Next Article in Journal
Modulation of Intestinal Flora by Dietary Polysaccharides: A Novel Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Metabolic Disorders
Next Article in Special Issue
Isotope Geochemistry for Seafood Traceability and Authentication: The Northern Adriatic Manila Clams Case Study
Previous Article in Journal
“Key Factor” for Baijiu Quality: Research Progress on Acid Substances in Baijiu
Previous Article in Special Issue
Reply to Horacek, M.; Cannavan, A. Comment on “Sinkovič et al. Isotope Fingerprints of Common and Tartary Buckwheat Grains and Milling Fractions: A Preliminary Study. Foods 2022, 11, 1414”
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Foods
Volume 11
Issue 19
10.3390/foods11192960
foods-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Stable Isotope Analysis for the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Greek Bottarga ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’: A Preliminary Research

by
Anna-Akrivi Thomatou
1,
Eleni Psarra
1,
Eleni C. Mazarakioti
1,
Katerina Katerinopoulou
1,
Georgios Tsirogiannis
1,
Anastasios Zotos
2,
Achilleas Kontogeorgos
3,
Angelos Patakas
1 and
Athanasios Ladavos
1,*
1
Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Enterprises, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
2
Department of Biosystems Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Patras, 30200 Messolongi, Greece
3
Department of Agriculture, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2022, 11(19), 2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192960
Submission received: 14 August 2022 / Revised: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 19 September 2022 / Published: 22 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Origin Analysis with Isotope Fingerprints)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Consumers are increasingly interested in the geographical origin of the foodstuff they consume as an important characteristic of food authenticity and quality. To assure the authenticity of the geographical origin, various methods have been proposed. Stable isotope analysis is a method that has been extensively used for products such as wine, oil, meat, while only a few studies have been conducted for the discrimination of seafood origin and especially for mullet roes or bottarga products. Analysis of the stable isotopes of C, N and S of Bottarga samples from four different origins were carried out. The values of δ15N (5.45‰) and δ34S (4.66‰) for the Greek Bottarga Product named ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’, from Messolongi lagoon were lower than other areas while δ13C values were higher (−14.84‰). The first results show that the stable isotopes ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur could be used to discriminate the Greek Protected Designations of Origin Bottarga product ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ from other similar products.

