effects of individual environmental factors on crops, the combined interactions of these factors remain underexplored. As climate change intensifies, the [...] Read more.

Plants respond to environmental changes by altering the anatomical structure of the xylem and its hydraulic properties. While numerous studies have explored the effects of individual environmental factors on crops, the combined interactions of these factors remain underexplored. As climate change intensifies, the occurrence of salt stress is becoming more frequent, alongside a rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentration. This study aims to investigate the effects of elevated CO₂ and salt stress on the hydraulic traits and xylem anatomical structures of cotton stems. Potted cotton plants were exposed to different CO₂ concentrations (aC: 400 ppm; eC: 800 ppm) and salinity levels (aS: 0‰ soil salinity; eS: 6‰ soil salinity). The study found that under eC and eS conditions, a trade-off exists between hydraulic efficiency and safety in cotton stems, which may be partially attributed to xylem anatomical structures. Specifically, eS significantly reduced stem hydraulic conductivity under aC conditions and decreased vessel diameter but increased the proportion of small-diameter vessels and enhanced implosion resistance ((t/b)²), which strengthened the xylem’s resistance to salt-induced embolism. eC altered the response pattern of xylem hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance to salt stress, with increased vessel diameter enhancing hydraulic conductivity but reducing xylem resistance to embolism. These findings enhance our comprehension of plant hydraulic adaptation under future climatic conditions and provide new insights into the trade-offs between xylem structure and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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19 pages, 4429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Series of Novel Alleles of Ehd2 Modulating Heading and Salt Tolerance in Rice

by Peng Xu, Shulei Hao, Xiaoxia Wen, Guifang Ma, Qinqin Yang, Ling Liu, Galal Bakr Anis, Yingxin Zhang, Lianping Sun, Xihong Shen, Qunen Liu, Daibo Chen, Yongbo Hong, Yuyu Chen, Xiaodeng Zhan, Shihua Cheng, Liyong Cao and Weixun Wu

Plants 2025, 14(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020297 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 477

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop for nearly half of the global population and one of China’s most extensively cultivated cereals. Heading date, a critical agronomic trait, determines the regional and seasonal adaptability of rice varieties. In this study, a [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop for nearly half of the global population and one of China’s most extensively cultivated cereals. Heading date, a critical agronomic trait, determines the regional and seasonal adaptability of rice varieties. In this study, a series of mutants (elh5 to elh12) exhibiting extremely late heading under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions were identified from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant library. Using MutMap and map-based cloning, the causative gene was identified as a novel allele of Ehd2/OsID1/RID1/Ghd10. Functional validation through CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and complementation assays confirmed its role in regulating heading. The elh6 mutation was found to cause intron retention due to alternative splicing. Ehd2 encodes a Cys-2/His-2-type zinc finger transcription factor with an IDD domain and transcriptional activity in yeast. Its expression peaks in developing leaves before heading and spikes during reproductive conversion. In elh6 mutants, delayed heading resulted from downregulating the Ehd1-Hd3a pathway genes. Salinity stress significantly hampers rice growth and productivity. Transcriptomic analysis of elh10 and ZH8015 seedlings exposed to salt stress for 24 h identified 5150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the seedling stage, predominantly linked to stress response pathways. Ehd2 was revealed as a modulator of salt tolerance, likely through the regulation of ion transport, enzyme activity, and antioxidant systems. This study establishes Ehd2 as a pivotal factor in promoting heading while negatively regulating salt tolerance in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Breeding and Germplasm Improvement of Rice—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 5814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melatonin Enhances Maize Germination, Growth, and Salt Tolerance by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Antioxidant Systems

by Wei-Qing Li, Jia-Yu Li, Shao-Jie Bi, Jia-Yue Jin, Zhong-Ling Fan, Zi-Lin Shang, Yi-Fei Zhang and Yan-Jie Wang

Plants 2025, 14(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020296 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 532

Abstract

Melatonin (MT) is a crucial hormone that controls and positively regulates plant growth under abiotic stress, but the biochemical and physiological processes of the combination of melatonin seed initiation and exogenous spray treatments and their effects on maize germination and seedling salt tolerance [...] Read more.

Melatonin (MT) is a crucial hormone that controls and positively regulates plant growth under abiotic stress, but the biochemical and physiological processes of the combination of melatonin seed initiation and exogenous spray treatments and their effects on maize germination and seedling salt tolerance are not well understood. Consequently, in this research, we utilized the maize cultivars Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Demeiya 1 (DMY1), which are extensively marketed in northeastern China’s high-latitude cold regions, to reveal the modulating effects of melatonin on maize salinity tolerance by determining the impacts of varying concentrations of melatonin on maize seedling growth characteristics, osmoregulation, antioxidant systems, and gene expression. The findings revealed that salt stress (100 mM NaCl) significantly inhibited maize seed germination and seedling development, which resulted in significant increases in the H₂O₂ and O₂⁻ content and decreases in the antioxidant enzyme activity and photosynthetic pigment content in maize seedlings. However, exogenous melatonin considerably reduced the development inhibition caused by salt stress in maize seedlings. Moreover, exogenous melatonin alleviated NaCl-induced membrane damage and oxidative stress, and reduced Na⁺ content and excessively large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, exogenous melatonin increased antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression of the antioxidant enzyme genes ZmSOD4, ZmCAT2, and ZmAPX2. This study demonstrates the potential role of combined melatonin seed initiation and foliar spray treatments in mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress on maize growth, giving a theoretical foundation to future research on the possible advantages of exogenous regulating chemicals in attaining sustainable production in salt-alkaline soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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20 pages, 4631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Transcriptomic Analysis of Inbred Lines Reveal Candidate Genes for Response to Maize Lethal Necrosis

by Ann Murithi, Gayathri Panangipalli, Zhengyu Wen, Michael S. Olsen, Thomas Lübberstedt, Kanwarpal S. Dhugga and Mark Jung

Plants 2025, 14(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020295 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a significant threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with limited commercial inbred lines displaying tolerance. This study analyzed the transcriptomes of four commercially used maize inbred lines and a non-adapted inbred line, all with varying response [...] Read more.

Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) is a significant threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with limited commercial inbred lines displaying tolerance. This study analyzed the transcriptomes of four commercially used maize inbred lines and a non-adapted inbred line, all with varying response levels to MLN. RNA-Seq revealed differentially expressed genes in response to infection by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), the causative agents of MLN. Key findings included the identification of components of the plant innate immune system, such as differentially regulated R genes (mainly LRRs), and activation/deactivation of virus resistance pathways, including RNA interference (RNAi) via Argonaute (AGO), Dicer-like proteins, and the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) via RING/U-box and ubiquitin ligases. Genes associated with redox signaling, WRKY transcription factors, and cell modification were also differentially expressed. Additionally, the expression of translation initiation and elongation factors, eIF4E and eIF4G, correlated with the presence of MLN viruses. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of MLN resistance and highlight potential gene candidates for engineering or selecting MLN-resistant maize germplasm for SSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Functional Genomics and Biological Breeding)

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20 pages, 3668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arabidopsis Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 3, and Its Orthologues OsCPK1, OsCPK15, and AcCPK16, Are Involved in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

by Gardette R. Valmonte-Cortes, Colleen M. Higgins and Robin M. MacDiarmid

Plants 2025, 14(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020294 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are plant proteins that directly bind calcium ions before phosphorylating substrates involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as development. Arabidopsis thaliana CPK3 (AtCPK3) is involved with plant signaling pathways such as stomatal movement regulation, [...] Read more.

