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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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29 pages, 5806 KiB  
Review
Magic Blue Light: A Versatile Mediator of Plant Elongation
by Yun Kong and Youbin Zheng
Plants 2024, 13(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010115 - 31 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3190
Abstract
Blue light plays an important role in regulating plant elongation. However, due to the limitations of older lighting technologies, the responses of plants to pure blue light have not been fully studied, and some of our understandings of the functions of blue light [...] Read more.
Blue light plays an important role in regulating plant elongation. However, due to the limitations of older lighting technologies, the responses of plants to pure blue light have not been fully studied, and some of our understandings of the functions of blue light in the literature need to be revisited. This review consolidates and analyzes the diverse findings from previous studies on blue-light-mediated plant elongation. By synthesizing the contrasting results, we uncover the underlying mechanisms and explanations proposed in recent research. Moreover, we delve into the exploration of blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a tool for manipulating plant elongation in controlled-environment plant production, highlighting the latest advancements in this area. Finally, we acknowledge the challenges faced and outline future directions for research in this promising field. This review provides valuable insights into the pivotal role of blue light in plant growth and offers a foundation for further investigations to optimize plant elongation using blue light technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Its Influence on the Growth and Quality of Plants)
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14 pages, 976 KiB  
Review
NLR- and mlo-Based Resistance Mechanisms against Powdery Mildew in Cannabis sativa
by Tiziana M. Sirangelo
Plants 2024, 13(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010105 - 29 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2008
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most common Cannabis sativa diseases. In spite of this, very few documented studies have characterized the resistance genes involved in PM defense mechanisms, or sources of natural genetic resistance in cannabis. The focus of the present [...] Read more.
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most common Cannabis sativa diseases. In spite of this, very few documented studies have characterized the resistance genes involved in PM defense mechanisms, or sources of natural genetic resistance in cannabis. The focus of the present work is on the two primary mechanisms for qualitative resistance against PM. The first is based on resistance (R) genes characterized by conserved nucleotide-binding site and/or leucine-rich repeat domains (NLRs). The second one involves susceptibility (S) genes, and particularly mildew resistance locus o (MLO) genes, whose loss-of-function mutations seem to be a reliable way to protect plants from PM infection. Cannabis defenses against PM are thus discussed, mainly detailing the strategies based on these two mechanisms. Emerging studies about this research topic are also reported and, based on the most significant results, a potential PM resistance model in cannabis plant–pathogen interactions is proposed. Finally, innovative approaches, based on the pyramiding of multiple R genes, as well as on genetic engineering and genome editing methods knocking out S genes, are discussed, to obtain durable PM-resistant cannabis cultivars with a broad-spectrum resistance range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Plants)
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23 pages, 2645 KiB  
Article
Mitigating Salinity Stress in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Biochar and Superabsorber Polymer Amendments
by Imed Derbali, Walid Derbali, Jihed Gharred, Arafet Manaa, Inès Slama and Hans-Werner Koyro
Plants 2024, 13(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010092 - 27 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
In agriculture, soil amendments are applied to improve soil quality by increasing the water retention capacity and regulating the pH and ion exchange. Our study was carried out to investigate the impact of a commercial biochar (Bc) and a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) on [...] Read more.
In agriculture, soil amendments are applied to improve soil quality by increasing the water retention capacity and regulating the pH and ion exchange. Our study was carried out to investigate the impact of a commercial biochar (Bc) and a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) on the physiological and biochemical processes and the growth performance of Chenopodium quinoa (variety ICBA-5) when exposed to high salinity. Plants were grown for 25 days under controlled greenhouse conditions in pots filled with a soil mixture with or without 3% Bc or 0.2% SAP by volume before the initiation of 27 days of growth in hypersaline conditions, following the addition of 300 mM NaCl. Without the Bc or soil amendments, multiple negative effects of hypersalinity were detected on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (Anet minus 70%) and on the production of fresh matter from the whole plant, leaves, stems and roots (respectively, 55, 46, 64 and 66%). Moreover, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was indicated by higher levels of MDA (plus 142%), antioxidant activities and high proline levels (plus 311%). In the pots treated with 300 mM NaCl, the amendments Bc or SAP improved the plant growth parameters, including fresh matter production (by 10 and 17%), an increased chlorophyll content by 9 and 13% and Anet in plants (by 98 and 115%). Both amendments (Bc and SAP) resulted in significant salinity mitigation effects, decreasing proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels whilst increasing both the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants that reduce the levels of ROS. This study confirms how soil amendments can help to improve plant performance and expand the productive range into saline areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biochar Applications for Agricultural and Forest Ecosystems)
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16 pages, 2952 KiB  
Article
Mineral Particles in Foliar Fertilizer Formulations Can Improve the Rate of Foliar Uptake
by Carlos Pimentel, Carlos M. Pina, Nora Müller, Luis Adrián Lara, Gabriela Melo Rodriguez, Fabrizio Orlando, Joachim Schoelkopf and Victoria Fernández
Plants 2024, 13(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010071 - 25 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2536
Abstract
The application of foliar sprays of suspensions of relatively insoluble essential element salts is gradually becoming common, chiefly with the introduction of nano-technology approaches in agriculture. However, there is controversy about the effectiveness of such sparingly soluble nutrient sources as foliar fertilizers. In [...] Read more.
The application of foliar sprays of suspensions of relatively insoluble essential element salts is gradually becoming common, chiefly with the introduction of nano-technology approaches in agriculture. However, there is controversy about the effectiveness of such sparingly soluble nutrient sources as foliar fertilizers. In this work, we focussed on analysing the effect of adding Ca-carbonate (calcite, CaCO3) micro- and nano-particles as model sparingly soluble mineral compounds to foliar fertilizer formulations in terms of increasing the rate of foliar absorption. For these purposes, we carried out short-term foliar application experiments by treating leaves of species with variable surface features and wettability rates. The leaf absorption efficacy of foliar formulations containing a surfactant and model soluble nutrient sources, namely Ca-chloride (CaCl2), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), potassium nitrate (KNO3), or zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), was evaluated alone or after addition of calcite particles. In general, the combination of the Ca-carbonate particles with an essential element salt had a synergistic effect and improved the absorption of Ca and the nutrient element provided. In light of the positive effects of using calcite particles as foliar formulation adjuvants, dolomite nano- and micro-particles were also tested as foliar formulation additives, and the results were also positive in terms of increasing foliar uptake. The observed nutrient element foliar absorption efficacy can be partially explained by geochemical modelling, which enabled us to predict how these formulations will perform at least in chemical terms. Our results show the major potential of adding mineral particles as foliar formulation additives, but the associated mechanisms of action and possible additional benefits to plants should be characterised in future investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Surfaces: Physico-Chemical Properties, Interaction with Deposited Matter and Permeability)
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15 pages, 2111 KiB  
Article
Effects of Mars Global Simulant (MGS-1) on Growth and Physiology of Sweet Potato: A Space Model Plant
by Karthik Chinnannan, Prapooja Somagattu, Hyndavi Yammanuru, Padma Nimmakayala, Manohar Chakrabarti and Umesh K. Reddy
Plants 2024, 13(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010055 - 23 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3984
Abstract
Growing food autonomously on Mars is challenging due to the Martian soil’s low nutrient content and high salinity. Understanding how plants adapt and evaluating their nutritional attributes are pivotal for sustained Mars missions. This research delves into the regeneration, stress tolerance, and dietary [...] Read more.
Growing food autonomously on Mars is challenging due to the Martian soil’s low nutrient content and high salinity. Understanding how plants adapt and evaluating their nutritional attributes are pivotal for sustained Mars missions. This research delves into the regeneration, stress tolerance, and dietary metrics of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) across different Mars Global Simulant (MGS-1) concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75%). In our greenhouse experiment, 75% MGS-1 concentration significantly inhibited sweet potato growth, storage root biomass, and chlorophyll content. This concentration also elevated the plant tissues’ H2O2, proline, and ascorbic acid levels. Higher MGS-1 exposures (50 and 75%) notably boosted the vital amino acids and sugar groups in the plant’s storage roots. However, increased MGS-1 concentrations notably diminished the total C:N ratio and elemental composition in both the vines and storage roots. In summary, sweet potato exhibited optimal growth, antioxidant properties, yield, and nutrient profiles at 25% MGS-1 exposure as compared to higher concentrations. This study underscores the need for future interventions, like nutrient enhancements and controlled metal accessibility, to render sweet potato a suitable plant for space-based studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)
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22 pages, 1194 KiB  
Review
Seed Longevity and Ageing: A Review on Physiological and Genetic Factors with an Emphasis on Hormonal Regulation
by Michela Pirredda, Iris Fañanás-Pueyo, Luis Oñate-Sánchez and Sara Mira
Plants 2024, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010041 - 21 Dec 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3729
Abstract
Upon storage, seeds inevitably age and lose their viability over time, which determines their longevity. Longevity correlates with successful seed germination and enhancing this trait is of fundamental importance for long-term seed storage (germplasm conservation) and crop improvement. Seed longevity is governed by [...] Read more.
Upon storage, seeds inevitably age and lose their viability over time, which determines their longevity. Longevity correlates with successful seed germination and enhancing this trait is of fundamental importance for long-term seed storage (germplasm conservation) and crop improvement. Seed longevity is governed by a complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions experienced during seed development and after-ripening that will shape seed physiology. Several factors have been associated with seed ageing such as oxidative stress responses, DNA repair enzymes, and composition of seed layers. Phytohormones, mainly abscisic acid, auxins, and gibberellins, have also emerged as prominent endogenous regulators of seed longevity, and their study has provided new regulators of longevity. Gaining a thorough understanding of how hormonal signalling genes and pathways are integrated with downstream mechanisms related to seed longevity is essential for formulating strategies aimed at preserving seed quality and viability. A relevant aspect related to research in seed longevity is the existence of significant differences between results depending on the seed equilibrium relative humidity conditions used to study seed ageing. Hence, this review delves into the genetic, environmental and experimental factors affecting seed ageing and longevity, with a particular focus on their hormonal regulation. We also provide gene network models underlying hormone signalling aimed to help visualize their integration into seed longevity and ageing. We believe that the format used to present the information bolsters its value as a resource to support seed longevity research for seed conservation and crop improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)
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25 pages, 3012 KiB  
Review
Bioactive Compounds in Moringa oleifera: Mechanisms of Action, Focus on Their Anti-Inflammatory Properties
by Adina Chiș, Paul Aimé Noubissi, Oana-Lelia Pop, Carmen Ioana Mureșan, Michel Archange Fokam Tagne, René Kamgang, Adriana Fodor, Adela-Viviana Sitar-Tăut, Angela Cozma, Olga Hilda Orășan, Simona Codruța Hegheș, Romana Vulturar and Ramona Suharoschi
Plants 2024, 13(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010020 - 20 Dec 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7284
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a tropical tree native to Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan; it is cultivated for its nutritious leaves, pods, and seeds. This scientific study was conducted to outline the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of action of bioactive [...] Read more.