1. Introduction

In the past decade, an increased interest in high-quality foods and products was seen. Consumer demand governs the business strategies in the marketplace. Currently, there is an increasing interest in the geographical origin—authentication of the commodities. There are various reasons for this; the support of local business; the decreased consumer confidence in the quality and safety of foods; the laws of European Union (EU); and the imports of unidentified products [1]. The global commerce and the growing demand for high-quality products have led to fraudulent activities in food industry [2]. In addition, products from highly regarded geographical origins can be sold at remarkably higher prices than others coming from different or unknown provenances. For all the above reasons, it is important for food authorities to develop and adopt mechanisms to check the origin of food products.
The need for the determination of food authenticity led the EU to institute a Traceability Regulation (178/2002/EC). It came into force in January 2005 and defines the ‘food and feed traceability’. Moreover, European laws EC N. 510/2006 and 1151/2012 prevent any attempt of mislabelling concerning products with Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Traditional Specialties Guarantee (TSG) [3]. In addition, European regulations concerning the labelling of food products (Reg Eu 1169/11) and, in particular, concerning the mandatory information to be reported on the label of fish and seafood products (Reg 1379/2013) have as scope the establishment of a common organisation of the markets in fishery and aquaculture products. However, these regulations do not point out the appropriate mechanisms for each specific food product for food authorities to be able to check for food fraud and mislabelling.
Thus, many researchers have proposed different approaches that should be evaluated for each food product. Amongst the proposed methods, the isotopic ones have been shown to be an efficient tool against the adulteration of agri-food products. Stable isotope analysis gives information about geographical origin of various food products, such as juice, wine, milk, honey, oil and meat [4,5,6,7,8,9]. Food products have a unique constitution of isotopes, which means that carbon and nitrogen isotopes are defined by the composition of animals’ nutrition, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes from climatic conditions (air, precipitation), latitude, elevation and sulphur isotopes from soil structure [10]. Aquatic foods are a substantial part of the food commerce. They are composed of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, high quality protein and essential amino acids; thereby, they improve nutrition, health and well-being [11]. According to our knowledge, authenticity of aquatic food products is concerned about production method, geographical origin and biological species [3]. Few studies have been conducted on isotopic analysis for the determination of seafood, and most of them deal with the discrepancy between farmed and non-farmed products [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Turchini et al. (2009) [27] studied the discrimination between farms in different geographical areas by using δ13C, δ15N and δ18O isotopic ratios and concluded that the combination of these ratios could help in the differentiation of the seafood origin. Kim et al. (2015) [8] also used stable isotope analysis for the discrimination of shrimp and hairtail fish and found that δ13C and δ15N ratios can be used to differentiate the geographic origin of the same samples. Gopi, et.al. showed that isotopic profile can be used to trace the geographic origins of farmed and wildcaught Asian seabass [25]. Camin et. al. studied isotope ratio in fat and defatted fillet of 130 rainbow trout, reared with feed incorporating a high or low fish content in 20 Italian farms, focusing on two northern Italian regions. The C, N and S isotope ratios of feed and fillet were highly positively correlated with both within each matrix (feed or fillet) and between the two matrices [28]. Kang et al. (2021) determined the stable isotopic ratios of sea cucumbers from different regions of China and used different statistical models to discriminate geographical origin [29].
The mullet (Mugil cephalus) is a fish species that can be found in littoral waters. Roes come from the mullet’s eggs which are collected from the fish and after salting and drying treatment, a seafood product. This product is named alternatively according to the area where it is produced as Greek Avgotaracho, Japanese Karasumi, Taiwanese ‘wuyuzi’ or Italian Bottargo [30]. Mullet Roes samples have been mainly studied concerning the characterisation of lipid fractions [31,32,33] but only a few studies have been carried out for the physicochemical characterisation of roes [34,35] and the discrimination of mullet roes of various geographical areas [34]. The mullet Roe coming for Messolongi is registered since 1996 as Protected Designations of Origin product (file name PDO-GR-0446) under the name ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’. The product is very important for the local economy, providing that it comes from wild-caught mullets in small quantities (about 1000 kgr per year), which increases its price to more than 400€ per kgr, contributing to fishermen’s income of the region. On the other hand, these increased prices and the low production volume motivates adulteration and fraud.
The aim of the present work is to study the application of stable isotope analysis of N, C and S using EA-IRMS in order to discriminate the geographical origin of bottarga samples from four different origins. To date, no studies have been carried out on the stable isotope composition of the Greek Bottarga, and therefore, these are the very first data on the mullet roes produced in Greece.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sampling

The bottarga samples come from four different regions: two of them from Greece (Figure 1) namely Messolongi and Preveza. Both these areas produce Bottarga products; however, only Bottarga originated from Messolongi (Figure 2) is registered since 1996 as Protected Designations of Origin product (file name PDO-GR-0446) under the name ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’, as already mentioned. The rest of samples come from two other regions of the world (Australia and Mauritania). The samples were labelled by codes ‘A1’ to ‘A4’, see Table 1. In total, ten samples from Messolongi were examined and two samples from each other area were used for the stable isotope analysis. The samples of the examined areas come from the same bottarga producer and were produced during 2021. Different samples come from productions with different LOT numbers.

2.2. Sample Preparation

The bottarga samples (about 100 gr of every sample) were homogenised in a mill (pulverisette 11, Fritsch GmbH Milling and Sizing) and separated in two parts. For the determination of δ13C, the homogenised sample was dried in an oven at 50 °C for 24 h. For the determination of nitrogen and sulphur isotopic ratios (δ15N and δ34S), the homogenised samples were extracted with chloroform to remove lipids that can affect the determinations. Briefly, about 50 gr of homogenised sample was dispersed in 200 mL of chloroform and agitated with a magnetic stirrer for 2 h. After centrifugation, the solid part of the mixture was collected and dried in an oven at 50 °C for 2 h and then was further homogenised using a mortar. Samples were stored in freezer prior to the IRMS analysis. A previous research [36] on mullet roes in Taiwan showed there is no need to analyse different parts of the ovary (roe) as their results suggested that the isotopic compositions were homogeneous in each part of the ovary (roe) and the subsample collected from any part of the ovary (roe) can represent the isotopic values of the whole roe. The same authors [36] also concluded that there is no significant difference when they examined salted and fresh roe. Based on these suggestions no further treatment was made about salinity and the specific part of the roe.