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are plant proteins that directly bind calcium ions before phosphorylating substrates involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as development. Arabidopsis thaliana CPK3 (AtCPK3) is involved with plant signaling pathways such as stomatal movement regulation, salt stress response, apoptosis, seed germination and pathogen defense. In this study, AtCPK3 and its orthologues in relatively distant plant species such as rice (Oryza sativa, monocot) and kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis, asterid eudicot) were analyzed in response to drought, bacteria, fungi, and virus infections. Two orthologues were studied in O. sativa, namely OsCPK1 and OsCPK15, while one orthologue—AcCPK16—was identified in A. chinensis. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that OsCPK1 and AcCPK16 exhibit similar responses to stressors to AtCPK3. OsCPK15 responded differently, particularly in bacterial and fungal infections. An increase in expression was consistently observed among AtCPK3 and its orthologues in response to virus infection. Overexpression mutants in both Arabidopsis and kiwifruit showed slight tolerance to drought, while knockout mutants were slightly more susceptible or had little difference with wild-type plants. Overexpression mutants in Arabidopsis showed slight tolerance to virus infection. These findings highlight the importance of AtCPK3 and its orthologues in drought and pathogen responses and suggest such function must be conserved in its orthologues in a wide range of plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic and Biotic Stress of the Crops and Horticultural Plants)

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17 pages, 12097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MaxEnt-Based Predictions of Suitable Potential Distribution of Leymus secalinus Under Current and Future Climate Change

by Shimeng Zhao, Zongxian Zhang, Changyu Gao, Yiding Dong, Zeyao Jing, Lixia Du and Xiangyang Hou

Plants 2025, 14(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020293 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 514

Abstract

Grassland degradation is a serious ecological issue in the farming–pastoral ecotone of northern China. Utilizing native grasses for the restoration of degraded grasslands is an effective technological approach. Leymus secalinus is a superior indigenous grass species for grassland ecological restoration in northern China. [...] Read more.

Grassland degradation is a serious ecological issue in the farming–pastoral ecotone of northern China. Utilizing native grasses for the restoration of degraded grasslands is an effective technological approach. Leymus secalinus is a superior indigenous grass species for grassland ecological restoration in northern China. Therefore, the excavation of potential distribution areas of L. secalinus and important ecological factors affecting its distribution is crucial for grassland conservation and restoration of degraded grasslands. Based on 357 data points collected on the natural distribution of L. secalinus, this study employs the jackknife method and Pearson correlation analysis to screen out 23 variables affecting its spatial distribution. The MaxEnt model was used herein to predict the current suitable distribution area of L. secalinus and the suitable distribution of L. secalinus under different SSP scenarios (SSP1-26, SSP2-45, and SSP5-85) for future climate. The results showed the following: (1) Mean diurnal temperature range, annual mean temperature, precipitation of the wettest quarter, and elevation are the major factors impacting the distribution of L. secalinus. (2) Under the current climatic conditions, L. secalinus is mainly distributed in the farming–pastoral ecotone of northern China; in addition, certain suitable areas also exist in parts of Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, and Jilin. (3) Under future climate change scenarios, the suitable areas for L. secalinus are generally the same as at present, with slight changes in area under different scenarios, with the largest expansion of 97,222 km² of suitable area in 2021–2040 under the SSP1-26 scenario and the largest shrinkage of potential suitable area in 2061–2080 under the SSP2-45 scenario, with 87,983 km². Notably, the northern boundary of the middle- and high-suitability areas is reduced, while the northeastern boundary and some areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin are expanded. The results of this study revealed the suitable climatic conditions and potential distribution range of L. secalinus, which can provide a reference for the conservation, introduction, and cultivation of L. secalinus in new ecological zones, avoiding the blind introduction of inappropriate habitats, and is also crucial for sustaining the economic benefits associated with L. secalinus ecological services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to a Changing Climate: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives)

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24 pages, 4188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Tryptamines in Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.)

by Martin J. Spiering, James F. Parsons and Edward Eisenstein

Plants 2025, 14(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020292 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 491

Abstract

Botanical dietary supplements are widely used, but issues of authenticity, consistency, safety, and efficacy that complicate their poorly understood mechanism of action have prompted questions and concerns in the popular and scientific literature. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L., syn. Cimicifuga racemosa, [...] Read more.

Botanical dietary supplements are widely used, but issues of authenticity, consistency, safety, and efficacy that complicate their poorly understood mechanism of action have prompted questions and concerns in the popular and scientific literature. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L., syn. Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt., Ranunculaceae) is a multicomponent botanical therapeutic used as a popular remedy for menopause and dysmenorrhea and explored as a treatment in breast and prostate cancer. However, its use and safety are controversial. A. racemosa tissues contain the bioactive serotonin analog N-methylserotonin, which is thought to contribute to the serotonergic activities of black cohosh–containing preparations. A. racemosa has several TDC-like genes hypothesized to encode tryptophan decarboxylases (TDCs) converting L-tryptophan to tryptamine, a direct serotonin precursor in plants. Expression of black cohosh TDC1, TDC2, and TDC3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the production of tryptamine. TDC1 and TDC3 had approximately fourfold higher activity than TDC2, which was attributable to a variable Cys/Ser active site residue identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Co-expression in yeast of the high-activity black cohosh TDCs with the next enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), from rice (Oryza sativa) resulted in the production of serotonin, whereas co-expression with low-activity TDCs did not, suggesting that TDC activity is a rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. Two T5H-like sequences were identified in A. racemose, but their co-expression with the high-activity TDCs in yeast did not result in serotonin production. TDC expression was detected in several black cohosh tissues, and phytochemical analysis using LC-MS revealed several new tryptamines, including tryptamine and serotonin, along with N-methylserotonin and, interestingly, N-N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine), which may contribute to hepatotoxicity. Incubation of A. racemosa leaves with tryptamine and N-methyltryptamine resulted in increased concentrations of serotonin and N-methylserotonin, respectively, suggesting that methylation of tryptamine precedes hydroxylation in the biosynthesis of N-methylserotonin. This work indicates a significantly greater variety of serotonin derivatives in A. racemosa than previously reported. Moreover, the activities of the TDCs underscore their key role in the production of serotonergic compounds in A. racemosa. Finally, it is proposed that tryptamine is first methylated and then hydroxylated to form the black cohosh signature compound N-methylserotonin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

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19 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Species Diversity, Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration Potential in the Protected Area of Uttarakhand, India

by Geetanjali Upadhyay, Lalit M. Tewari, Ashish Tewari, Naveen Chandra Pandey, Sheetal Koranga, Zishan Ahmad Wani, Geeta Tewari and Ravi K. Chaturvedi

Plants 2025, 14(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020291 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 585

Abstract

Ecosystem functioning and management are primarily concerned with addressing climate change and biodiversity loss, which are closely linked to carbon stock and species diversity. This research aimed to quantify forest understory (shrub and herb) diversity, tree biomass and carbon sequestration in the Binsar [...] Read more.