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a tropical tree native to Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan; it is cultivated for its nutritious leaves, pods, and seeds. This scientific study was conducted to outline the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds from M. oleifera. The existing research has found that the plant is used in traditional medicine due to its bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals: flavonoids and polyphenols. The compounds are thought to exert their anti-inflammatory effects due to: (1) inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes: quercetin and kaempferol inhibit the pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase); (2) regulation of cytokine production: isothiocyanates modulate signaling pathways involved in inflammation, such as the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway; isothiocyanates inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α) and IL-1β (interleukin-1β); and (3) antioxidant activity: M. oleifera contains flavonoids, polyphenols, known to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. The review includes M. oleifera’s effects on cardiovascular protection, anti-hypertensive activities, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This research could prove valuable for exploring the pharmacological potential of M. oleifera and contributing to the prospects of developing effective medicines for the benefit of human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches)
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26 pages, 6086 KiB  
Article
Chloroplast Auxin Efflux Mediated by ABCB28 and ABCB29 Fine-Tunes Salt and Drought Stress Responses in Arabidopsis
by Prashanth Tamizhselvan, Sharmila Madhavan, Christian Constan-Aguilar, Eman Ryad Elrefaay, Jie Liu, Aleš Pěnčík, Ondřej Novák, Albert Cairó, Mónika Hrtyan, Markus Geisler and Vanesa Beatriz Tognetti
Plants 2024, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010007 - 19 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1819
Abstract
Photosynthesis is among the first processes negatively affected by environmental cues and its performance directly determines plant cell fitness and ultimately crop yield. Primarily sites of photosynthesis, chloroplasts are unique sites also for the biosynthesis of precursors of the growth regulator auxin and [...] Read more.
Photosynthesis is among the first processes negatively affected by environmental cues and its performance directly determines plant cell fitness and ultimately crop yield. Primarily sites of photosynthesis, chloroplasts are unique sites also for the biosynthesis of precursors of the growth regulator auxin and for sensing environmental stress, but their role in intracellular auxin homeostasis, vital for plant growth and survival in changing environments, remains poorly understood. Here, we identified two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B transporters, ABCB28 and ABCB29, which export auxin across the chloroplast envelope to the cytosol in a concerted action in vivo. Moreover, we provide evidence for an auxin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. The overexpression of ABCB28 and ABCB29 influenced stomatal regulation and resulted in significantly improved water use efficiency and survival rates during salt and drought stresses. Our results suggest that chloroplast auxin production and transport contribute to stomata regulation for conserving water upon salt stress. ABCB28 and ABCB29 integrate photosynthesis and auxin signals and as such hold great potential to improve the adaptation potential of crops to environmental cues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms and Regulation of Hormone Transport in Plants)
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16 pages, 2895 KiB  
Article
Salicylic Acid Modulates the Osmotic System and Photosynthesis Rate to Enhance the Drought Tolerance of Toona ciliata
by Qi Gao, Yamin Liu, Yumin Liu, Chongwen Dai, Yulin Zhang, Fanbo Zhou and Yating Zhu
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4187; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244187 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1231
Abstract
Toona ciliata M. Roem. is a valuable and fast-growing timber species which is found in subtropical regions; however, drought severely affects its growth and physiology. Although the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) has been proven to enhance plant drought tolerance by regulating [...] Read more.
Toona ciliata M. Roem. is a valuable and fast-growing timber species which is found in subtropical regions; however, drought severely affects its growth and physiology. Although the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) has been proven to enhance plant drought tolerance by regulating the osmotic system and photosynthesis rate, the physiological processes involved in the regulation of drought tolerance by SA in various plants differ. Therefore, drought mitigation techniques tailored for T. ciliata should be explored or developed for the sustainable development of the timber industry. We selected 2-year-old T. ciliata seedlings for a potting experiment, set the soil moisture at 45%, and subjected some of the T. ciliata seedlings to a moderate drought (MD) treatment; to others, 0.5 mmol/L exogenous SA (MD + SA) was applied as a mitigation test, and we also conducted a control using a normal water supply at 70% soil moisture (CK). Our aim was to investigate the mitigating effects of exogenous SA on the growth condition, osmotic system, and photosynthesis rate of T. ciliata under drought stress conditions. OPLS–VIP was used to analyze the main physiological factors that enable exogenous SA to alleviate drought-induced injury in T. ciliata. The results indicated that exogenous SA application increased the growth of the ground diameter, plant height, and leaf blades and enhanced the drought tolerance of the T. ciliata seedlings by maintaining the balance of their osmotic systems, improving their gas exchange parameters, and restoring the activity of their PSII reaction centers. The seven major physiological factors that enabled exogenous SA to mitigate drought-induced injury in the T. ciliata seedlings were the soluble proteins (Sp), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), stomatal opening window (Sow), activity of the photosystem II reaction center (ΦPSII), and electron transfer rate (ETR). Of these, Sp was the most dominant factor. There was a synergistic effect between the osmotic system and the photosynthetic regulation of drought injury in the T. ciliata seedlings. Overall, our study confirms that exogenous SA enhances the drought tolerance of T. ciliata by modulating the osmotic system and photosynthesis rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)
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12 pages, 3793 KiB  
Article
Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Nitrogen Fractions and Enzyme Activities in Arable Land on Purple Soil Slopes
by Bowen Li, Yi Zhang, Yuxin Yao, Peng Dang, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Xiaohong Wu, Jun Wang and Wende Yan
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244188 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1327
Abstract
Purple soils are greatly representative of ecologically fragile soils in southern China, yet the impact of vegetation restoration processes on the nitrogen (N) availability in purple soil ecosystems is still unclear. In this study, the soil nutrient content, available N fractions (including microbial [...] Read more.
Purple soils are greatly representative of ecologically fragile soils in southern China, yet the impact of vegetation restoration processes on the nitrogen (N) availability in purple soil ecosystems is still unclear. In this study, the soil nutrient content, available N fractions (including microbial biomass N (MBN), ammonium N (NH4+-N), nitrate N (NO3−-N), and total dissolved N (TDN)), and enzyme activities (including urease (URE), nitrate reductase (NR), and nitrite reductase (NIR)) involved in N mineralization and immobilization were investigated across the three vegetation-restoration measures: Camellia oleifera monoculture, Camellia oleifera ryegrass intercropping, and Camellia oleifera intercropping with weeds. The results showed that the Camellia oleifera monoculture mode considerably enhanced the accumulation and availability of soil N and modified the proportion of available N fractions in arable land situated on purple soil slopes, compared to the intercropping mode, the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of soil demonstrated more pronounced effects due to the Camellia oleifera monoculture vegetation-restoration measures. However, soil nutrient loss is faster on set-aside land and in crop monocultures, and intercropping restoration measures are more beneficial for soil and water conservation under timely fertilization conditions. The soil URE, NR, and NIR activities and MBN content in the Camellia oleifera monoculture model were significantly higher than in the control check sample. Soil N transformation occurs through the combined influence of chemical and biological processes. The relationships between the activities of the three soil enzymes studied and the contents of various components of soil nutrients and effective N displayed significant differences. Notably, URE had a highly significant positive correlation with TOC. There is a strong positive correlation between NR and TN, NIR and TDN, NO3−-N, and NH4+-N. Our findings suggest that vegetation restoration improved the soil N availability and its enzyme activities in purple soils, making an essential contribution to the restoration and sustainability of purple soil ecosystem functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)
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19 pages, 1546 KiB  
Article
Effects of Humic Substances and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Drought-Stressed Cactus: Focus on Growth, Physiology, and Biochemistry
by Soufiane Lahbouki, Ana Luísa Fernando, Carolina Rodrigues, Raja Ben-Laouane, Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar, Abdelkader Outzourhit and Abdelilah Meddich
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4156; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244156 - 14 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2675
Abstract
Utilizing water resources rationally has become critical due to the expected increase in water scarcity. Cacti are capable of surviving with minimal water requirements and in poor soils. Despite being highly drought-resistant, cacti still faces limitations in realizing its full potential under drought-stress [...] Read more.
Utilizing water resources rationally has become critical due to the expected increase in water scarcity. Cacti are capable of surviving with minimal water requirements and in poor soils. Despite being highly drought-resistant, cacti still faces limitations in realizing its full potential under drought-stress conditions. To this end, we investigated the interactive effect of humic substances (Hs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cactus plants under drought stress. In the study, a cactus pot experiment had three irrigation levels (W1: no irrigation, W2: 15% of field capacity, and W3: 30% of field capacity) and two biostimulants (Hs soil amendment and AMF inoculation), applied alone or combined. The findings show that the W1 and W2 regimes affected cactus performance. However, Hs and/or AMF significantly improved growth. Our results revealed that drought increased the generation of reactive oxygen species. However, Hs and/or AMF application improved nutrient uptake and increased anthocyanin content and free amino acids. Furthermore, the soil’s organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium contents were improved by the application of these biostimulants. Altogether, using Hs alone or in combination with AMF can be an effective and sustainable approach to enhance the tolerance of cactus plants to drought conditions, while also improving the soil quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Associated Microorganisms: Exploring Their Beneficial and Harmful Impacts on Plant Production in Response to a Changing Climate)
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23 pages, 3686 KiB  
Review
Beneficial Microorganisms as Bioprotectants against Foliar Diseases of Cereals: A Review
by Ilham Dehbi, Oussama Achemrk, Rachid Ezzouggari, Moussa El Jarroudi, Fouad Mokrini, Ikram Legrifi, Zineb Belabess, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Hamid Mazouz and Rachid Lahlali
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4162; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244162 - 14 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2984
Abstract
Cereal production plays a major role in both animal and human diets throughout the world. However, cereal crops are vulnerable to attacks by fungal pathogens on the foliage, disrupting their biological cycle and photosynthesis, which can reduce yields by 15–20% or even 60%. [...] Read more.
Cereal production plays a major role in both animal and human diets throughout the world. However, cereal crops are vulnerable to attacks by fungal pathogens on the foliage, disrupting their biological cycle and photosynthesis, which can reduce yields by 15–20% or even 60%. Consumers are concerned about the excessive use of synthetic pesticides given their harmful effects on human health and the environment. As a result, the search for alternative solutions to protect crops has attracted the interest of scientists around the world. Among these solutions, biological control using beneficial microorganisms has taken on considerable importance, and several biological control agents (BCAs) have been studied, including species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Epicoccum, most of which include plants of growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). Bacillus has proved to be a broad-spectrum agent against these leaf cereal diseases. Interaction between plant and beneficial agents occurs as direct mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism by a mixed pathway via the secretion of lytic enzymes, growth enzymes, and antibiotics, or by an indirect interaction involving competition for nutrients or space and the induction of host resistance (systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway). We mainly demonstrate the role of BCAs in the defense against fungal diseases of cereal leaves. To enhance a solution-based crop protection approach, it is also important to understand the mechanism of action of BCAs/molecules/plants. Research in the field of preventing cereal diseases is still ongoing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Associated Microorganisms: Exploring Their Beneficial and Harmful Impacts on Plant Production in Response to a Changing Climate)
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40 pages, 892 KiB  
Review
Plant Nutrition—New Methods Based on the Lessons of History: A Review
by Martin Kulhánek, Dinkayehu Alamnie Asrade, Pavel Suran, Ondřej Sedlář, Jindřich Černý and Jiří Balík
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4150; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244150 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2820
Abstract
As with new technologies, plant nutrition has taken a big step forward in the last two decades. The main objective of this review is to briefly summarise the main pathways in modern plant nutrition and attract potential researchers and publishers to this area. [...] Read more.