2.3. EA-IRMS Analysis

The isotopic analyses of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were performed by an Elementar Isoprime 100 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) instrument (IsoPrime Ltd., Cheadle Hulme, UK) coupled to an elemental analyser (Elementar Vario Isotope EL Cube, Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). Samples ≈ 1–2 mg were weighed into tin capsules for measurement and were loaded onto the auto-sampler of the IRMS analyser. The results of the isotope ratio analyses were expressed as delta values δ (‰) and calculated according to the following equation:
δ Χ (‰) = [(Rsample/Rstandard)−1] × 1000
where X is the isotope being studied (e.g., 13C, 15N, 34S), Rsample is the isotopic ratio of the measured element in its physical form (e.g., 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 34S/32S) in the sample, and Rstandard is the isotopic ratio of the reference material.
Calibration of the IRMS instrument is required prior to sample analysis. The instrument is calibrated by using reference materials of known composition (standard substances). Depending on the isotope is needed to be determined (C, N, S), the appropriate standard substance is selected. The reference material is selected based on its physicochemical properties, i.e., it should have similar isotope ratio as the ones which are under consideration.
The analysis proceeds in a batch process by which a reference is analysed followed by a number of samples and then another reference. The reference material used for δ13C analysis of our samples was IAEA-600 (Caffeine, δ13CV-PDB = −27.77‰). B259 (Sorgum flour IRMS Standard, by elemental microanalysis δ13CV-PDB = −13.78‰) was measured as quality control check sample during analysis of our samples. The reference material used for δ15N and δ34S analysis of our samples was B2159 (Sorgum flour IRMS Standard, by elemental microanalysis δ15NAir = 1.58‰ and δ34SV-CDT = 10.11‰). B2155 (protein IRMS Standard, by elemental microanalysis δ15NAir = 5.83‰ and δ34SV-CDT = 6.18‰) was measured as quality control check sample during analysis of our samples.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Stable Isotope Analysis

Ten samples from Messolongi Region and two samples from the other (Preveza—Greece, Australia and Mauritania) were analysed. For each different bottarga sample, four (4) repetitions were performed. The mean values of δ15NAIR (‰), δ13CV-PDB (‰) and δ34SV-CDT (‰) for the whole area are presented in Table 1.
Table 2 presents the results of the one way ANOVA, where it is shown that the mean values of δ15NAIR (‰), δ13CV-PDB (‰) and δ34SV-CDT (‰) are statistically different for the examined areas.
As it can be observed, the mean values of δ15N and δ34S from Messolongi samples were significantly lower (5.45‰ and 4.67‰, respectively) in contrast to the δ13C values of the same region which were higher (−14.84‰) than the values of the other areas.
As it is previously reported, ref. [37,38,39] the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes depend on nutrient uptake, digestion and metabolism of the organisms. Hence, the diet of each organism can explain the differences in these results. The δ34SV-CDT ranged from 4.78‰ to 16.04‰ which are typical values for marine fish. Similar δ34SV-CDT (4.6–20.1‰) have been reported from Sayle et al. (2013) [40]. Moreover, the study of Chen at al. [36] conclude that relatively higher values of δ13CV-PDB (‰) could be used to discriminate farmed mullet Roes from wild-caught mullets. The authors claim that farmed mullets were fed with commercial fish feeds, which usually contain ingredients including fishmeal, plant-based proteins and other nutrients with soybean meal being often used to substitute fishmeal in commercial fish feeds to reduce manufacturing costs. In the same study, it is mentioned that free-living mullets since they are omnivores show a wide range of δ13C and δ15N values in their roes among individuals. Nevertheless, the stable isotopes of the mullets are affected by their feeding habitats and geographical locations. As it is presented in Figure 1, the areas in Greece where the mullets are fished are the Amvrakikos Gulf (Preveza) and the Messolongi–Aitoliko Lagoons. Both these aquatic ecosystems are quite closed, forcing the free-living mullets to specific food sources, affecting this way the spectrum of the isotopic values.