Ecosystem functioning and management are primarily concerned with addressing climate change and biodiversity loss, which are closely linked to carbon stock and species diversity. This research aimed to quantify forest understory (shrub and herb) diversity, tree biomass and carbon sequestration in the Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary. Using random sampling methods, data were gathered from six distinct forest communities. The study identified 271 vascular plants from 208 genera and 74 families. A notable positive correlation (r² = 0.085, p < 0.05) was observed between total tree density and total tree basal area (TBA), shrub density (r² = 0.09), tree diversity (D) (r² = 0.58), shrub diversity (r² = 0.81), and tree species richness (SR) (r² = 0.96). Conversely, a negative correlation was found with the concentration of tree dominance (CD) (r² = 0.43). The Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum and Quercus floribunda (QL-RA-QF) community(higher altitudinal zone) exhibited the highest tree biomass (568.8 Mg ha⁻¹), while the (Pinus roxburghii and Quercus leucotrichophora) PR-QL (N) community (lower altitudinal zone) in the north aspect showed the lowest (265.7 Mg ha⁻¹). Carbon sequestration was highest in the Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus floribunda and Rhododendron arboreum (QL-QF-RA) (higher altitudinal zone) community (7.48 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and lowest in the PR-QL (S) (middle altitudinal zone) community in the south aspect (5.5 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). The relationships between carbon stock and various functional parameters such as tree density, total basal area of tree and diversity of tree showed significant positive correlations. The findings of the study revealed significant variations in the structural attributes of trees, shrubs and herbs across different forest stands along altitudinal gradients. This current study’s results highlighted the significance of wildlife sanctuaries, which not only aid in wildlife preservation but also provide compelling evidence supporting forest management practices that promote the planting of multiple vegetation layers in landscape restoration as a means to enhance biodiversity and increase resilience to climate change. Further, comprehending the carbon storage mechanisms of these forests will be critical for developing environmental management strategies aimed at alleviating the impacts of climate change in the years to come. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Functional Diversity and Nutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems)

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12 pages, 2479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VsMATE1-Mediated Citrate Efflux Is Involved in Al Resistance in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

by Wenhui Yan, Jia Shi, Ling He, Zigang Hou, Zhenfei Guo and Haifeng Zhu

Plants 2025, 14(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020290 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 396

Abstract

Planting aluminum-tolerant legume green manure is a cost-effective and sustainable method to increase soil fertility as well as decrease Al toxicity in acidic soils. By analyzing the relative root elongation of seven legume green manure species, common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) was [...] Read more.

Planting aluminum-tolerant legume green manure is a cost-effective and sustainable method to increase soil fertility as well as decrease Al toxicity in acidic soils. By analyzing the relative root elongation of seven legume green manure species, common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) was identified as an Al-resistant species. Furthermore, cultivars 418 (cv. Sujian No.3) and 426 (cv. Lanjian No.3) were identified as Al-resistant and -sensitive cultivars, respectively, among 12 common vetch germplasms. The root growth of 418 was less inhibited by Al toxicity in both the germination stage and seedling stage than that of 426. Under Al toxicity, 418 accumulated less Al in both roots and shoots. Citrate is more abundant in the roots of common vetch compared to oxalate or malate. The internal citrate contents showed no significant difference between 418 and 426 under either control or Al treatment. However, the citrate efflux increased in response to Al in 418 but not in 426 and was higher in 418 under Al stress than in 426. Consistently, VsMATE1 expression increased faster and to a greater extent in 418 than 426 in response to Al stress. These results indicated that a VsMATE1-mediated citrate efflux might play an important role in Al resistance in common vetch. It is suggested that VsMATE1 is a valuable candidate gene for aluminum resistance breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Forage Stress Biology: Mechanisms and Adaptation Strategies)

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27 pages, 9904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Compounds and Pharmacological Potential of Lavandula angustifolia Extracts for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Olha Mykhailenko, Viktoriia Hurina, Nataliia Herbina, Yuliia Maslii, Liudas Ivanauskas, Inna Vladymyrova, Dmytro Lytkin, Zigmantas Gudžinskas, Hanna Severina, Olena Ruban and Victoriya Georgiyants

Plants 2025, 14(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020289 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 926

Abstract

The search for neuroprotective compounds in lavender is driven by its traditional use for brain health, with antioxidant activity serving as a key mechanism in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function. Lavender’s potential to protect neurons is based on its calming, anti-stress [...] Read more.

The search for neuroprotective compounds in lavender is driven by its traditional use for brain health, with antioxidant activity serving as a key mechanism in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function. Lavender’s potential to protect neurons is based on its calming, anti-stress properties, which increase the brain’s resistance to neurodegeneration. Although lavender is not a traditional medicinal plant in Ukraine, it is increasingly recognised for its medicinal properties and is widely cultivated in the country. Lavender use in Ukraine is influenced by both global herbal practices and local medical traditions. The aim of this study was to optimise the preparation of lavender herb extracts, perform chemical profiling and evaluate their antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The study focused on Lavandula angustifolia cultivated in Lviv, Ukraine. Modern analytical methods were used, including HPLC, spectrophotometry, molecular docking, lyophilisation and pharmacological testing. The selection of the optimal conditions for obtaining lavender herb extracts was determined on the basis of the results of the total yield of phenolic compounds in each extract, where it was found that the raw material–solvent ratio (1:10) in water and 50% ethanol gave the highest yield of substances; the preferred extraction time was 20 min, and the temperature was 60–70 °C, especially for water extraction. Further HPLC analysis identified marker compounds including rosmarinic acid (28.31 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (1.64 mg/g) and luteolin (0.23 mg/g) in the lyophilised ethanol extract, which were previously recognised as neuroprotective markers by molecular docking. The water extract showed higher antioxidant (total 50.85 mg/g) and neuroprotective activity, probably due to synergistic interactions among the components. Behavioural tests further demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of lavender herb. These results demonstrate the potential neuroprotective activity of lavender herb and open new possibilities for its use in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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16 pages, 3299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus Infection in Lemon Influences Host Preference of the Citrus Whitefly by Affecting the Host Metabolite Composition

by Yong-Duo Sun, Christopher M. Wallis, Rodrigo Krugner and Raymond Yokomi

Plants 2025, 14(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020288 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 533

Abstract

Plant viruses have been known to alter host metabolites that influence the attraction of insect vectors. Our study investigated whether Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) infection influences vector attractiveness, focusing on the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead). Free choice assays showed that [...] Read more.