As with new technologies, plant nutrition has taken a big step forward in the last two decades. The main objective of this review is to briefly summarise the main pathways in modern plant nutrition and attract potential researchers and publishers to this area. First, this review highlights the importance of long-term field experiments, which provide us with valuable information about the effects of different applied strategies. The second part is dedicated to the new analytical technologies (tomography, spectrometry, and chromatography), intensively studied environments (rhizosphere, soil microbial communities, and enzymatic activity), nutrient relationship indexes, and the general importance of proper data evaluation. The third section is dedicated to the strategies of plant nutrition, i.e., (i) plant breeding, (ii) precision farming, (iii) fertiliser placement, (iv) biostimulants, (v) waste materials as a source of nutrients, and (vi) nanotechnologies. Finally, the increasing environmental risks related to plant nutrition, including biotic and abiotic stress, mainly the threat of soil salinity, are mentioned. In the 21st century, fertiliser application trends should be shifted to local application, precise farming, and nanotechnology; amended with ecofriendly organic fertilisers to ensure sustainable agricultural practices; and supported by new, highly effective crop varieties. To optimise agriculture, only the combination of the mentioned modern strategies supported by a proper analysis based on long-term observations seems to be a suitable pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Nutrition Volume II)
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18 pages, 1117 KiB  
Review
Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Current Landscape and Future Directions
by Alfredo Ambrosone, Ani Barbulova, Elisa Cappetta, Fabrizio Cillo, Monica De Palma, Michelina Ruocco and Gabriella Pocsfalvi
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4141; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244141 - 12 Dec 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4039
Abstract
Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer- and nanometer-sized vesicles that, similarly to the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a complex molecular cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and primary and secondary metabolites. While it is technically complicated to isolate [...] Read more.
Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer- and nanometer-sized vesicles that, similarly to the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a complex molecular cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and primary and secondary metabolites. While it is technically complicated to isolate EVs from whole plants or their tissues, in vitro plant cell cultures provide excellent model systems for their study. Plant EVs have been isolated from the conditioned culture media of plant cell, pollen, hairy root, and protoplast cultures, and recent studies have gathered important structural and biological data that provide a framework to decipher their physiological roles and unveil previously unacknowledged links to their diverse biological functions. The primary function of plant EVs seems to be in the secretion that underlies cell growth and morphogenesis, cell wall composition, and cell–cell communication processes. Besides their physiological functions, plant EVs may participate in defence mechanisms against different plant pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Whereas edible and medicinal-plant-derived nanovesicles isolated from homogenised plant materials ex vivo are widely studied and exploited, today, plant EV research is still in its infancy. This review, for the first time, highlights the different in vitro sources that have been used to isolate plant EVs, together with the structural and biological studies that investigate the molecular cargo, and pinpoints the possible role of plant EVs as mediators in plant–pathogen interactions, which may contribute to opening up new scenarios for agricultural applications, biotechnology, and innovative strategies for plant disease management. Full article
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21 pages, 7453 KiB  
Article
Assessing Grain Quality Changes in White and Black Rice under Water Deficit
by Aloysha Brunet-Loredo, María Dolores López-Belchí, Karla Cordero-Lara, Felipe Noriega, Ricardo A. Cabeza, Susana Fischer, Paula Careaga and Miguel Garriga
Plants 2023, 12(24), 4091; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244091 - 7 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2499
Abstract
Rice is an essential diet component for a significant portion of the population worldwide. Due to the high water demand associated with rice production, improving water use efficiency and grain quality is critical to increasing the sustainability of the crop. This species includes [...] Read more.
Rice is an essential diet component for a significant portion of the population worldwide. Due to the high water demand associated with rice production, improving water use efficiency and grain quality is critical to increasing the sustainability of the crop. This species includes rice varieties with diverse pigmentation patterns. Grain quality, including industrial, nutritional, and functional quality traits, of two black rice genotypes and a commercial white rice cultivar were evaluated in different locations and under different water regimes. Flooding produced higher grain weight compared to alternate wetting and drying irrigation. A high correlation was found between grain color, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity. The black rice genotypes showed higher TPC levels and antioxidant capacity, mainly due to higher levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. The phenolic profile varied between whole and polished grains, while mineral composition was influenced by location and irrigation regime. In turn, the environment influenced grain quality in terms of industrial and nutritional characteristics, with significant differences in quality between whole and polished grains. This study provides valuable information on the genotype–environment relationship in rice and its effect on grain quality, which could contribute to selecting genotypes for an appropriate environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice and Rice Breeding)
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19 pages, 1730 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Siderophores Generated by Pseudomonas Bacteria and Their Possible Application as Fe Biofertilizers
by José María Lozano-González, Silvia Valverde, Mónica Montoya, Marta Martín, Rafael Rivilla, Juan J. Lucena and Sandra López-Rayo
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4054; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234054 - 2 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
The application of synthetic iron chelates to overcome iron deficiency in crops is leading to a high impact on the environment, making it necessary to find more friendly fertilizers. A promising alternative is the application of biodegradable iron chelates, such as those based [...] Read more.
The application of synthetic iron chelates to overcome iron deficiency in crops is leading to a high impact on the environment, making it necessary to find more friendly fertilizers. A promising alternative is the application of biodegradable iron chelates, such as those based on siderophores. In the present work, seven bacterial strains of the genus Pseudomonas were selected for their ability to secrete pyoverdine, a siderophore with a high affinity for iron, which could be used as a biofertilizer. The concentration of siderophores secreted by each bacterium expressed as desferrioxamine B equivalents, and the pyoverdine concentration was determined. Their potential as Fe biofertilizers was determined based on their capacity to complex Fe, determining the maximum iron complexation capacity at alkaline pH and selecting the RMC4 strain. The biostimulant capacity of the RMC4 strain was evaluated through the secretion of organic acids such as the hormone Indol-3-acetic acid or glutamic acid, among others, in a kinetic assay. Finally, the genome of RMC4 was determined, and the strain was identified as Pseudomonas monsensis. The annotated genome was screened for genes and gene clusters implicated in biofertilization and plant growth promotion. Besides iron mobilization, genes related to phosphorus solubilization, production of phytohormones and biological control, among others, were observed, indicating the suitability of RMC4 as an inoculant. In conclusion, RMC4 and its siderophores are promising sources for Fe biofertilization in agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical Interactions of Iron Nutrition in Plants)
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15 pages, 4168 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Mediterranean Citrus Peel Flavonoids and Their Antioxidant Capacity Using an Innovative UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Approach
by Rosario Mare, Roberta Pujia, Samantha Maurotti, Simona Greco, Antonio Cardamone, Anna Rita Coppoletta, Sonia Bonacci, Antonio Procopio and Arturo Pujia
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4046; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234046 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Citrus fruits exert various beneficial health effects due to the large amount of polyphenols they contain. Citrus peels, often considered food waste, contain several health-promoting polyphenols. Among these, flavonoids have long been quantified through colorimetric assays which, if not adequately applied, can lead [...] Read more.
Citrus fruits exert various beneficial health effects due to the large amount of polyphenols they contain. Citrus peels, often considered food waste, contain several health-promoting polyphenols. Among these, flavonoids have long been quantified through colorimetric assays which, if not adequately applied, can lead to conflicting results. Flavonoids possess strong antioxidant properties and can decrease circulating free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress phenomena. Quantifying flavonoids and properly estimating their antioxidant capacity allows us to predict plausible beneficial effects of citrus fruits on human health. The aim of this research was to analyze the advantageous phenolic compounds found in the peels of citrus fruits commonly found in the Mediterranean region. The objective was to measure their antioxidant capacity and ability to neutralize free radicals. To achieve this purpose, UV-visible spectrophotometric analyses, liquid chromatography (LC) and Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy (EPR) were utilized and compared, finally suggesting an innovative approach for assessing the overall flavonoid content by the nitrite-aluminum assay. HPLC data demonstrated that hesperidin was the most abundant flavonoid in all peel extracts except for orange peels, in which naringin was the predominant flavonoid. The total flavonoid content was greater than 1.3 mg/mL in all extracts, with tangerine and orange yielding the best results. Citrus peel polyphenols exerted strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects, inhibiting up to 75% of the free radicals used as reference in the EPR analyses. Full article
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21 pages, 2832 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Studies of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) as Potential Plant-Growth-Promoting and Biocontrol Agents against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum
by Alejandro Bódalo, Rogelio Borrego, Carlos Garrido, Hernando José Bolivar-Anillo, Jesús M. Cantoral, María Dolores Vela-Delgado, Victoria E. González-Rodríguez and María Carbú
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4032; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234032 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3197
Abstract
Agriculture currently confronts a multitude of challenges arising from the excessive utilization of chemical pesticides and the proliferation of phytopathogenic fungi strains that exhibit resistance to commonly employed active compounds in the field. Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum are phytopathogenic fungi that inflict [...] Read more.
Agriculture currently confronts a multitude of challenges arising from the excessive utilization of chemical pesticides and the proliferation of phytopathogenic fungi strains that exhibit resistance to commonly employed active compounds in the field. Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum are phytopathogenic fungi that inflict substantial economic losses within agriculture and food due to their high impacts on crops both pre- and post-harvest. Furthermore, the emergence of fungal strains that are resistant to commercial fungicides has exacerbated this problem. To explore more environmentally sustainable alternatives for the control of these pathogens, an investigation into the endophytic bacteria associated with ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) was conducted. The primary focus of this study involved evaluating their inhibitory efficacy against the fungi and assessing their potential for promoting plant growth. The endophytic bacteria genera Lelliottia, Lysinibacillus, Kocuria, Agrococcus, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, Zymobacter, and Mycolicibacterium were identified. All isolates showed remarkable in vitro antagonistic ability against B. cinerea (>94%) and C. acutatum (>74%). Notably, the Lelliottia amnigena J29 strain exhibited a notable proficiency in producing extracellular enzymes and indole compounds (IAA), solubilizing phosphate and potassium, and forming biofilm. Furthermore, the Lysinibacillus capsici J26, Agrococcus citreus J28, and Mycolicibacterium sp. J5 strains displayed the capacity for atmospheric nitrogen fixation and siderophore production. These findings underscore the agricultural and biotechnological potential of endophytic bacteria derived from ginger plants and suggest the feasibility of developing alternative approaches to manage these two phytopathogenic fungi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interaction)
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15 pages, 7261 KiB  
Article
Mechanistic Approach on Melatonin-Induced Hormesis of Photosystem II Function in the Medicinal Plant Mentha spicata 
by Michael Moustakas, Ilektra Sperdouli, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis, Begüm Şaş, Sumrunaz İşgören, Julietta Moustaka and Fermín Morales
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4025; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234025 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1368
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is considered a new plant hormone having a universal distribution from prokaryotic bacteria to higher plants. It has been characterized as an antistress molecule playing a positive role in the acclimation of plants to stress conditions, but its impact on plants [...] Read more.