3.2. Isotopic Fingerprints Data and Decision Rules to Determine the Geographical Origin of the Bottagra PDO Product

The calculated δ values for δ15NAIR (‰), δ13CV-PDB (‰) and δ34SV-CDT (‰) are presented in a 3-dimension scatter plot (Figure 3). This figure clearly shows that the lower values of δ15NAIR (‰) and δ34SV-CDT (‰) can be used to discriminate the geographical origin of the Greek Bottarga Products. It is quite important to clarify why there are such low δ values, especially for sulphur, in the Messolongi mullet samples. Messolongi–Aitoliko Lagoons is a shallow costal area connected with two narrow openings in the north side with Messolongi–Aitoliko Lagoons and in the south with Gulf of Patras allowing seawater influx in the lagoons. In addition, the Acheloos and Evinos rivers have also participated in the formation of the lagoons through the deposition of sediment. Towns and highly cultivated agricultural areas in the vicinity of the lagoons produce an influx of sewage and irrigation run-off rich in nutrients. The influx of nutrients causes a high oxygen demand during decomposition of the organic matter. Moreover, large gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) deposits to the north-west of the Messolongi–Aitoliko Lagoons generate hydrogen sulphide in the hypolimnion (gypsum dissolves in water to produce sulphate ions (SO4)−2 which under anaerobic conditions are reduced to elemental sulphur and hydrogen sulphide). The organic and inorganic material rich in sulphur compounds is broken down by bacteria present on the lagoon bottom producing sulphides. The bacteria under anaerobic conditions produce S−2, HS− and H2S with the reduction of sulphur. Hydrogen sulphide can either be oxidised to elemental sulphur by sulphur-bacteria or be released into the surrounding water [41,42]. According to Winner et. al., irradiated plants with roots immersed in (HSO3)− and (SO4)−2 solutions at concentrations found in nature emit H2S from their leaves, and the emitted H2S contained more 32S and less 34S namely lower δ34SV-CDT values in comparison to irradiation solutions [43].
The forementioned reasons explain the great difference of Messolongi δ34SV-CDT values from the corresponding values of the other areas, helping to the authentication of bottarga geographical origin.
Probably the increased concentration of diluted H2S in the lagoon’s water has as result fishes that live in the lagoon and fishery products present low δ34SV-CDT values. This explains the great difference in δ34SV-CDT values between bottarga from Messolongi ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ and bottarga from other areas examined. The results of this stable isotope analysis suggest that the geographical origin discrimination of bottarga products is feasible mainly to sulphur isotopes ratio.
It is even easier if a 2-dimension scatter plot is used to present δ values. For example, Figure 4 presents δ15NAIR (‰) values versus δ34SV-CDT (‰) values. At a first glance, it seems quite simple and straightforward to use these δ to come up with a simple decision rule to examine if an examined bottarga sample comes from the registered area of the Greek PDO product ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ by setting δ15NAIR (‰) < 6.00 and at the same time δ34SV-CDT (‰) < 6.00 (Figure 5). However, decision rules to discriminate geographical origin require extended research and comparisons with all different production areas.