Plant viruses have been known to alter host metabolites that influence the attraction of insect vectors. Our study investigated whether Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) infection influences vector attractiveness, focusing on the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead). Free choice assays showed that citrus whiteflies exhibited a preference for settling on CYVCV-infected lemon plants versus healthy control plants. Using chromatography techniques, we found that the levels of sugars were similar in leaves and stems of both plant groups, while the contents of several amino acids in leaf or stem samples and non-volatile phenolic compounds in the leaf samples of CYVCV-infected and healthy plants differ drastically. In addition, volatile terpenes/terpenoids decreased significantly in virus-infected plants compared to healthy controls. Several of the identified volatile compounds such as α-phellandrene, α-terpinolene, p-cymene, linalool, and citral are known for their whitefly repellent properties. Further Y-tube olfactometer bioassays revealed that emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from infected plants attracted more citrus whiteflies, but not alate spirea aphids, Aphis spiraecola Patch, than those from healthy plants, suggesting that the VOCs released from CYVCV-infected lemon plants may specifically affect citrus whiteflies. Therefore, we suggest that, in addition to the visual cue of yellow vein symptoms, the preference of citrus whiteflies that settled on CYVCV-infected lemon plants was attributed to a reduction in the levels of repellent volatile compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Secondary Metabolites in Plants)

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16 pages, 4866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Central Asia Cold Case: Siberian Pine Fingers New Suspects in Growth Decline CA 1700 CE

by David M. Meko, Dina F. Zhirnova, Liliana V. Belokopytova, Yulia A. Kholdaenko, Elena A. Babushkina, Nariman B. Mapitov and Eugene A. Vaganov

Plants 2025, 14(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020287 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Tree-ring width chronologies of Pinus sibirica Du Tour from near the upper treeline in the Western Sayan, Southern Siberia are found to have an exceptional (below mean–3SD) multi-year drop near 1700 CE, highlighted by the seven narrowest-ring years in a 1524–2022 regional chronology [...] Read more.

Tree-ring width chronologies of Pinus sibirica Du Tour from near the upper treeline in the Western Sayan, Southern Siberia are found to have an exceptional (below mean–3SD) multi-year drop near 1700 CE, highlighted by the seven narrowest-ring years in a 1524–2022 regional chronology occurring in the short span of one decade. Tree rings are sometimes applied to reconstruct seasonal air temperatures; therefore, it is important to identify other factors that may have contributed to the growth suppression. The spatiotemporal scope of the “nosedive” in tree growth is investigated with a large network of P. sibirica (14 sites) and Larix sibirica Ledeb. (61 sites) chronologies, as well as with existing climatic reconstructions, natural archives, documentary evidence (e.g., earthquake records), and climate maps based on 20th-century reanalysis data. We conclude that stress from low summer temperatures in the Little Ice Age was likely exacerbated by tree damage associated with weather extremes, including infamous Mongolian “dzuds”, over 1695–1704. A tropical volcanic eruption in 1695 is proposed as the root cause of these disturbances through atmospheric circulation changes, possibly an amplified Scandinavia Northern Hemisphere teleconnection pattern. Conifer tree rings and forest productivity recorded this event across all of Altai–Sayan region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to a Changing Climate: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives)

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15 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yield and Sensorial and Nutritional Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Fruits from Plants Grown Under Different Amounts of Irrigation in Soilless Cultivation

by Davide Raffaelli, Rohullah Qaderi, Luca Mazzoni, Bruno Mezzetti and Franco Capocasa

Plants 2025, 14(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020286 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 649

Abstract

Water scarcity is an ecological issue affecting over 10% of Europe. It is intensified by rising temperatures, leading to greater evaporation and reduced precipitation. Agriculture has been confirmed as the sector accounting for the highest water consumption globally, and it faces significant challenges [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is an ecological issue affecting over 10% of Europe. It is intensified by rising temperatures, leading to greater evaporation and reduced precipitation. Agriculture has been confirmed as the sector accounting for the highest water consumption globally, and it faces significant challenges relating to drought, impacting crop yields and food security. Sustainable practices, precision irrigation, and the development of drought-resistant crops are essential for the mitigation of this threat. Effective, innovative solutions are crucial for optimizing water use for intensive crops such as cultivated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa). This study emphasizes the importance of identifying the genotypes most resilient to low water availability. Experimental trials involving reduced irrigation levels were set up to identify genotypes with a greater capacity to increase fruit quality and maintain fruit yield. Reduced water conditions positively influenced strawberry fruit quality, exhibiting improved citric acid, soluble solids, and color brightness linked to decreased water use, while firmness remained stable. Notably, the total phenolic content was most affected by stress, indicating strong antioxidant responses. With these interesting variations in fruit quality came a different response in plant yield. Plants belonging to the Lauretta and AN15,07,53 cultivars maintained a 98% fruit yield when grown under WS1 conditions. While the yield for the Francesca cultivar increased by 10% under the stressed WS1 conditions in comparison to the control conditions, water stress in the WS2 treatment caused a strong reduction in yield in all three genotypes. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of identifying for each new cultivar the most appropriate water regime in order to amplify the quality of the fruit, thus maintaining high production standards and saving water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizer Management Strategies in Plant Cultivation)

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22 pages, 8042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quercus cerris Leaf Functional Traits to Assess Urban Forest Health Status for Expeditious Analysis in a Mediterranean European Context

by Luca Quaranta, Piera Di Marzio and Paola Fortini

Plants 2025, 14(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020285 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 589

Abstract

In the Mediterranean basin, urban forests are widely recognized as essential landscape components, playing a key role in nature-based solutions by enhancing environmental quality and providing a range of ecosystem services. The selection of woody plant species for afforestation and reforestation should prioritize [...] Read more.

In the Mediterranean basin, urban forests are widely recognized as essential landscape components, playing a key role in nature-based solutions by enhancing environmental quality and providing a range of ecosystem services. The selection of woody plant species for afforestation and reforestation should prioritize native species that align with the biogeographical and ecological characteristics of the planting sites. Among these, Quercus cerris L. (Turkey oak) is considered a promising candidate for urban reforestation. However, its fitness within urban forest environments remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify suitable leaf functional traits for assessing the response of Q. cerris in urban forests and to analyze the main climatic variables influencing its performance in urban contexts. We also proposed practical, rapid monitoring tools to compare urban and natural forests across different seasons. The results demonstrated that Q. cerris experiences significant water stress in urban forests due to the combined effects of drought and high temperatures. To find the tools to mitigate this stress, the differences between leaf traits such as specific leaf area, thickness, and the contents of chlorophyll, anthocyanins, and flavonols in urban and natural forests were analyzed. Our findings underscore the high adaptability of Q. cerris to varied climatic and environmental conditions. This study provides a practical method for rapidly assessing the responses of tree species to climate change. In the future, this approach will be tested on other native species that are characteristic of Mediterranean forest ecosystems to help with choosing afforestation and reforestation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flora and Vegetation in Cities: Basic and Applied Scientific Knowledge for Environmental Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life History Strategies of the Winter Annual Plant Echinops gmelinii (Asteraceae) in a Cold Desert Population

by Yanli Wang, Xinrong Li and Jiecai Zhao

Plants 2025, 14(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020284 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Echinops gmelinii Turcz. is a winter annual species of the Asteraceae family, distributed in sandy areas of northern China, and is crucial for wind avoidance and sand fixation. To understand the inter- and intra-annual population dynamics of E. gmelinii in its cold desert [...] Read more.