Melatonin (MT) is considered a new plant hormone having a universal distribution from prokaryotic bacteria to higher plants. It has been characterized as an antistress molecule playing a positive role in the acclimation of plants to stress conditions, but its impact on plants under non-stressed conditions is not well understood. In the current research, we evaluated the impact of MT application (10 and 100 μM) on photosystem II (PSII) function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and chlorophyll content on mint (Mentha spicata L.) plants in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of MT action on the photosynthetic electron transport process that under non-stressed conditions is still unclear. Seventy-two hours after the foliar spray of mint plants with 100 μM MT, the improved chlorophyll content imported a higher amount of light energy capture, which caused a 6% increase in the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR). Nevertheless, the spray with 100 μM MT reduced the efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), causing donor-side photoinhibition, with a simultaneous slight increase in ROS. Even so, the application of 100 μM MT decreased the excess excitation energy at PSII implying superior PSII efficiency. The decreased excitation pressure at PSII, after 100 μM MT foliar spray, suggests that MT induced stomatal closure through ROS production. The response of ΦPSII to MT spray corresponds to a J-shaped hormetic curve, with ΦPSII enhancement by 100 μM MT. It is suggested that the hormetic stimulation of PSII functionality was triggered by the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanism that stimulated ROS production, which enhanced the photosynthetic function. It is concluded that MT molecules can be used under both stress and non-stressed conditions as photosynthetic biostimulants for enhancing crop yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Memory of Professor Javier Abadía, a World Leader in Plant Stress Physiology)
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35 pages, 4586 KiB  
Review
Plant Physiological Analysis to Overcome Limitations to Plant Phenotyping
by Matthew Haworth, Giovanni Marino, Giulia Atzori, Andre Fabbri, Andre Daccache, Dilek Killi, Andrea Carli, Vincenzo Montesano, Adriano Conte, Raffaella Balestrini and Mauro Centritto
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4015; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234015 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3336
Abstract
Plant physiological status is the interaction between the plant genome and the prevailing growth conditions. Accurate characterization of plant physiology is, therefore, fundamental to effective plant phenotyping studies; particularly those focused on identifying traits associated with improved yield, lower input requirements, and climate [...] Read more.
Plant physiological status is the interaction between the plant genome and the prevailing growth conditions. Accurate characterization of plant physiology is, therefore, fundamental to effective plant phenotyping studies; particularly those focused on identifying traits associated with improved yield, lower input requirements, and climate resilience. Here, we outline the approaches used to assess plant physiology and how these techniques of direct empirical observations of processes such as photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, photosystem II electron transport, or the effectiveness of protective energy dissipation mechanisms are unsuited to high-throughput phenotyping applications. Novel optical sensors, remote/proximal sensing (multi- and hyperspectral reflectance, infrared thermography, sun-induced fluorescence), LiDAR, and automated analyses of below-ground development offer the possibility to infer plant physiological status and growth. However, there are limitations to such ‘indirect’ approaches to gauging plant physiology. These methodologies that are appropriate for the rapid high temporal screening of a number of crop varieties over a wide spatial scale do still require ‘calibration’ or ‘validation’ with direct empirical measurement of plant physiological status. The use of deep-learning and artificial intelligence approaches may enable the effective synthesis of large multivariate datasets to more accurately quantify physiological characters rapidly in high numbers of replicate plants. Advances in automated data collection and subsequent data processing represent an opportunity for plant phenotyping efforts to fully integrate fundamental physiological data into vital efforts to ensure food and agro-economic sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Crop Plant Breeding Approaches for Resilient Agriculture)
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20 pages, 2846 KiB  
Review
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Occurring Compounds and Their Synthetic Derivatives
by Camelia Hodoșan, Cerasela Elena Gîrd, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pîrvu, Lucica Nistor, Iulius Sorin Bărbuică, Ștefan-Claudiu Marin, Alexandru Mihalache and Lăcrămioara Popa
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4022; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234022 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6389
Abstract
This comprehensive scientific review provides an in-depth analysis of both the natural compounds, pyrethrins, and their synthetic derivatives, pyrethroids, focusing on their classification, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, general and pharmaceutical uses, as well as their toxicity and environmental impact. Pyrethrins, derived from certain [...] Read more.
This comprehensive scientific review provides an in-depth analysis of both the natural compounds, pyrethrins, and their synthetic derivatives, pyrethroids, focusing on their classification, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, general and pharmaceutical uses, as well as their toxicity and environmental impact. Pyrethrins, derived from certain plant species, have long been recognized for their potent insecticidal properties. The review begins by examining the classification of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, elucidating their structural characteristics and unique features within the field of natural and synthetic compounds. The biosynthetic pathways responsible for producing pyrethrins in plants are discussed, highlighting the enzymatic reactions and genetic regulation involved. In addition, the synthesis of pyrethroid derivatives is explored, including both natural and synthetic sources and potential optimization strategies. Understanding the mechanisms of action by which pyrethrins and pyrethroids exert their insecticidal effects is a crucial aspect of this review. Complex interactions with the nervous systems of target organisms are examined, providing insights into their selective toxicity and modes of action. In addition, the various applications of these compounds are explored, from their use in agriculture for pest control to their incorporation into household insecticides and potential pharmaceutical applications. The review also critically evaluates the potential toxicity of pyrethrins and pyrethroids to human health. By consolidating current knowledge and research findings, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the properties and applications of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, highlighting their benefits and risks, and the importance of responsible and sustainable use in various areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism of Biosynthesis and Regulation of Terpenoids in Plants)
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26 pages, 3622 KiB  
Review
The Development of Plant Genome Sequencing Technology and Its Conservation and Application in Endangered Gymnosperms
by Kaiyue Hong, Yasmina Radian, Teja Manda, Haibin Xu and Yuming Luo
Plants 2023, 12(23), 4006; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234006 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4351
Abstract
Genome sequencing is widely recognized as a fundamental pillar in genetic research and legal studies of biological phenomena, providing essential insights for genetic investigations and legal analyses of biological events. The field of genome sequencing has experienced significant progress due to rapid improvements [...] Read more.
Genome sequencing is widely recognized as a fundamental pillar in genetic research and legal studies of biological phenomena, providing essential insights for genetic investigations and legal analyses of biological events. The field of genome sequencing has experienced significant progress due to rapid improvements in scientific and technological developments. These advancements encompass not only significant improvements in the speed and quality of sequencing but also provide an unparalleled opportunity to explore the subtle complexities of genomes, particularly in the context of rare species. Such a wide range of possibilities has successfully supported the validation of plant gene functions and the refinement of precision breeding methodologies. This expanded scope now includes a comprehensive exploration of the current state and conservation efforts of gymnosperm gene sequencing, offering invaluable insights into their genomic landscapes. This comprehensive review elucidates the trajectory of development and the diverse applications of genome sequencing. It encompasses various domains, including crop breeding, responses to abiotic stress, species evolutionary dynamics, biodiversity, and the unique challenges faced in the conservation and utilization of gymnosperms. It highlights both ongoing challenges and the unveiling of forthcoming developmental trajectories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Plant Genomics and Transcriptome Analysis)
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21 pages, 1201 KiB  
Review
The Underexplored Mechanisms of Wheat Resistance to Leaf Rust
by Johannes Mapuranga, Jiaying Chang, Jiaojie Zhao, Maili Liang, Ruolin Li, Yanhui Wu, Na Zhang, Lirong Zhang and Wenxiang Yang
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3996; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233996 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2808
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt), is one of the most common wheat foliar diseases that continuously threatens global wheat production. Currently, the approaches used to mitigate pathogen infestation include the application of fungicides [...] Read more.
Wheat leaf rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt), is one of the most common wheat foliar diseases that continuously threatens global wheat production. Currently, the approaches used to mitigate pathogen infestation include the application of fungicides and the deployment of resistance genes or cultivars. However, the continuous deployment of selected resistant varieties causes host selection pressures that drive Pt evolution and promote the incessant emergence of new virulent races, resulting in the demise of wheat-resistant cultivars after several years of planting. Intriguingly, diploid wheat accessions were found to confer haustorium formation-based resistance to leaf rust, which involves prehaustorial and posthaustorial resistance mechanisms. The prehaustorial resistance in the interaction between einkorn and wheat leaf rust is not influenced by specific races of the pathogen. The induced defense mechanism, known as systemic acquired resistance, also confers durable resistance against a wide array of pathogens. This review summarizes the host range, pathogenic profile, and evolutionary basis of Pt; the molecular basis underlying wheat–Pt interactions; the cloning and characterization of wheat leaf rust resistance genes; prehaustorial and posthaustorial resistance; systemic acquired resistance; and the role of reactive oxygen species. The interplay between climatic factors, genetic features, planting dates, and disease dynamics in imparting resistance is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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14 pages, 4426 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Potential Distribution of Oxalis debilis Kunth, an Invasive Species in China with a Maximum Entropy Model
by Xinsheng Qin and Mingxin Li
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3999; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233999 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1627
Abstract
Oxalis debilis Kunth, an invasive plant native to South America, has already spread extensively throughout various regions in China including West China, East China, Central China, and South China. It poses a certain degree of damage to the local ecosystem and demonstrates significant [...] Read more.
Oxalis debilis Kunth, an invasive plant native to South America, has already spread extensively throughout various regions in China including West China, East China, Central China, and South China. It poses a certain degree of damage to the local ecosystem and demonstrates significant invasive potential. Utilizing distribution information along with environmental variables such as bioclimate, soil factors, elevation, and UV-B radiation, the MaxEnt model combined with ArcGIS was employed to forecast the potential distribution of O. debilis in China. The ROC curve was employed to assess the accuracy of the model, while the jackknife test was utilized to identify dominant environmental variables and determine their optimal values. The simulated AUC value was 0.946 ± 0.004, and the predicted results exhibited a remarkable concordance with the actual outcomes, thereby indicating that the Maxent model demonstrated a high level of confidence in its predictive capabilities. The potential distribution of O. debilis in China spanned 18,914,237 km2, accounting for 19.70% of the total land area. This distribution was primarily observed in East, Central, and South China, with Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou being identified as highly suitable habitats for O. debilis. Furthermore, it was observed that the distribution of O. debilis is primarily influenced by environmental variables such as the precipitation of the driest month, the monthly diurnal range, the mean temperature of the wettest quarter, and the isothermality. The findings can serve as a valuable point of reference for the prevention and monitoring of O. debilis spread, thereby contributing to the protection of China’s agricultural, forestry, and ecological environments. It is imperative to acknowledge the hazards associated with O. debilis, closely monitor its invasion, and prevent uncontrolled dissemination. Full article
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22 pages, 14171 KiB  
Article
Melatonin-Mediated Enhancement of Photosynthetic Capacity and Photoprotection Improves Salt Tolerance in Wheat
by Di Yan, Jiajie Wang, Zhenzong Lu, Rui Liu, Yue Hong, Baocai Su, Ye Wang, Zhen Peng, Chunxin Yu, Yuerong Gao, Ziyan Liu, Zhaoshi Xu, Liusheng Duan and Runzhi Li
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3984; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233984 - 27 Nov 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1424
Abstract
The role of melatonin in plant growth and response to environmental stress has been widely demonstrated. However, the physiological and molecular regulation of salt tolerance in wheat seedlings by melatonin remains unclear. In this study, we investigated changes in phenotype, physiology, photosynthetic parameters, [...] Read more.