4. Conclusions

Stable isotope analysis has been used in many products to authenticate their geographical origin. However, there are only a few studies that have been conducted for seafood origin and especially for mullet roes and bottarga products. This study tried to investigate the geographical origin of different bottarga products by means of verifying the authenticity of the Greek Bottarga product named ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ the only Greek product registered as a Protected Designations of Origin (PDO). The results of the stable isotope analysis suggest that the geographical discrimination is feasible mainly to sulphur isotopes. The conducted analysis showed that δ34SV-CDT (‰) values for the samples coming from Messolongi are significantly lower than the δ values for the other samples. Low δ34SV-CDT (‰) values are attributed to high H2S concentration that the Messolongi–Aitoliko Lagoons’ bottom layer present. This special condition affects the ratio of sulphur isotopes, providing a base condition to create a decision rule to discriminate bottarga samples coming from this region.
Although further research is needed in order to include more areas producing such products, this study is the first to provide results to establish a decision rule to discriminate bottarga products.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, A.P. and A.L.; methodology, E.P., E.C.M., K.K. and A.-A.T.; software, E.P. and A.-A.T.; validation, E.P., E.C.M. and K.K.; formal analysis, A.K.; investigation, E.P., E.C.M. and K.K.; resources, A.P., A.K. and A.L.; data curation, A.Z., E.C.M., E.P. and G.T.; writing—original draft preparation, A.-A.T.; writing—review and editing, A.P., A.Z., A.K. and A.L.; visualisation, A.K. and G.T.; supervision, A.P. and A.L.; project administration, A.L.; funding acquisition, A.P., A.K. and A.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research has been co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH—CREATE—INNOVATE (project code: T1EDK-04028).