Echinops gmelinii Turcz. is a winter annual species of the Asteraceae family, distributed in sandy areas of northern China, and is crucial for wind avoidance and sand fixation. To understand the inter- and intra-annual population dynamics of E. gmelinii in its cold desert habitats, we conducted long- and short-term demographic studies to investigate the timing of germination, seedling survival, soil seed bank and seed longevity of natural populations on the fringe of the Tengger Desert. Cypselae (seeds) of E. gmelinii can germinate in both July and August, but this process is heavily affected by precipitation amount and timing. Early emerging seedlings died rapidly under the high temperature and drought stress, before completing their life cycle. Later emerging seedlings could survive to complete their life cycle due to more suitable conditions for plant growth. In short, seedling survival dynamics were affected by precipitation distribution, and the survival rates were low (<4%). In addition, we found that the high seed production (1328 seeds·m⁻²) of E. gmelinii depended mainly on the production of seeds by individuals rather than high plant density (35 individuals·m⁻²). The contribution of newly ripened seeds and soil seed banks to seedlings emergence was 57.7% and 42.3%, respectively. Thus, only a small amount of the newly matured seeds was depleted during the year. Only 23.6% of the annual seeds germinated, and the remainder accumulated in a persistent soil seed bank (seed longevity was ≥2 y). The amount and timing of precipitation distribution were the key factors affecting the population dynamics of E. gmelinii in our study area. This species can cope with the uncertain precipitation patterns though a “cautious” germination strategy, varying the timing of germination and forming a persistent soil seed bank. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Vegetation Restoration, Alleviate Land Degradation, and Sustainable Management in the Desert Ecosystem)

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13 pages, 2529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bias in Discontinuous Elevational Transects for Tracking Species Range Shifts

by Shixuan Li, Jiannan Yao, Yang Lin, Siyu Wu, Zhongjie Yang, Chao Jin, Yuhan Zhang, Zhen Wang, Jinliang Liu, Guochun Shen and Mingjian Yu

Plants 2025, 14(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020283 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 534

Abstract

Climate change is compelling species to seek refuge at higher elevations and latitudes. While researchers commonly study these migrations using discontinuous elevational transects, this methodology may introduce significant biases into our understanding of species movement. These potential biases could lead to flawed biodiversity [...] Read more.

Climate change is compelling species to seek refuge at higher elevations and latitudes. While researchers commonly study these migrations using discontinuous elevational transects, this methodology may introduce significant biases into our understanding of species movement. These potential biases could lead to flawed biodiversity conservation policies if left unexamined. To address this concern, we utilized species distribution data from a novel continuous elevational transect to evaluate the accuracy of discontinuous transect methods. Our analysis focused on how quadrat spacing and survey time intervals affect bias in estimating species range shifts. The results were striking: the widely used settings for discontinuous transects failed to detect 7.2% of species, inaccurately estimated shift distances for 78% of species, and produced an overall error rate of 86%. Wider quadrat spacing increased these error rates, while longer survey intervals generally reduced them. Moreover, discontinuous transects consistently underestimated species shift distances, with this underestimation becoming more pronounced over longer survey periods. Our pioneering assessment of bias in discontinuous elevational transects demonstrates that a 50 m quadrat spacing combined with a 60-year survey interval optimizes monitoring species range shifts for conservation planning. This baseline protocol could be further strengthened through supplementary, frequent surveys targeting high-elevation species—a strategic approach that maximizes accuracy while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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17 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Analysis of Twig and Leaf Characteristics and Leaf Thermal Dissipation of Hippophae rhamnoides in the Riparian Zone of the Taohe River in Gansu Province, China

by Qun Li, Min Ma, Yurui Tang, Tingting Zhao, Chengzhang Zhao and Bo Li

Plants 2025, 14(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020282 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Aims: The functional traits of twigs and leaves are closely related to the ability of plants to cope with heterogeneous environments. The analysis of the characteristics of twigs and leaves and leaf thermal dissipation in riparian plants is of great significance for [...] Read more.

Aims: The functional traits of twigs and leaves are closely related to the ability of plants to cope with heterogeneous environments. The analysis of the characteristics of twigs and leaves and leaf thermal dissipation in riparian plants is of great significance for exploring the light energy allocation and ecological adaptation strategies of plant leaves in heterogeneous habitats. However, there are few studies on the correlation between the twig–leaf characteristics of riparian plants and their heat dissipation in light heterogeneous environments. Methods: In this study, the riparian plant Hippophae rhamnoides in Taohe National Wetland Park was the research object. According to the differences in the canopy light environment of the H. rhamnoides population, three habitat gradients were set: I, the full sight zone; II, the moderate shade zone; and III, the canopy cover zone. We studied the relationship between the twig–leaf characteristics of H. rhamnoides and leaf thermal dissipation in a heterogeneous light environment. Important Findings: The results are as follows: from the full sight zone to the canopy cover zone, the population characteristics and the twig, leaf, and photosynthetic fluorescence physiological characteristics of H. rhamnoides demonstrated significant changes (p < 0.05). In the full sight zone, H. rhamnoides tended to have thick leaves with a smaller SLA on short and thick twigs, and the light energy absorbed by the leaves accounted for a higher proportion of thermal dissipation. In the moderate shade zone, H. rhamnoides tended to grow many thin leaves with high SLA on long and thick twigs, and the proportion of light energy absorbed by the leaves for heat dissipation was lower than that in the full sight zone. In the canopy cover zone, H. rhamnoides tended to grow a few large and thick leaves with a low SLA on slender and long twigs, and the proportion of light energy absorbed by the leaves for heat dissipation was the lowest. There was a significant correlation between the twig–leaf and leaf heat dissipation of H. rhamnoides in the three habitats (p < 0.05). The co-variation of plant branches and leaves and the timely adjustment of thermal dissipation in photoheterogeneous habitats reflect the phenotypic plasticity mechanism and self-protection strategy of riparian plants in adapting to heterogeneous environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on the Physiology of Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alkaloid Profile, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities, and Sexual Propagation in Hieronymiella peruviana (Amaryllidaceae)

by Olimpia Llalla-Cordova, Javier E. Ortiz, Luciana R. Tallini, Laura Torras-Claveria, Jaume Bastida, Lorena Celina Luna and Gabriela E. Feresin

Plants 2025, 14(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020281 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 620

Abstract

Hieronymiella peruviana, a recently described endemic species from southern Peru, belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is known for its diversity of alkaloids. Amaryllidoideae have been studied for their diverse biological activities, particularly for their properties in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This work [...] Read more.