The role of melatonin in plant growth and response to environmental stress has been widely demonstrated. However, the physiological and molecular regulation of salt tolerance in wheat seedlings by melatonin remains unclear. In this study, we investigated changes in phenotype, physiology, photosynthetic parameters, and transcript levels in wheat seedlings to reveal the role of melatonin in the regulation of salt tolerance in wheat. The results indicate that the application of exogenous melatonin significantly alleviates growth inhibition, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and membrane oxidative damage induced by salt stress in wheat. Additionally, exogenous melatonin increased antioxidant enzyme activity and regulated photosynthetic gas exchange. Transcriptomic data showed a significant up-regulation of genes encoding light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex proteins in photosynthesis and genes related to chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis under the influence of melatonin. These results suggest that exogenous melatonin improves salt tolerance in wheat seedlings by enhancing the antioxidant, photoprotective, and photosynthesis activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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25 pages, 6138 KiB  
Article
Plants as Symbols of Power in the Achaemenid Iconography of Ancient Persian Monuments
by Giulia Caneva, Alessandro Lazzara and Zohreh Hosseini
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3991; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233991 - 27 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4370
Abstract
The art of the Achaemenid Empire flourished in Ancient Persia from the 6th to 4th centuries BCE, and featured stone-carved monumental structures adorned with recurring zoological and floral patterns. Such representations clearly had a symbolic meaning intimately connected to religious expression and the [...] Read more.
The art of the Achaemenid Empire flourished in Ancient Persia from the 6th to 4th centuries BCE, and featured stone-carved monumental structures adorned with recurring zoological and floral patterns. Such representations clearly had a symbolic meaning intimately connected to religious expression and the will of deities. Considering the lack of any comprehensive analysis of botanical features, we investigate the recurring plant patterns and the variety of plants depicted. An analysis of the documentation referring mainly to monuments in the two main capitals of Darius I, Persepolis and Susa, showed the presence of certain repetitive elements, such as the so-called rosettes (composed variously of Asteraceae capitula and Nymphaea flowers), palms (Phoenix dactylifera, the tree of life), pines, flowers or bunches and metamorphic elements. Some plants are described in this paper for the first time in the context of Persian iconography, such as Mandragora officinalis in offering scenes as a symbol of fertility and protection against evil spirits, Pinus brutia var. eldarica as a symbol of immortality and elevation to the gods, and the capitula of Matricaria/Leucanthemum as solar symbols. Further interesting elements include cf. Myrtus communis in some crowns and probably cf. Ephedra sp. in offering scenes. Achaemenid art was deeply influenced by the Zoroastrian religion of ancient Persia with its great attention to nature as well as by the nearby civilizations of the Mesopotamian area and Egypt. Most elements were also associated with psychotropic or medicinal attributes, which contributed to their position as symbols of power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Botanical Research in the Mediterranean Area: Studies in Honor of Prof. Francesco Maria Raimondo on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday)
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21 pages, 2960 KiB  
Review
The Multifaceted Role of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Stress Mitigation: An Overview
by Muhammad Rehman, Muhammad Sulaman Saeed, Xingming Fan, Abdul Salam, Raheel Munir, Muhammad Umair Yasin, Ali Raza Khan, Sajid Muhammad, Bahar Ali, Imran Ali, Jamshaid Khan and Yinbo Gan
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3982; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233982 - 27 Nov 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5563
Abstract
Plants, being sessile, have developed complex signaling and response mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors. Recent investigations have revealed the significant contribution of phytohormones in enabling plants to endure unfavorable conditions. Among these phytohormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively [...] Read more.
Plants, being sessile, have developed complex signaling and response mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors. Recent investigations have revealed the significant contribution of phytohormones in enabling plants to endure unfavorable conditions. Among these phytohormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as jasmonates (JAs), are of particular importance and are involved in diverse signal transduction pathways to regulate various physiological and molecular processes in plants, thus protecting plants from the lethal impacts of abiotic and biotic stressors. Jasmonic acid has emerged as a central player in plant defense against biotic stress and in alleviating multiple abiotic stressors in plants, such as drought, salinity, vernalization, and heavy metal exposure. Furthermore, as a growth regulator, JA operates in conjunction with other phytohormones through a complex signaling cascade to balance plant growth and development against stresses. Although studies have reported the intricate nature of JA as a biomolecular entity for the mitigation of abiotic stressors, their underlying mechanism and biosynthetic pathways remain poorly understood. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent progress made in understanding the biosynthesis of JA, elucidates the complexities of its signal transduction pathways, and emphasizes its pivotal role in mitigating abiotic and biotic stressors. Moreover, we also discuss current issues and future research directions for JAs in plant stress responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants, 2nd Volume)
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17 pages, 1289 KiB  
Review
Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing Advances to Enhance Floral Attributes in Ornamental Plants: An Update
by Manjulatha Mekapogu, Hyun-Young Song, So-Hyeon Lim and Jae-A Jung
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3983; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233983 - 27 Nov 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3082
Abstract
The ornamental horticulture industry is a highly dynamic and rapidly changing market. Constant development of novel cultivars with elite traits is essential to sustain competitiveness. Conventional breeding has been used to develop cultivars, which is often laborious. Biotechnological strategies such as genetic engineering [...] Read more.
The ornamental horticulture industry is a highly dynamic and rapidly changing market. Constant development of novel cultivars with elite traits is essential to sustain competitiveness. Conventional breeding has been used to develop cultivars, which is often laborious. Biotechnological strategies such as genetic engineering have been crucial in manipulating and improving various beneficial traits that are technically not possible through cross-breeding. One such trait is the highly desired blue-colored flower in roses and chrysanthemums, which can be achieved through transgenic technology. Advances in genome sequencing platforms have enhanced the opportunities to access the whole genome sequence in various ornamentals, facilitating the dissection of the molecular genetics and regulatory controls of different traits. The recent advent of genome editing tools, including CRISPR/Cas9, has revolutionized plant breeding. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing offers efficient and highly precise trait modification, contributing to various beneficial advancements. Although genome editing in ornamentals is currently in its infancy, the recent increase in the availability of ornamental genome sequences provides a platform to extend the frontiers of future genome editing in ornamentals. Hence, this review depicts the implication of various commercially valuable ornamental attributes, and details the research attempts and achievements in enhancing floral attributes using genetic engineering and genome editing in ornamental plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floriculture and Landscape Architecture)
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52 pages, 4656 KiB  
Review
A Travel through Landscapes of Seed Dormancy
by Alberto Gianinetti
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233963 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3092
Abstract
Basic features of seed dormancy are illustrated. The seed overall regulatory network governs seed metabolism and development, and it is coordinated by plant hormones. A functional model focused on abscisic acid (ABA), the foremost plant hormone in dormancy, is used as a framework [...] Read more.
Basic features of seed dormancy are illustrated. The seed overall regulatory network governs seed metabolism and development, and it is coordinated by plant hormones. A functional model focused on abscisic acid (ABA), the foremost plant hormone in dormancy, is used as a framework to critically discuss the literature. Gibberellins (GAs) have a main role in germination, and the ABA–GAs balance is a typical feature of the seed state: ABA dominates during dormancy and GAs prevail through germination. Thus, the literature converges toward envisaging the development switch between dormancy and germination as represented by the ABA/GAs ratio. The ABA–GAs antagonism is based on mutual inhibition, a feature of the regulatory network architecture that characterizes development trajectories based on a regulatory circuit with a bistable switch. Properties of such kind of regulatory architecture are introduced step by step, and it is shown that seed development—toward either dormancy or germination—is more properly represented by a tristable regulatory circuit, whose intermediate metastable states ultimately take one or the other development trajectory. Although the ABA/GAs ratio can conveniently represent the state of the seed overall regulatory network along the seed development trajectory, specific (unknown) dormancy factors are required to determine the development trajectory. The development landscape is shown to provide a well-suited representation of seed states travelling along developmental trajectories, particularly when the states are envisioned as regulatory circuits. Looking at seed dormancy in terms of regulatory circuits and development landscapes offers a valuable perspective to improve our understanding of this biological phenomenon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)
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17 pages, 12802 KiB  
Article
Effects of Fulvic Acid on Growth and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in M9T337 Seedlings
by Bo Yu, Laiping Wang, Dongdong Cui, Wensheng Gao, Xiaomin Xue and Peixian Nie
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3937; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233937 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2357
Abstract
Both fulvic acid (FA) and nitrogen (N) play important roles in agricultural production in China. Plants typically show a higher nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under FA application. However, the role of FA application in apple growth and NUE remains unclear. A hydroponic culture [...] Read more.
Both fulvic acid (FA) and nitrogen (N) play important roles in agricultural production in China. Plants typically show a higher nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under FA application. However, the role of FA application in apple growth and NUE remains unclear. A hydroponic culture experiment was performed, and M9T337 seedlings (a dwarf apple rootstock) were used as the experimental subjects. The biomass, photosynthesis, accumulation, and distribution of photosynthates, N absorption and assimilation, and relative gene expression in the seedlings were examined after treatment with five different concentrations of FA (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mg·L−1, represented by CK, FA1, FA2, FA3, FA4, respectively). The results showed that the seedling dry weight and 15NUE were enhanced by FA, and both were highest under the FA2 (the concentration of fulvic acid is 120 mg·L−1) treatment. Further analysis revealed that under the FA2 treatment, the root morphology was optimized, and the root activity was relatively high. Compared with CK (control, the concentration of fulvic acid is 0 mg·L−1), the FA2 treatment strengthened photosynthesis, elevated the key enzyme activities related to C metabolism, upregulated the gene expression of sugar transport proteins, and increased the root sorbitol and sucrose contents, which suggested that the FA2 treatment optimally affected the root growth and N absorption because it enhanced photosynthate synthesis and the leaf-to-root translocation of photoassimilates. The seedlings in the FA2 treatment group also showed a significantly higher NO3− influx rate and NRT (nitrate transporter) gene expression in the roots. Moreover, relatively high N metabolism-related enzyme activities in the leaves and roots were also observed under the FA2 treatment. The isotope labeling results showed that the optimal FA2 supply not only promoted seedling 15N absorption but also optimized the distribution of C and N in the seedlings. These results suggested that an optimal FA supply (120 mg·L−1) enhanced seedling NUE by strengthening photoassimilate synthesis and transport from leaves to roots, regulating N absorption, assimilation, and distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)
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18 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
Content and Yield of L-DOPA and Bioactive Compounds of Broad Bean Plants: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vitro
by Paula Beatriz Fuentes-Herrera, Braulio Edgar Herrera-Cabrera, Alma Leticia Martínez-Ayala, Alejandro Zamilpa and Adriana Delgado-Alvarado
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233918 - 21 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2481
Abstract
The broad bean plant contains L-DOPA, a compound that is essential for patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, little has been reported on other broad bean compounds that have beneficial effects on health. The objective was to evaluate plants of four Mexican broad bean [...] Read more.