Hieronymiella peruviana, a recently described endemic species from southern Peru, belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is known for its diversity of alkaloids. Amaryllidoideae have been studied for their diverse biological activities, particularly for their properties in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This work examines the alkaloidal profile using GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS of alkaloid-enriched extracts obtained from the leaves and bulbs of H. peruviana and their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. In addition, the phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanolic extract from bulbs was quantified and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated. Moreover, the seed germination was investigated under four temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). Twenty-two alkaloids, most of them of the homolycorine- and galanthamine-type, including galanthamine, were identified in the alkaloid extracts by means of GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Lycorine and 8-O-Demethylhomolycorine were the most abundant alkaloids in the bulbs and leaves, respectively. The leaves and bulbs alkaloid extracts demonstrated strong AChE inhibition (IC₅₀ = 5.20–8.60 µg/mL) and moderate BuChE inhibition (IC₅₀ = 90.20–122.76 µg/mL). The bulbs’ methanolic extract exhibited mild antioxidant activity, showing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of 16.36% at 500 μg/mL and 58.31 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively. Seed germination was most effective at 20 °C and 25 °C. Finally, 60 days after germination, the survival rate of H. peruviana seedlings was 48.33%. These findings establish H. peruviana as a promising source of bioactive alkaloids with potential pharmacological and therapeutic applications, as well as providing critical insights for its propagation and conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Chemical Structures with Pharmaceutical Potential)

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16 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Naphthaleneacetic Acid and 1-Methylcyclopropene in Preventing Preharvest Berry Dropping in Vitis vinifera L.

by Antonio Carlomagno, Claudio Bonghi, Giuseppe Montanaro, Alessandra Ferrandino, Angela Rasori, Vitale Nuzzo and Vittorino Novello

Plants 2025, 14(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020280 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 793

Abstract

Fruit dropping represents a concern in many fruit species, including Vitis vinifera L. This research investigated the role of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), in mitigating preharvest berry dropping (PHBD) through affecting ethylene (ET) and auxin (AUX) [...] Read more.

Fruit dropping represents a concern in many fruit species, including Vitis vinifera L. This research investigated the role of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), in mitigating preharvest berry dropping (PHBD) through affecting ethylene (ET) and auxin (AUX) metabolism and interactions, key hormones involved in abscission. The experiment was carried out on cv. Dolcetto, with PGR treatments applied at 43, 53, and 90 days after anthesis (DAA) for NAA and at 56 DAA for 1-MCP. Berry dropping incidence, yield parameters, and transcript levels of genes related to ET and AUX pathways were analyzed, including VIT_212s0059g01380, VIT_211s0016g02380, VIT_207s0005g00820, VIT_216s0013g00980, VIT_203s0091g00310, and VIT_207s0104g00800. Both NAA and 1-MCP significantly reduced PHBD, with NAA achieving a 92% reduction and 1-MCP an 82% reduction compared to control vines. Transcript analysis revealed differential gene expression patterns, indicating that NAA affects the ET biosynthesis pathway, while 1-MCP interferes with ET receptor signaling. The results suggest that both PGRs effectively reduced berry dropping, providing a basis for integrated crop management strategies to mitigate PHBD in grapevine cultivars susceptible to this physiological disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability)

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19 pages, 2473 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) Roots: The Power Underground—A Review

by Françoise Martz and Santeri Kankaanpää

Plants 2025, 14(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020279 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 904

Abstract

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to Eurasia, wildly distributed throughout the temperate parts of the world. Although generally considered as a weed due to its fast growth and invasive capacity, stinging nettle is well suited to [...] Read more.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to Eurasia, wildly distributed throughout the temperate parts of the world. Although generally considered as a weed due to its fast growth and invasive capacity, stinging nettle is well suited to cultivation and is currently experiencing a revival as a beneficial crop due to its numerous potential applications. This interest reflects in an increasing number of scientific articles related to nettle in the last years. However, reports mostly focus on the aerial parts of the plant. Roots are rich in numerous phytochemicals such as phytosterols, lignans, coumarins, sugars, and lectins. By compiling the most relevant publications, the aim of this review is to gather the current knowledge about nettle roots, such as root system functioning, biochemical composition, and related functional activities. A special emphasis is placed on lectins (or UDA for Urtica dioica agglutinin) due to their functional activities. This review highlights the potential of nettle root as a source of biomolecules. Gaps of knowledge and possible future directions for nettle root research, production, and uses are discussed. Full article

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18 pages, 6141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Self-Activation and Inhibition of Wheat Coiled-Coil Domain Containing NLR Immune Receptor Yr10_CG

by Nan Wu, Wanqing Jiang, Zhaoxia Xiang, Raheel Asghar and Mahinur S. Akkaya

Plants 2025, 14(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020278 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

Plant immunity is largely governed by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR). Here, we examine the molecular activation and inhibition mechanisms of the wheat CC-type NLR Yr10_CG, a previously proposed candidate for the Yr10 resistance gene. Though recent studies have identified YrNAM [...] Read more.

Plant immunity is largely governed by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR). Here, we examine the molecular activation and inhibition mechanisms of the wheat CC-type NLR Yr10_CG, a previously proposed candidate for the Yr10 resistance gene. Though recent studies have identified YrNAM as the true Yr10 gene, Yr10_CG remains an important NLR in understanding NLR-mediated immunity in wheat. In this study, we found that the overexpression of either the full-length Yr10_CG or its CC domain in Nicotiana benthamiana did not trigger cell death, suggesting a robust autoinhibitory mechanism within Yr10_CG. However, we observed that mutations in the conserved MHD motif, specifically D502G, activated Yr10_CG and induced cell death. Structural modeling indicated that this mutation disrupted key interactions within the MHD motif, promoting local flexibility and activation. We further explored the effector recognition potential of Yr10_CG by creating chimeric proteins with Sr50 domains, revealing that both the NB-ARC and LRR domains are necessary for effector recognition, while the CC domain likely functions in downstream immune signaling. Additionally, disrupting membrane localization through an L11E mutation abolished Yr10_CG self-activation, suggesting a requirement for membrane association in immune activation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of CC-NLR activation and autoinhibition mechanisms, highlighting the potential of Yr10_CG in NLR engineering for crop resistance improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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22 pages, 7588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Combined Urea and Calcium Nitrate Application on Wheat Tiller Development, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Grain Yield

by Chao Wang, Haixing Cui, Min Jin, Jiayu Wang, Chunhui Li, Yongli Luo, Yong Li and Zhenlin Wang

Plants 2025, 14(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020277 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 648

Abstract

Optimizing nitrogen (N) sources has the potential to improve wheat tillering, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and grain yield, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study hypothesizes that combining specific N sources can increase zeatin riboside + zeatin (ZR + ZT) content in [...] Read more.

Optimizing nitrogen (N) sources has the potential to improve wheat tillering, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and grain yield, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study hypothesizes that combining specific N sources can increase zeatin riboside + zeatin (ZR + ZT) content in tiller nodes and maintain a higher ZR + ZT/gibberellin A7 (GA₇) ratio, thereby promoting tiller development, enhancing NUE, and increasing yield. The effects of N source treatments on two wheat cultivars, the multi-spike Shannong 28 (SN28) and the large-spike Tainong 18 (TN18), were investigated. A total of seven N treatments were tested: no nitrogen (N0), urea (N1), calcium nitrate (N2), ammonium chloride (N3), and equal doses of urea and calcium nitrate (N4), urea and ammonium chloride (N5), and calcium nitrate and ammonium chloride (N6). The results showed that treatment N4 significantly increased the levels of ZR and ZT in tiller nodes, while maintaining a higher ZR + ZT to GA₇ ratio. This hormonal shift promoted tiller formation and biomass accumulation. Under N4, both cultivars exhibited the highest number of effective spikes and biomass in higher-order tillers. N4 also enhanced N accumulation in the grains, N absorption efficiency, and N translocation, while reducing N loss. Compared to N1, effective spike numbers increased by 7.8% in SN28 and 5.6% in TN18, resulting in a 6.4% increase in grain yield for SN28 and a 2.2% increase for TN18. In conclusion, the combined application of urea and calcium nitrate optimizes hormonal regulation, improves NUE, and significantly enhances wheat tillering and grain yield, providing a promising strategy for enhancing wheat productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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17 pages, 6785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Herbicidal Formulations with Plant-Based Compounds to Control Amaranthus hybridus, Lolium multiflorum, and Brassica rapa Weeds

by Juan J. Romero, Juliana Soler-Arango, Marcos E. Coustet, Daniela B. Moracci, Sebastián Reinoso, Marcos E. Yanniccari, Aline Schneider-Teixeira and Jimena M. Herrera

Plants 2025, 14(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020276 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Numerous studies have shown the potential effect of bioactive agents against weeds. In this study, we developed two binary formulations with nonanoic acid, citral, or thymoquinone as herbicides and evaluated their physicochemical properties. The presence of the bioactive compounds in the formulations was [...] Read more.