The broad bean plant contains L-DOPA, a compound that is essential for patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, little has been reported on other broad bean compounds that have beneficial effects on health. The objective was to evaluate plants of four Mexican broad bean varieties to determine the content and yield of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), and L-DOPA, as well as to analyze the flavonoid profile and antioxidant (AA) and anti-inflammatory (AANTI) activity in vitro. Broad bean seeds were sown in the field and plants were harvested 20 days after emergence. The analyses were performed with visible UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. The variety José María produced the highest yield of TPC (9.30 g m−2), TF (8.08 g m−2), and L-DOPA (5.64 g m−2) per unit of area. The highest yields per plant were obtained with the Rojita variety: TPC (0.25 g plant−1), TF (0.21 g plant−1), and L-DOPA (0.17 g plant−1). This variety also had the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 87.68 µg mL−1) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 74.40 mg mL−1) activity, which was attributed to the L-DOPA compounds and to rutin and isoorientins, respectively. The flavonoid profile revealed the presence of rutin and isoorientins, which had not been previously detected in the broad bean plant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Chemical Activity of Metabolites of Medicinal Plants, Volume II)
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17 pages, 4494 KiB  
Article
Skin-Whitening Effect of a Callus Extract of Nelumbo nucifera Isolate Haman
by Sung Ho Moon, Euihyun Kim, Hye-In Kim, Soo-Yun Kim, Hyo-Hyun Seo, Jeong Hun Lee, Min-Sup Lee, Seung-Ki Lee, Sang Hyun Moh and Seunghee Bae
Plants 2023, 12(23), 3923; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233923 - 21 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2878
Abstract
The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Isolate Haman, in the family Nelumbonaceae) used in this study originated from the Haman region of Korea, and lotus seeds dating back to the Goryeo Dynasty (650–760 years ago) were accidentally discovered. Lotus is known to [...] Read more.
The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Isolate Haman, in the family Nelumbonaceae) used in this study originated from the Haman region of Korea, and lotus seeds dating back to the Goryeo Dynasty (650–760 years ago) were accidentally discovered. Lotus is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and soothing properties. Instead of using the lotus alone, we obtained extracts using Haman region lotus-derived callus (HLC), which allowed for a controlled, quantitative, and infinite supply. Based on the reported effects of the lotus, we formulated a hypothesis to investigate the skin-whitening effect of the HLC extract (HLCE). The HLCE was first obtained by extraction with distilled water and using 5% propanediol as a solvent and subsequently verified for the whitening effect (melanin content tests) using mammalian cells in vitro. Its efficacy at the molecular level was confirmed through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using melanin-related genes. Furthermore, clinical trials with 21 volunteers confirmed the significant whitening effect of cosmetics containing the HLCE. In conclusion, we found that the HLCE not only has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties but also plays an essential role in skin whitening. Therefore, we propose that the HLCE has the potential to become a new raw material for the cosmetic industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Beneficial Effects on Skin Health)
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18 pages, 3467 KiB  
Article
Physiological Properties of Perennial Rice Regenerating Cultivation in Two Years with Four Harvests
by Chunlin Guo, Weiwei Lin, Wujie Gao, Chaojie Lan, Hailong Xu, Jingnan Zou, Nyumah Fallah, Wenfei Wang, Wenfang Lin, Ting Chen and Wenxiong Lin
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223910 - 20 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1702
Abstract
Crop perennialization has garnered global attention recently due to its role in sustainable agriculture. However, there is still a lack of detailed information regarding perennial rice’s regenerative characteristics and physiological mechanisms in crop ratooning systems with different rice stubble heights. In addition, the [...] Read more.
Crop perennialization has garnered global attention recently due to its role in sustainable agriculture. However, there is still a lack of detailed information regarding perennial rice’s regenerative characteristics and physiological mechanisms in crop ratooning systems with different rice stubble heights. In addition, the response of phytohormones to varying stubble heights and how this response influences the regenerative characteristics of ratoon rice remains poorly documented. Here, we explored the regenerative characteristics and physiological mechanisms of an annual hybrid rice, AR2640, and a perennial rice, PR25, subjected to different stubble heights (5, 10, and 15 cm). The response of phytohormones to varying stubble heights and how this response influences the regenerative characteristics of ratoon rice were also investigated. The results show that PR25 overwintered successfully and produced the highest yield, especially in the second ratoon season, mainly due to its extended growth duration, higher number of mother stems, tillers at the basal nodes, higher number of effective panicles, and heavier grain weight when subjected to lower stubble heights. Further analysis revealed that PR25 exhibited a higher regeneration rate from the lower-position nodes in the stem with lower stubble heights. this was primarily due to the higher contents of phytohormones, especially auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA3) at an early stage and abscisic acid (ABA) at a later stage after harvesting of the main crop. Our findings reveal how ratoon rice enhances performance based on different stubble heights, which provides valuable insights and serves as crucial references for delving deeper into cultivating high-yielding perennial rice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Molecular Ecology of Ratoon Rice)
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16 pages, 1818 KiB  
Article
Significant Benefits of Environmentally Friendly Hydrosols from Tropaeolum majus L. Seeds with Multiple Biological Activities
by Ivana Vrca, Blaž Jug, Željana Fredotović, Elma Vuko, Valentina Brkan, Loriana Šestić, Lea Juretić, Valerija Dunkić, Marija Nazlić, Dina Ramić, Sonja Smole Možina and Dario Kremer
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3897; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223897 - 18 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
Tropaeolum majus L. is a traditional medicinal plant with a wide range of biological activities due to the degradation products of the glucosinolate glucotropaeolin. Therefore, the goals of this study were to identify volatiles using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) of the hydrosols [...] Read more.
Tropaeolum majus L. is a traditional medicinal plant with a wide range of biological activities due to the degradation products of the glucosinolate glucotropaeolin. Therefore, the goals of this study were to identify volatiles using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) of the hydrosols (HYs) isolated using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG). Cytotoxic activity was tested against a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), human colon cancer cell line (HCT116), human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS), and healthy cell line (RPE1). The effect on wound healing was investigated using human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), while the antibacterial activity of the HYs was tested against growth and adhesion to a polystyrene surface of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antiphytoviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was determined. The GC-MS analysis showed that the two main compounds in the HYs of T. majus are benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and benzyl cyanide (BCN) using the MAE (62.29% BITC and 15.02% BCN) and MHG (17.89% BITC and 65.33% BCN) extraction techniques. The HYs obtained using MAE showed better cytotoxic activity against the tested cancer cell lines (IC50 value of 472.61–637.07 µg/mL) compared to the HYs obtained using MHG (IC50 value of 719.01–1307.03 μg/mL). Both concentrations (5 and 20 µg/mL) of T. majus HYs using MAE showed a mild but statistically non-significant effect in promoting gap closure compared with untreated cells, whereas the T. majus HY isolated using MHG at a concentration of 15 µg/mL showed a statistically significant negative effect on wound healing. The test showed that the MIC concentration was above 0.5 mg/mL for the HY isolated using MAE, and 2 mg/mL for the HY isolated using MHG. The HY isolated using MHG reduced the adhesion of E. coli at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, while it also reduced the adhesion of S. aureus at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Both hydrosols showed excellent antiphytoviral activity against TMV, achieving100% inhibition of local lesions on the leaves of infected plants, which is the first time such a result was obtained with a hydrosol treatment. Due to the antiphytoviral activity results, hydrosols of T. majus have a promising future for use in agricultural production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Plants Volatile Compounds)
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14 pages, 4966 KiB  
Article
The Small Auxin-Up RNA SAUR10 Is Involved in the Promotion of Seedling Growth in Rice
by Xiaolong Huang, Zhanhua Lu, Lisheng Zhai, Na Li and Huiqing Yan
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3880; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223880 - 17 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1508
Abstract
Small auxin-up-regulated RNAs (SAURs) are genes rapidly activated in response to auxin hormones, significantly affecting plant growth and development. However, there is limited information available about the specific functions of SAURs in rice due to the presence of extensive redundant genes. In this [...] Read more.
Small auxin-up-regulated RNAs (SAURs) are genes rapidly activated in response to auxin hormones, significantly affecting plant growth and development. However, there is limited information available about the specific functions of SAURs in rice due to the presence of extensive redundant genes. In this study, we found that OsSAUR10 contains a conserved downstream element in its 3′ untranslated region that causes its transcripts to be unstable, ultimately leading to the immediate degradation of the mRNA in rice. In our investigation, we discovered that OsSAUR10 is located in the plasma membrane, and its expression is regulated in a tissue-specific, developmental, and hormone-dependent manner. Additionally, we created ossaur10 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, which resulted in various developmental defects such as dwarfism, narrow internodes, reduced tillers, and lower yield. Moreover, histological observation comparing wild-type and two ossaur10 mutants revealed that OsSAUR10 was responsible for cell elongation. However, overexpression of OsSAUR10 resulted in similar phenotypes to the wild-type. Our research also indicated that OsSAUR10 plays a role in regulating the expression of two groups of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (OsYUCCAs) and auxin polar transport (OsPINs) in rice. Thus, our findings suggest that OsSAUR10 acts as a positive plant growth regulator by contributing to auxin biosynthesis and polar transport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Breeding: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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14 pages, 3647 KiB  
Article
Megalurothrips usitatus Directly Causes the Black-Heads and Black-Tail Symptoms of Cowpea along with the Production of Insect-Resistance Flavonoids
by Yunchuan He, Yang Gao, Hainuo Hong, Jiamei Geng, Qiulin Chen, Ying Zhou and Zengrong Zhu
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223865 - 15 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
The thrip (Megalurothrips usitatus) damages the flowers and pods of the cowpea, causing “black-heads and black-tails” (BHBT) symptoms and negatively affecting its economic value. However, the mechanism by which BHBT symptoms develop is still unknown. Our results showed that the microstructure [...] Read more.
The thrip (Megalurothrips usitatus) damages the flowers and pods of the cowpea, causing “black-heads and black-tails” (BHBT) symptoms and negatively affecting its economic value. However, the mechanism by which BHBT symptoms develop is still unknown. Our results showed that the microstructure of the pod epidermis was altered and the content of the plant’s resistance-related compounds increased after a thrip infestation. However, the contents of protein and free amino acids did not change significantly, suggesting that the nutritional value was not altered. Pathogens were found not to be involved in the formation of BHBT symptoms, as fungi and pathogenic bacteria were not enriched in damaged pods. Two herbivory-induced flavonoids—7,4′-dihydroxyflavone and coumestrol—were found to exert insecticidal activity. Our study clarified that BHBT symptoms are directly caused by the thrip. Thresholds for pest control need to be reconsidered as thrip herbivory did not degrade cowpea nutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses in Plants under the Pest Infestation)
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17 pages, 3126 KiB  
Article
Application of Bacillus spp. Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Improves Common Bean Production Compared to Conventional Fertilization
by Antonia Erica Santos de Souza, Vinicius Augusto Filla, João Paulo Morais da Silva, Marcelo Rodrigues Barbosa Júnior, Christiane Abreu de Oliveira-Paiva, Anderson Prates Coelho and Leandro Borges Lemos
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223827 - 11 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can be a sustainable strategy to increase phosphorus availability and promote satisfactory crop yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether inoculation with PSB in common bean increases (i) growth, (ii) nutrition, (iii) yield, and [...] Read more.