Numerous studies have shown the potential effect of bioactive agents against weeds. In this study, we developed two binary formulations with nonanoic acid, citral, or thymoquinone as herbicides and evaluated their physicochemical properties. The presence of the bioactive compounds in the formulations was confirmed through FTIR spectroscopy. A dynamic light scattering study was conducted to characterize the emulsified formulations and the size and distribution of the aggregates. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis was performed to ensure the thermal stability of the formulations. The herbicidal activity against Amaranthus hybridus, Lolium multiflorum, and Brassica rapa weeds was evaluated, and each species showed different levels of sensitivity with half maximal inhibitory concentration doses from 0.07 to 5 mM. The binary formulations negatively affected the photosynthetic system reducing Fv/Fm values at 5 days after treatment. Lastly, the phytotoxic effect of the formulations was tested on wheat germination, and they did not inhibit plant germination and seedling growth at ≤5 mM after 14 days of application. The development of new formulations with natural compounds as bioactive ingredients would allow control of a wide spectrum of weeds through a multitarget-site effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Bioactive Substances Identification, Extraction, and Application)

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14 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Weed Control with Pre-Emergence Herbicides on the Yield Level of Mung Bean Yield

by Cailing Jing, Junying Wang, Yonghong Wu, Yufan Zhou, Huijun Zhu, Yaowen Zhang, Shuqi Dong, Xiaorui Li, Juan Zhao, Junli Cao, Xiangyang Yuan and Xi’e Song

Plants 2025, 14(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020275 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 530

Abstract

The mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn) Wilczek.) is a major grain crop in China, but its yield is significantly impacted by weeds. However, no pre-emergence herbicides are registered for mung bean fields in the China Pesticide Information Network. Screening for efficient and [...] Read more.

The mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn) Wilczek.) is a major grain crop in China, but its yield is significantly impacted by weeds. However, no pre-emergence herbicides are registered for mung bean fields in the China Pesticide Information Network. Screening for efficient and safe pre-emergence herbicides could improve mung bean production efficiency. In this study, six pre-emergence herbicides were selected: 480 g/L alachlor (1935.00 g a.i ha⁻¹), 720 g/L metolachlor (1620.00 g a.i ha⁻¹), 100 g/L imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha⁻¹), 338 g/L oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha⁻¹), 330 g/L pendimethalin (144.00 g a.i ha⁻¹), and 480 g/L trifluralin (720.00 g a.i ha⁻¹). Through Petri dish screening, a spraying treatment was carried out before seed germination. By measuring the root length and shoot length, imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha⁻¹) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha⁻¹) were screened out. They were applied to potted plants and sprayed after sowing. The results showed that imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i. ha⁻¹) had no inhibitory effect on the growth and development of the mung bean. Subsequently, experiments were conducted with imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha⁻¹) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha⁻¹) applied in the field. Compared to the control, under imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha⁻¹) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha⁻¹), the agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigment content, yield, and yield components were not inhibited; the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were increased; and gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were not inhibited. In addition, soil urease activity decreased and soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased after 60 d of treatment. In summary, imazethapyr and oxadiazon can effectively control weeds and increase mung bean yield. The purpose of this study is to screen out safe and efficient pre-emergence herbicides suitable for the Shanxi mung bean, which is of great significance due to its large-scale planting industrialization and the development of advantageous industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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25 pages, 3669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Novel Two-Phase Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Extraction on the Structural, Functional, and Flavor Properties of Hemp Protein Isolates

by Yi Chen, Wellington S. Oliveira, Fernanda F. G. Dias and Baraem P. Ismail

Plants 2025, 14(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020274 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 563

Abstract

Defatting dehulled hemp seeds is a crucial step prior to protein extraction. However, conventional methods rely on flammable solvents, posing significant health, safety, and environmental concerns. Additionally, hemp protein has poor extractability, challenging functionality, and flavor limitations, restricting its broader application in foods. [...] Read more.

Defatting dehulled hemp seeds is a crucial step prior to protein extraction. However, conventional methods rely on flammable solvents, posing significant health, safety, and environmental concerns. Additionally, hemp protein has poor extractability, challenging functionality, and flavor limitations, restricting its broader application in foods. Accordingly, a two-phase natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-assisted extraction was evaluated as a solvent-free alternative for co-extracting protein and oil from full-fat hemp flour. In comparison to the reference hemp protein isolate (R-HPI), produced from hexane-defatted flour following conventional alkaline extraction, NADES-extracted hemp protein isolate (N-HPI) had significantly higher protein extraction yield and purity. N-HPI exhibited enhanced surface charge, lower hydrophobicity, and thus higher solubility at an acidic pH compared to R-HPI. N-HPI had a higher abundance of edestin and lower levels of vicilin-like proteins, which contributed to superior gelation compared to R-HPI. N-HPI, compared to R-HPI, contained lower levels of lipid-derived off-flavor compounds, such as aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones. These findings highlighted, for the first time, the potential of a two-phase NADES-assisted extraction as a sustainable alternate and effective process for producing high-quality, functional hemp protein. The development of such a green process is an impetus for broadening the applications of hemp protein in food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry for Natural Product Extraction: Cleaner and Efficient Approaches)

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22 pages, 2620 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyamines Interaction with Gaseous Signaling Molecules for Resilience Against Drought and Heat Stress in Plants

by Nidhi, Noushina Iqbal and Nafees A. Khan

Plants 2025, 14(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020273 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 603

Abstract

Plants face a range of environmental stresses, such as heat and drought, that significantly reduce their growth, development, and yield. Plants have developed complex signaling networks to regulate physiological processes and improve their ability to withstand stress. The key regulators of plant stress [...] Read more.