The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can be a sustainable strategy to increase phosphorus availability and promote satisfactory crop yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether inoculation with PSB in common bean increases (i) growth, (ii) nutrition, (iii) yield, and (iv) grain quality, and (v) reduces the chemical phosphorus application dose to obtain maximum yields. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol using a randomized block design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates, using the cultivar IAC 2051. The first factor was four doses of P2O5 (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha−1), and the second factor was four doses of PSB (0, 100, 200 and 300 mL ha−1). For leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content, the association of PSB inoculation with a P2O5 dose of 40 kg ha−1 promoted the best conditions for the common bean. P2O5 application increased yield by 79 kg ha−1 for each 10 kg ha−1 added. PSB inoculation at a dose of 192 mL ha−1 promoted P export of 15.3 kg ha−1, and the PSB dose of 159 mL ha−1 increased yield by 389 kg ha−1 (12%) compared to the control. Grain quality remained within the standards required by the consumer market, being little affected by the treatments. Improvements in common bean growth and nutritional and physiological status promoted by P2O5 application and PSB were essential in increasing yield, so these are sustainable production strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphorus Dynamics: From Soil to Plant)
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30 pages, 776 KiB  
Review
Why Do We Need Alternative Methods for Fungal Disease Management in Plants?
by Michael S. McLaughlin, Maria Roy, Pervaiz A. Abbasi, Odile Carisse, Svetlana N. Yurgel and Shawkat Ali
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3822; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223822 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4259
Abstract
Fungal pathogens pose a major threat to food production worldwide. Traditionally, chemical fungicides have been the primary means of controlling these pathogens, but many of these fungicides have recently come under increased scrutiny due to their negative effects on the health of humans, [...] Read more.
Fungal pathogens pose a major threat to food production worldwide. Traditionally, chemical fungicides have been the primary means of controlling these pathogens, but many of these fungicides have recently come under increased scrutiny due to their negative effects on the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Furthermore, the use of chemical fungicides can result in the development of resistance in populations of phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, new environmentally friendly alternatives that provide adequate levels of disease control are needed to replace chemical fungicides—if not completely, then at least partially. A number of alternatives to conventional chemical fungicides have been developed, including plant defence elicitors (PDEs); biological control agents (fungi, bacteria, and mycoviruses), either alone or as consortia; biochemical fungicides; natural products; RNA interference (RNAi) methods; and resistance breeding. This article reviews the conventional and alternative methods available to manage fungal pathogens, discusses their strengths and weaknesses, and identifies potential areas for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods for Disease Management of Fungal Plant Pathogens)
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29 pages, 1859 KiB  
Review
Using Mediterranean Native Plants for the Phytoremediation of Mining Sites: An Overview of the Past and Present, and Perspectives for the Future
by Maria Enrica Boi, Mauro Fois, Lina Podda, Marco Porceddu and Gianluigi Bacchetta
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3823; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223823 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
Mining exploitation in the Mediterranean Basin has left evident scars on the environment, and poses serious risks for human health and biodiversity, especially when mine wastes are left abandoned. This review analysed the main issues of metal(loid)s pollution related to mine exploitation in [...] Read more.
Mining exploitation in the Mediterranean Basin has left evident scars on the environment, and poses serious risks for human health and biodiversity, especially when mine wastes are left abandoned. This review analysed the main issues of metal(loid)s pollution related to mine exploitation in the Mediterranean Basin. Here, a list of Mediterranean native plant species studied for phytoremediation is given and, considering their biological forms, vegetational types, and ecology, we categorised them into halotolerant and hydro/hygrophilous vegetation, annual and perennial meadows, garrigues and maquis, and high maquis and woods. The main conclusions of the review are as follows: (1) plant communities established on mine environments are often rich in endemic taxa which ensure a high biodiversity and landscape value, and can help in the psychophysical health of local inhabitants; (2) political and land management should take greater account of the use of native plants for the remediation of contaminated soils; (3) a multidisciplinary approach that includes, among others, studies on biochemical response to metal(loid)s as well as the application of innovative soil amendments gives better results; (4) phytoextraction applications require a detailed recovery plan that takes into consideration several issues, including the negative influence on biodiversity due to extensive use of monotypic plantations, disposal of harvested hazardous plants, and the risk of phytoextracts entering the food chain; and (5) more studies are necessary to increase knowledge and to detect suitable species—especially halophytic ones—for phytoremediation purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Steps Forward in Phytoremediation Technologies: Overcoming the Challenges)
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13 pages, 3613 KiB  
Article
Positive Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Microbes and Their Functionality in Agro-Ecosystems
by Weijia Liu, Zepeng Yang, Qinxin Ye, Zhaohui Peng, Shunxi Zhu, Honglin Chen, Dinghui Liu, Yiding Li, Liangji Deng, Xiangyang Shu and Han Huang
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3790; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223790 - 7 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2461
Abstract
Soil microbial characteristics are considered to be an index for soil quality evaluation. It is generally believed that organic amendments replacing chemical fertilizers have positive effects on changing microbial activity and community structure. However, their effects on different agro-ecosystems on a global scale [...] Read more.
Soil microbial characteristics are considered to be an index for soil quality evaluation. It is generally believed that organic amendments replacing chemical fertilizers have positive effects on changing microbial activity and community structure. However, their effects on different agro-ecosystems on a global scale and their differences in different environmental conditions and experimental durations are unclear. This study performed a meta-analysis based on 94 studies with 204 observations to evaluate the overall effects and their differences in different experimental conditions and duration. The results indicated that compared to chemical fertilizer, organic amendments significantly increased total microbial biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, Gram-positive bacterial biomass and Gram-negative bacterial biomass, and had no effect on the ratio of fungi to bacteria and ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria. Meanwhile, land use type, mean annual precipitation and soil initial pH are essential factors affecting microbial activity response. Organic-amendment-induced shifts in microbial biomass can be predominantly explained by soil C and nutrient availability changes. Additionally, we observed positive relationships between microbial functionality and microbial biomass, suggesting that organic-amendment-induced changes in microbial activities improved soil microbial functionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Management)
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35 pages, 947 KiB  
Review
Foliar Application of Sulfur-Containing Compounds—Pros and Cons
by Dimitris L. Bouranis and Styliani N. Chorianopoulou
Plants 2023, 12(22), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223794 - 7 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4397
Abstract
Sulfate is taken up from the soil solution by the root system; and inside the plant, it is assimilated to hydrogen sulfide, which in turn is converted to cysteine. Sulfate is also taken up by the leaves, when foliage is sprayed with solutions [...] Read more.
Sulfate is taken up from the soil solution by the root system; and inside the plant, it is assimilated to hydrogen sulfide, which in turn is converted to cysteine. Sulfate is also taken up by the leaves, when foliage is sprayed with solutions containing sulfate fertilizers. Moreover, several other sulfur (S)-containing compounds are provided through foliar application, including the S metabolites hydrogen sulfide, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, S-methylmethionine, and lipoic acid. However, S compounds that are not metabolites, such as thiourea and lignosulfonates, along with dimethyl sulfoxide and S-containing adjuvants, are provided by foliar application—these are the S-containing agrochemicals. In this review, we elaborate on the fate of these compounds after spraying foliage and on the rationale and the efficiency of such foliar applications. The foliar application of S-compounds in various combinations is an emerging area of agricultural usefulness. In the agricultural practice, the S-containing compounds are not applied alone in spray solutions and the need for proper combinations is of prime importance. Full article
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20 pages, 363 KiB  
Review
From Petri Dish to Field: Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering of Oats for Improved Agricultural Outcomes
by Krishna Mohan Pathi and Thorben Sprink
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213782 - 6 Nov 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3934
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa) hold immense economic and nutritional value as a versatile crop. They have long been recognized as an exceptional choice for human consumption and animal feed. Oats’ unique components, including proteins, starches, and β-glucans, have led to its widespread [...] Read more.
Oats (Avena sativa) hold immense economic and nutritional value as a versatile crop. They have long been recognized as an exceptional choice for human consumption and animal feed. Oats’ unique components, including proteins, starches, and β-glucans, have led to its widespread use in various food products such as bread, noodles, flakes, and milk. The popularity of oat milk as a vegan alternative to dairy milk has soared due to the increasing number of vegetarians/vegans and growing environmental awareness. Oat milk offers a sustainable option with reduced greenhouse gas emissions during its production, rendering it an appropriate choice for individuals who are lactose-intolerant or have dairy allergies. To ensure improved adaptability and enhanced nutrition, the development of new oat varieties is crucial, considering factors like cultivation, climate, and growing conditions. Plant cell culture plays a crucial role in both traditional and contemporary breeding methods. In classical breeding, plant cell culture facilitates the rapid production of double haploid plants, which can be employed to accelerate the breeding process. In modern breeding methods, it enables genetic manipulation and precise genome editing at the cellular level. This review delves into the importance of oats and their diverse applications, highlighting the advantages of plant cell culture in both classical and modern breeding methods. Specifically, it provides an overview of plant tissue culture, encompassing genetic transformation, haploid technology, protoplast technology, and genome editing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Plant Tissue Culture)
18 pages, 1180 KiB  
Review
Systematically and Comprehensively Understanding the Regulation of Cotton Fiber Initiation: A Review
by Zeyang Zhai, Kaixin Zhang, Yao Fang, Yujie Yang, Xu Cao, Li Liu and Yue Tian
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3771; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213771 - 4 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1978
Abstract
Cotton fibers provide an important source of raw materials for the textile industry worldwide. Cotton fiber is a kind of single cell that differentiates from the epidermis of the ovule and provides a perfect research model for the differentiation and elongation of plant [...] Read more.
Cotton fibers provide an important source of raw materials for the textile industry worldwide. Cotton fiber is a kind of single cell that differentiates from the epidermis of the ovule and provides a perfect research model for the differentiation and elongation of plant cells. Cotton fiber initiation is the first stage throughout the entire developmental process. The number of fiber cell initials on the seed ovule epidermis decides the final fiber yield. Thus, it is of great significance to clarify the mechanism underlying cotton fiber initiation. Fiber cell initiation is controlled by complex and interrelated regulatory networks. Plant phytohormones, transcription factors, sugar signals, small signal molecules, functional genes, non-coding RNAs, and histone modification play important roles during this process. Here, we not only summarize the different kinds of factors involved in fiber cell initiation but also discuss the mechanisms of these factors that act together to regulate cotton fiber initiation. Our aim is to synthesize a systematic and comprehensive review of different factors during fiber initiation that will provide the basics for further illustrating these mechanisms and offer theoretical guidance for improving fiber yield in future molecular breeding work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cotton Genomics, Genetics and Breeding)
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20 pages, 997 KiB  
Article
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction Analysis for Quantity and Quality Traits in Faba Beans Using AMMI, GGE Models, and Stability Indices
by Vasileios Greveniotis, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Stylianos Zotis, Athanasios Korkovelos, Dimitrios Kantas and Constantinos G. Ipsilandis
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3769; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213769 - 4 Nov 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1641
Abstract
Faba beans are considered one of the most important crops for animal feed. The genotype × environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable effect on faba bean seed production. The objectives of this study included assessing multiple locations and genotypes to understand how various [...] Read more.