Plants face a range of environmental stresses, such as heat and drought, that significantly reduce their growth, development, and yield. Plants have developed complex signaling networks to regulate physiological processes and improve their ability to withstand stress. The key regulators of plant stress responses include polyamines (PAs) and gaseous signaling molecules (GSM), such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), nitric oxide (NO), methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and ethylene (ET). The functions of PAs and GSM in stress perception, signal transduction, and stress-responsive pathways have been explored. However, there is a lack of detailed, updated information on the interaction of PAs and GSM in the adaptation of drought and heat stress. This review explores the interaction between PAs and GSM for the adaptation to drought and heat stress. It explores their synergistic effects in mitigating the negative impacts of drought and heat stress on plant growth, development, and productivity. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches demonstrates that their interaction activates key stress-responsive pathways, enhances antioxidant systems, and modulates gene expression. These combined effects contribute to improved drought and heat tolerance in plants. The information presented in the review provides valuable insights into plant stress resilience strategies and suggests potential measures for developing climate-resilient crops to address the increasing environmental challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carotenoids in Potato Tubers: A Bright Yellow Future Ahead

by Monica Sturaro

Plants 2025, 14(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020272 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Carotenoids, the bright yellow, orange, and red pigments of many fruits and vegetables, are essential components of the human diet as bioactive compounds not synthesized in animals. As a staple crop potato has the potential to deliver substantial amounts of these nutraceuticals despite [...] Read more.

Carotenoids, the bright yellow, orange, and red pigments of many fruits and vegetables, are essential components of the human diet as bioactive compounds not synthesized in animals. As a staple crop potato has the potential to deliver substantial amounts of these nutraceuticals despite their lower concentration in tubers compared to edible organs of other plant species. Even small gains in tuber carotenoid levels could have a significant impact on the nutritional value of potatoes. This review will focus on the current status and future perspectives of carotenoid biofortification in potato with conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches. The high biodiversity of tuber carotenoid levels and composition is presented, with an emphasis on the under-exploited native germplasm that represents a wide reservoir of useful genetic variants to breed carotenoid-rich varieties. The following section describes the structural genes involved in carotenoid metabolism and storage known to have a major impact on carotenoid accumulation in potato, together with the strategies that harnessed their expression changes to increase tuber carotenoid content. Finally, the little information available on the regulation of carotenoid metabolism and the desirable future advances in potato carotenoid biofortification are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Genetics and Breeding)

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23 pages, 5472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Seed Processing with Cold Plasma on Growth and Biochemical Traits of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Under Different Cultivation Conditions: In Soil Versus Aeroponics

by Augustė Judickaitė, Emilija Jankaitytė, Evaldas Ramanciuškas, Laima Degutytė-Fomins, Zita Naučienė, Gediminas Kudirka, Takamasa Okumura, Kazunori Koga, Masaharu Shiratani, Vida Mildažienė and Rasa Žūkienė

Plants 2025, 14(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020271 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 439

Abstract

This study compared the effects of seed treatment with low-pressure cold plasma (CP) and atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on morpho-biochemical traits in Stevia rabaudiana Bertoni plants cultivated by two methods: in soil and aeroponics. We investigated the impact of the treatments [...] Read more.

This study compared the effects of seed treatment with low-pressure cold plasma (CP) and atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on morpho-biochemical traits in Stevia rabaudiana Bertoni plants cultivated by two methods: in soil and aeroponics. We investigated the impact of the treatments on the germination, plant growth, and content of secondary metabolites, namely steviol glycosides (SGs), rebaudioside A (RebA), and stevioside (Stev), as well as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Seeds were treated for 2, 5, and 7 min with CP or DBD and 5 min with vacuum six days before sowing. All growth parameters in aeroponics exceeded the parameters of seedlings in the corresponding groups cultivated in soil. Seed treatments stimulated SGs biosynthesis in seedlings grown in soil, except for CP7. Although there were no stimulating effects of seed treatments on SGs in aeroponics, overall SG concentrations were considerably higher compared to plants cultivated in soil: the RebA+Stev concentration was 1.8–2-fold higher in the control, V5-, and CP-treated groups, and 1.3-fold higher in the DBD5 and DBD7 groups. Thus, aeroponic cultivation has the potential to improve the growth and synthesis of SGs in stevia, while a combination of aeroponics with seed treatments only increases the content of antioxidants and antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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22 pages, 11600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive GC-MS Characterization and Histochemical Assessment of Various Parts of Three Colchicum Species from Bulgarian Flora

by Ivayla Dincheva, Ilian Badjakov, Vasil Georgiev, Ivanka Semerdjieva, Radka Vrancheva, Ivan Ivanov and Atanas Pavlov

Plants 2025, 14(2), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020270 - 18 Jan 2025

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Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive phyto- and histochemical analysis of three Colchicum species: Colchicum autumnale L., the Balkan endemic Colchicum bivonae Guss., and the Bulgarian endemic Colchicum diampolis Delip. et Česchm. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 66 metabolites were identified, encompassing free amino, [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive phyto- and histochemical analysis of three Colchicum species: Colchicum autumnale L., the Balkan endemic Colchicum bivonae Guss., and the Bulgarian endemic Colchicum diampolis Delip. et Česchm. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 66 metabolites were identified, encompassing free amino, organic, phenolic, and fatty acids, sugars, and alkaloids, which were distributed among various plant parts. Organ-specific metabolic patterns revealed that corms and seeds are particularly rich in alkaloids, supporting their roles in chemical defense and survival during dormancy. Conversely, flowers, leaves, and capsules were enriched with energy-related and phenolic compounds, playing critical roles in reproduction and stress tolerance. Histochemical investigations localized alkaloids predominantly in the endosperm of seeds, parenchyma of corms, and vascular bundles of flowers. Notably, the endemic C. bivonae and C. diampolis displayed unique chemical profiles. Moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (AChE) was observed across various plant organs. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant interspecies and organ-specific chemical differentiation, with certain metabolites serving as key markers. These findings enhance our understanding of the chemical composition, organ specialization, and potential as a source of new biomolecules in these Colchicum species. They underscore the ecological and pharmacological importance of endemic taxa and provide a framework for future research into their sustainable utilization and potential bioactivities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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22 pages, 2243 KiB

Open AccessReview

Defensive Mechanisms of Mikania micrantha Likely Enhance Its Invasiveness as One of the World’s Worst Alien Species

by David R. Clements and Hisashi Kato-Noguchi

Plants 2025, 14(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020269 - 18 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

Mikania micrantha Kunth is native to tropical America and has invaded tropical and subtropical Asia and numerous Pacific Islands. It forms dense thickets and reduces native species diversity and populations in its introduced range. This invasive vine also seriously impacts many agricultural crops [...] Read more.

Mikania micrantha Kunth is native to tropical America and has invaded tropical and subtropical Asia and numerous Pacific Islands. It forms dense thickets and reduces native species diversity and populations in its introduced range. This invasive vine also seriously impacts many agricultural crops and is listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species. Its life history characteristics, such as the production of large numbers of wind-dispersed seeds, vegetative reproduction, rapid growth, and genetic diversity all contribute to its invasiveness. In this review, we focus on how mechanisms to defend against its natural enemies boost the invasiveness of M. micrantha. It possesses potent defenses against natural enemies such as pathogenic fungi, herbivorous insects, and parasitic nematodes, and exhibits allelopathic potential against plant competitors. These defensive abilities, in concert with its formidable life history characteristics, contribute to the invasiveness of M. micrantha, potentially leading to further naturalization. Several other reviews have summarized the biology and management of the species, but ours is the first review to focus on how the defensive mechanisms of M. micrantha likely enhance its invasiveness. Relatively little is known about the array of defensive capabilities of M. micrantha; therefore, there is considerable scope for further research on its chemical defenses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasions across Scales)

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