Faba beans are considered one of the most important crops for animal feed. The genotype × environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable effect on faba bean seed production. The objectives of this study included assessing multiple locations and genotypes to understand how various ecosystems and faba bean genotypes relate to one another, and suggesting the ideal climatic conditions, crop management system, and genotypes so that they are carefully chosen for their stability. A 2-year experiment was conducted in order to define the stability across four environments based on stability indices for certain characteristics: moisture (%), ash content (%), crude protein content (%), crude fat (%), total starch (%), and crude fiber content (%). Statistically significant differences indicated that GEIs were present. The heritability was generally high for qualitative traits in comparison with quantitative traits. The crude protein content, plant height, and thousand-seed weight were all positively correlated with the seed yield; however, the other qualitative variables were adversely correlated. The crude protein content of the cultivar Tanagra displayed a high stability index, followed by Ste1. Under conventional management, Tanagra demonstrated high values for the seed yield in Giannitsa and Florina. Ste1 and Ste2 are particularly promising genetic materials that showed high values under low-input conditions. The best genotypes to use and the most favorable environments/types of cultivation were the Tanagra cultivar, followed by the Ste2 genotype, according to the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot models. Earliness showed significant heritability values and very high stability indices, again indicating qualitative behavior according to genetic parameters. With the exception of the number of pods per plant, which demonstrated low heritability while having excellent index values, traits like seed yield showed relatively low-stability-based heritability values. Global efforts aimed at improving the genetics of faba beans might benefit from genotypes that exhibit consistent yields in various conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Improvement under a Changing Climate)
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17 pages, 2444 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Diverse Drug-Type Cannabis Varieties from the Canadian Legal Market
by Éliana Lapierre, Maxime de Ronne, Rosemarie Boulanger and Davoud Torkamaneh
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213756 - 2 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2993
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) stands as a historically significant and culturally important plant, embodying economic, social, and medicinal relevance for human societies. However, years of prohibition and stigmatization have hindered the cannabis research community, which is hugely undersized and suffers from a [...] Read more.
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) stands as a historically significant and culturally important plant, embodying economic, social, and medicinal relevance for human societies. However, years of prohibition and stigmatization have hindered the cannabis research community, which is hugely undersized and suffers from a scarcity of understanding of cannabis genetics and how key traits are expressed or inherited. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 176 drug-type cannabis accessions, representative of Canada’s legal market. We assessed germination methods, evaluated various traits including agronomic, morphological, and cannabinoid profiles, and uncovered significant variation within this population. Notably, the yield displayed a negative correlation with maturity-related traits but a positive correlation with the fresh biomass. Additionally, the potential THC content showed a positive correlation with maturity-related traits but a negative correlation with the yield. Significant differences were observed between the plants derived from regular female seeds and feminized seeds, as well as between the plants derived from cuttings and seeds for different traits. This study advances our understanding of cannabis cultivation, offering insights into germination practices, agronomic traits, morphological characteristics, and biochemical diversity. These findings establish a foundation for precise breeding and cultivar development, enhancing cannabis’s potential in the legal market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cannabis sativa: Advances in Biology and Cultivation)
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17 pages, 1625 KiB  
Article
Effects of Water Deficit on Growth and Productivity in Tomato Crops Irrigated with Water Treated with Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Resonance Fields
by Fernando Ferrari Putti, Jéssica Pigatto de Queiroz Barcelos, Bruno Cesar Goes, Renata Fernandes Alves, Mário Mollo Neto, Alexsandro Oliveira da Silva, Luís Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho, Willian Aparecido Leotti Zanetti and Angela Vacaro de Souza
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3721; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213721 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
The tomato crop is very sensitive to stress conditions. A water deficit is defined as when precipitation is less than the evapotranspiration (ETc) of the crop in a given period, and in this scenario of climate change, it is identified as responsible for [...] Read more.
The tomato crop is very sensitive to stress conditions. A water deficit is defined as when precipitation is less than the evapotranspiration (ETc) of the crop in a given period, and in this scenario of climate change, it is identified as responsible for global productivity losses. The use of potential technologies for better irrigation management, such as electromagnetically treated water, remains controversial. Thus, the objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance field treatment on water for tomato crops submitted to different irrigation rates. For this, an experiment was carried out under controlled conditions with different types of water: electromagnetically treated water (WTVLF) and untreated water (UNW), as well as four water replacement rates: 40, 60, 80, and 100% ETc. The electromagnetic treatment of the water was carried out using the commercial equipment AQUA4D®. The experiment was carried out in pots with five replications per treatment. Lower activity of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX enzymes was observed in plants irrigated with water treated with very low-frequency electromagnetic resonance fields (WTVLF), indicating less oxidative stress caused by water deficit. Water deficit reduced chlorophyll content, but the effects were less harmful with WTVLF water. The water deficit resulted in less accumulation of dry matter and less productivity in a linear relationship. However, plants irrigated with WTVLF showed increments of about 20% in dry matter accumulation and 20% in fruit production concerning plants irrigated with untreated water, independent of the irrigation rates. We can conclude that irrigation with WTVLF can be a solution to reduce the damage caused by water deficits and increase the productivity of tomato crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants)
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19 pages, 4924 KiB  
Article
Morphological Structure and Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Drought Stress of Iris japonica
by Xiaofang Yu, Yujia Liu, Panpan Cao, Xiaoxuan Zeng, Bin Xu, Fuwen Luo, Xuan Yang, Xiantong Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, Xue Xiao, Lijuan Yang and Ting Lei
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3729; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213729 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1717
Abstract
Drought is among the most important abiotic stresses on plants, so research on the physiological regulation mechanisms of plants under drought stress can critically increase the economic and ecological value of plants in arid regions. In this study, the effects of drought stress [...] Read more.
Drought is among the most important abiotic stresses on plants, so research on the physiological regulation mechanisms of plants under drought stress can critically increase the economic and ecological value of plants in arid regions. In this study, the effects of drought stress on the growth status and biochemical indicators of Iris japonica were explored. Under drought stress, the root system, leaves, rhizomes, and terrestrial stems of plants were sequentially affected; the root system was sparse and slender; and the leaves lost their luster and gradually wilted. Among the physiological changes, the increase in the proline and soluble protein content of Iris japonica enhanced the cellular osmotic pressure and reduced the water loss. In anatomical structures, I. japonica chloroplasts were deformed after drought treatment, whereas the anatomical structures of roots did not substantially change. Plant antioxidant systems play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis; but, as drought stress intensified, the soluble sugar content of terrestrial stems was reduced by 55%, and the ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities of leaves and the MDHAR activity of roots were reduced by 29%, 40%, 22%, and 77%, respectively. Overall, I. japonica was resistant to 63 days of severe drought stress and resisted drought through various physiological responses. These findings provide a basis for the application of I. japonica in water-scarce areas. Full article
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17 pages, 2964 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivar ‘Lapins’ upon Infection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
by Weier Cui, Nicola Fiore, Franco Figueroa, Carlos Rubilar, Lorena Pizarro, Manuel Pinto, Set Pérez, María Francisca Beltrán, Claudia Carreras, Paula Pimentel and Alan Zamorano
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3718; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213718 - 29 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2491
Abstract
Bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is responsible for substantial loss to the production of sweet cherry in Chile. To date, the molecular mechanisms of the Pss–sweet cherry interaction and the disease-related genes in the plant are poorly understood. In [...] Read more.
Bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is responsible for substantial loss to the production of sweet cherry in Chile. To date, the molecular mechanisms of the Pss–sweet cherry interaction and the disease-related genes in the plant are poorly understood. In order to gain insight into these aspects, a transcriptomic analysis of the sweet cherry cultivar ‘Lapins’ for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to Pss inoculation was conducted. Three Pss strains, A1M3, A1M197, and 11116_b1, were inoculated in young twigs, and RNA was extracted from tissue samples at the inoculation site and distal sections. RNA sequencing and transcriptomic expression analysis revealed that the three strains induced different patterns of responses in local and distal tissues. In the local tissues, A1M3 triggered a much more extensive response than the other two strains, enriching DEGs especially involved in photosynthesis. In the distal tissues, the three strains triggered a comparable extent of responses, among which 11116_b1 induced a group of DEGs involved in defense responses. Furthermore, tissues from various inoculations exhibited an enrichment of DEGs related to carbohydrate metabolism, terpene metabolism, and cell wall biogenesis. This study opened doors to future research on the Pss–sweet cherry interaction, immunity responses, and disease control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Bacterial Pathogens)
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13 pages, 3698 KiB  
Article
Context-Dependent Ant-Pollinator Mutualism Impacts Fruit Set in a Hummingbird-Pollinated Plant
by Priscila Bruno Cardoso, Eduardo Soares Calixto, Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi and Kleber Del-Claro
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213688 - 26 Oct 2023
Viewed by 3939
Abstract
Context-dependence in mutualisms is a fundamental aspect of ecological interactions. Within plant-ant mutualisms, particularly in terms of biotic protection and pollination, research has predominantly focused on elucidating the benefits while largely overlooking potential costs. This notable gap underscores the need for investigations into [...] Read more.
Context-dependence in mutualisms is a fundamental aspect of ecological interactions. Within plant-ant mutualisms, particularly in terms of biotic protection and pollination, research has predominantly focused on elucidating the benefits while largely overlooking potential costs. This notable gap underscores the need for investigations into the drawbacks and trade-offs associated with such mutualistic relationships. Here, we evaluated the role of pericarpial nectaries (PNs) in shaping the dynamics of ant-pollinator mutualisms. Specifically, we investigated whether ants visiting the PN of Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae) could deter hummingbirds and disrupt pollination, ultimately influencing fruit production. Our research involved manipulative experiments and observation of ant-pollinator interactions on P. rigida plants in the Brazilian savannah. We found that visiting ants can deter hummingbirds and/or disrupt pollination in P. rigida, directly influencing fruit set. However, these results are species-specific. The presence of very aggressive, large predatory ants, such as E. tuberculatum, had a negative impact on hummingbird behavior, whereas aggressive mid-sized ants, such as C. crassus, showed no effects. Our study illuminates the multifaceted aspects of ant-plant mutualisms and underscores the importance of evaluating costs and unexpected outcomes within these ecological relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Animal Interactions: Exploring Costs and Benefits in Highly Conditional Relationships)
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19 pages, 1851 KiB  
Review
Regulation of Flowering Time by Environmental Factors in Plants
by Zion Lee, Sohyun Kim, Su Jeong Choi, Eui Joung, Moonhyuk Kwon, Hee Jin Park and Jae Sung Shim
Plants 2023, 12(21), 3680; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213680 - 25 Oct 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4903
Abstract
The timing of floral transition is determined by both endogenous molecular pathways and external environmental conditions. Among these environmental conditions, photoperiod acts as a cue to regulate the timing of flowering in response to seasonal changes. Additionally, it has become clear that various [...] Read more.
The timing of floral transition is determined by both endogenous molecular pathways and external environmental conditions. Among these environmental conditions, photoperiod acts as a cue to regulate the timing of flowering in response to seasonal changes. Additionally, it has become clear that various environmental factors also control the timing of floral transition. Environmental factor acts as either a positive or negative signal to modulate the timing of flowering, thereby establishing the optimal flowering time to maximize the reproductive success of plants. This review aims to summarize the effects of environmental factors such as photoperiod, light intensity, temperature changes, vernalization, drought, and salinity on the regulation of flowering time in plants, as well as to further explain the molecular mechanisms that link environmental factors to the internal flowering time regulation pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Floral Induction Mechanisms and Molecular Genetics with Developmental Plasticity)
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