Data Availability Statement

Data is contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Camin, F.; Boner, M.; Bontempo, L.; Fauhl-Hassek, C.; Kelly, S.D.; Riedl, J.; Rossmann, A. Stable isotope techniques for verifying the declared geographical origin of food in legal cases. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 61, 176–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Pascoal, A.; Barros-Velazquez, J.; Cepeda, A.; Gallardo, J.M.; Calo-Mata, P. Survey of the authenticity of prawn and shrimp species in commercial food products by PCR-RFLP analysis of a 16S rRNA/tRNAVal mitochondrial region. Food Chem. 2008, 109, 638–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Camin, F.; Bontempo, L.; Perini, M.; Piasentier, E. Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Assessing the Authenticity of Food of Animal Origin. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2016, 15, 868–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Kelly, S.; Heaton, K.; Hoogewerff, J. Tracing the geographical origin of food: The application of multi-element and multi-isotope analysis. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2005, 16, 555–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Gonzalvez, A.; Armenta, S.; De La Guardia, M. Trace-element composition and stable-isotope ratio for discrimination of foods with Protected Designation of Origin. Trends Analyt. Chem. 2009, 28, 1295–1311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Guo, B.L.; Wei, Y.M.; Pan, J.R.; Li, Y. Stable C and N isotope ratio analysis for regional geographical traceability of cattle in China. Food Chem. 2010, 118, 915–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Yanagi, Y.; Hirooka, H.; Oishi, K.; Choumei, Y.; Hata, H.; Arai, M.; Kitagawa, M.; Gotoh, T.; Inada, S.; Kumagai, H. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis as a tool for inferring beef cattle feeding systems in Japan. Food Chem. 2012, 134, 502–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kim, H.; Kumar, K.S.; Shin, K.H. Applicability of stable C and N isotope analysis in inferring the geographical origin and authentication of commercial fish (Mackerel, Yellow Croaker and Pollock). Food Chem. 2015, 172, 523–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Katerinopoulou, K.; Kontogeorgos, A.; Salmas, C.E.; Patakas, A.; Ladavos, A. Geographical Origin Authentication of Agri-Food Products: A Review. Foods 2020, 9, 489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Pustjens, A.M.; Boerrigter-EEnling, R.; Koot, A.H.; Ruth, S.M. Food Authenticity: Provenancing. A Case Study of Fish. In Descriptive Food Science; Díaz, A.V., García-Gimeno, R.M., Eds.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2018; pp. 27–42. [Google Scholar]
  11. Tacon, A.G.J.; Metian, M. Fish matters: Importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply. Rev. Fish Sci. 2013, 21, 22–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Aursand, M.; Mabon, F.; Martin, G.J. Characterization of farmed and wild salmon (Salmo salar) by a combined use of compositional and isotopic analyses. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77, 659–666. Available online: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-000-0106-5 (accessed on 20 August 2022). [CrossRef]
  13. Dempson, J.B.; Power, M. Use of stable isotopes to distinguish farmed from wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 2004, 13, 176–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Bell, J.G.; Preston, T.; Henderson, R.J.; Strachan, F.; Bron, J.E.; Cooper, K.; Morrison, D.J. Discrimination of wild and cultured European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using chemical and isotopic analyses. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5934–5941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Morrison, D.J.; Preston, T.; Bron, J.E.; Hemderson, R.J.; Cooper, K.; Strachan, F.; Bell, J.G. Authenticating production origin of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by chemical and isotopic fingerprinting. Lipids 2007, 42, 537–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Serrano, R.; Blanes, M.A.; Orero, L. Stable isotope determination in wild and farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) tissues from the western Mediterranean. Chemosphere 2007, 69, 1075–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Busetto, M.L.; Moretti, V.M.; Moreno-Rojas, J.M.; Caprino, F.; Giani, I.; Malandra, R.; Bellagamba, F.; Guillou, C. Authentication of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima) by fatty acid and isotopic analyses combined with chemometrics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 2742–2750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Moreno-Rojas, J.M.; Tulli, F.; Messina, M.; Tibaldi, E.; Guillou, C. Stable isotope ratio analysis as a tool to discriminate between rainbow trout (O. mykiss) fed diets based on plant or fish-meal proteins. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spec. 2008, 22, 3706–3710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Thomas, F.; Jamin, E.; Wietzerbin, K.; Guérin, R.; Lees, M.; Morvan, E.; Billault, I.; Derrien, S.; Moreno-Rojas, J.M.; Serra, F.; et al. Determination of origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): The use of multiprobe and multielement isotopic analyses incombination with fatty acid composition to assess wild or farmed origin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 989–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Fasolato, L.; Novelli, E.; Salmaso, L.; Corain, L.; Camin, F.; Perini, M.; Balzan, S. Application of nonparametric multivariate analyses to the authentication of wild and farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Results of a survey on fish sampled in the retail trade. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 10979–10988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Gamboa-Delgado, J.; Molina-Poveda, C.; Godínez-Siordia, D.E.; Villarreal-Cavazos, D.; Ricque-Marie, D.; Cruz-Suárez, L.E. Application of stable isotope analysis to differentiate shrimp extracted by industrial fishing or produced through aquaculture practices. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2014, 71, 1520–1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  22. Molkentin, J.; Lehmann, I.; Ostermeyer, U.; Rehbein, H. Traceability of organic fish—Authenticating the production origin of salmonids by chemical and isotopic analyses. Food Control 2015, 53, 55–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Gopi, K.; Mazumder, D.; Saintilan, N.; Sammut, J. Distinguishing between farmed and wild-caught black tiger Prawns, Penaeus monodon, using stable isotopes. J. Aquac. Mar. Biol. 2018, 7, 00176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gopi, K.; Mazumder, D.; Sammut, J.; Saintilan, N.; Crawford, J.; Gadd, P. Combined use of stable isotope analysis and elemental profiling to determine provenance of black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). Food Control 2019, 95, 242–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Gopi, K.; Mazumder, D.; Sammut, J.; Saintilan, N.; Crawford, J.; Gadd, P. Isotopic and elemental profiling to trace the geographic origins of farmed and wildcaught Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture 2019, 502, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Vasconi, M.; Lopez, A.; Galimberti, C.; Moreno Rojas, J.M.; Muñoz Redondo, J.M.; Bellagamba, F.; Moretti, V.M. Authentication of farmed and wild european eel (Anguilla anguilla) by fatty acid profile and carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses. Food Control 2019, 102, 112–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Turchini, G.M.; Quinn, G.P.; Jones, P.L.; Palmeri, G.; Gooley, G. Traceability and discrimination among differently farmed fish: A case study on Australian Murray cod. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 274–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Camin, F.; Perini, M.; Bontempo, L.; Galeotti, M.; Tibaldi, E.; Piasentier, E. Stable isotope ratios of H, C, O, N and S for the geographical traceability of Italian rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Food Chem. 2018, 267, 288–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, W.; Ding, H.; Zhai, Y.; Ning, J.; Sheng, X. Geographical traceability of sea cucumbers in China via chemometric analysis of stable isotopes and multi-elements. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2021, 99, 103852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Piras, C.; Scano, P.; Locci, E.; Sanna, R.; Marincola, F.C. Analysing the effects of frozen storage and processing on the metabolite profile of raw mullet roes using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem. 2014, 159, 71–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Bernasconi, R.; Bolzacchini, E.; Galliani, G.; Gugliersi, F.; Rindone, B.; Rindone, M.; Tacconi, M.T.; Terraneo, A. Determination of the content of wax esters in some sea foods and their molecular composition. A comparison with ω-3 enriched wax esters. Food Sci. Technol. 2007, 40, 569–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Scano, P.; Rosa, A.; Marincola, F.C.; Locci, E.; Melis, M.P.; Dessì, M.A.; Lai, A. 13C NMR, GC and HPLC characterization of lipid components of the salted and dried mullet (Mugil cephalus) roe “bottarga”. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2008, 151, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Scano, P.; Rosa, A.; Mereu, S.; Piras, C.; Atzeri, A.; Dessi, M.A. Multivariate fatty acid and fatty alcohol profile of mullet bottarga. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2010, 112, 1369–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Barra, A.; Garau, V.L.; Dessì, S.; Sarais, G.; Ceretti, E.; Arlorio, M.; Coisson, J.D.; Cabras, P. Chemical characterization and DNA tracking of Sardinian Botargo by Mugil cephalus from different geographical origins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 10847–10852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Kalogeropoulos, N.; Nomikos, T.; Chiou, A.; Fragopoulou, E.; Antonopoulou, S. Chemical composition of greek Avgotaracho prepared from mullet (Mugil cephalus): Nutritional and health benefits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 5916–5925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Chen, H.-L.; Chang, N.-N.; Hsiao, W.V.; Chen, W.-J.; Wang, C.-H.; Shiao, J.-C. Using molecular phylogenetic and stable isotopic analysis to identify species, geographical origin and production method of mullet roes. Food Control 2022, 141, 109206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Yokoyama, H.; Tamaki, A.; Harada, K.; Shimoda, K.; Koyama, K.; Ishihi, Y. Variability of diet-tissue isotopic fractionation in estuarine macrobenthos. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2005, 296, 115–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Arcagni, M.; Campbell, L.M.; Arribιre, M.A.; Kyser, K.; Klassen, K.; Casaux, R.; Miserendino, M.L.; Guevara, S.R. Food web structure in a double-basin ultra-oligotrophic lake in Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Limnologica 2013, 43, 131–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Suh, Y.J.; Shin, K.H. Size-related and seasonal diet of the manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), as determined using dual stable isotopes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2013, 135, 94–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Sayle, K.L.; Cook, G.T.; Ascough, P.L.; Hastie, H.R.; Einarsson, T.; McGovern, T.H.; Hicks, M.T.; Edwald, A.; Friðriksson, A. Application of 34S analysis for elucidating terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems: Evidence of animal movement/husbandry practices in an early Viking community around Lake Mývatn, Iceland. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 120, 531–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Koutsodendris, A.; Brauer, A.; Zacharias, I.; Putyrskaya, V.; Klemt, E.; Sangiorgi, F.; Pross, J. Ecosystem response to human- and climate-induced environmental stress on an anoxic coastal lagoon (Etoliko, Greece) since 1930 AD. J. Paleolimnol. 2015, 53, 255–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Leonardos, I.; Sinis, A. Fish mass mortality in the Etolikon lagoon, Greece: The role of local geology. Cybium 1997, 21, 201–206. [Google Scholar]
  43. Winner, W.E.; Smith, C.L.; Koch, G.W.; Mooney, H.A.; Bewleyt, J.D.; Krouse, H.R. Rates of emission of H2S from plants and patterns of stable sulphur isotope fractionation. Nature 1981, 289, 672–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Foods 11 02960 g001 550
Figure 1. The areas producing the examined Bottarga products.
Figure 1. The areas producing the examined Bottarga products.
Foods 11 02960 g001
Foods 11 02960 g002 550
Figure 2. Greek Bottarga (Fish—Roe) from Messolongi—Aitoliko Lake Registered ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ PDO.
Figure 2. Greek Bottarga (Fish—Roe) from Messolongi—Aitoliko Lake Registered ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’ PDO.
Foods 11 02960 g002
Foods 11 02960 g003 550
Figure 3. Results for Bottarga δ15NAIR (‰), δ13CV-PDB and δ34SV-CDT (‰) mean values in a 3-dimension (3D) Scatterplot.
Figure 3. Results for Bottarga δ15NAIR (‰), δ13CV-PDB and δ34SV-CDT (‰) mean values in a 3-dimension (3D) Scatterplot.
Foods 11 02960 g003
Foods 11 02960 g004 550
Figure 4. Results for Bottarga δ15NAIR (‰) and δ34SV-CDT (‰) in a 2-dimension scatterplot.
Figure 4. Results for Bottarga δ15NAIR (‰) and δ34SV-CDT (‰) in a 2-dimension scatterplot.
Foods 11 02960 g004
Foods 11 02960 g005 550
Figure 5. Decision criterion to determine geographic origin of the Greek Bottarga (Fish—Roe) Registered PDO ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’.
Figure 5. Decision criterion to determine geographic origin of the Greek Bottarga (Fish—Roe) Registered PDO ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’.
Foods 11 02960 g005
Table
Table 1. Bottarga analysis results (mean δ values and s.d.).
Table 1. Bottarga analysis results (mean δ values and s.d.).
CodeAreaMean d15NAIR (‰)Mean d13CV-PDB (‰)Mean d34SV-CDT (‰)
A1Mauritania9.53 ± 0,24−19.02 ± 0.2616.03 ± 0.89
A2Australia10.84 ± 0.42−18.03 ± 0.5915.30 ± 0.44
A3Preveza Greece7.61 ± 0.46−18.01± 0.3711.98 ± 0.49
A4Messolongi Greece5.45 ± 0.24−14.82 ± 0.514.67 ± 0.38
Table
Table 2. One way ANOVA analysis results (mean values and standard error).
Table 2. One way ANOVA analysis results (mean values and standard error).
δ (‰)AreaNMean δ (‰)Std. ErrorANOVA F ValueSig.
d15NAIR (‰)Mauritania89.530.09985.0400.000
Australia810.840.15
Preveza Greece87.610.16
Messolongi Greece405.450.04
d13CV-PDB (‰)Mauritania8−19.020.09273.3880.000
Australia8−18.030.21
Preveza Greece8−18.010.13
Messolongi Greece40−14.820.08
d34SV-CDT (‰)Mauritania816.030.103218.2760.000
Australia815.300.16
Preveza Greece811.980.17
Messolongi Greece404.670.06
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Thomatou, A.-A.; Psarra, E.; Mazarakioti, E.C.; Katerinopoulou, K.; Tsirogiannis, G.; Zotos, A.; Kontogeorgos, A.; Patakas, A.; Ladavos, A. Stable Isotope Analysis for the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Greek Bottarga ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’: A Preliminary Research. Foods 2022, 11, 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192960

AMA Style

Thomatou A-A, Psarra E, Mazarakioti EC, Katerinopoulou K, Tsirogiannis G, Zotos A, Kontogeorgos A, Patakas A, Ladavos A. Stable Isotope Analysis for the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Greek Bottarga ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’: A Preliminary Research. Foods. 2022; 11(19):2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192960

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomatou, Anna-Akrivi, Eleni Psarra, Eleni C. Mazarakioti, Katerina Katerinopoulou, Georgios Tsirogiannis, Anastasios Zotos, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Angelos Patakas, and Athanasios Ladavos. 2022. "Stable Isotope Analysis for the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Greek Bottarga ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’: A Preliminary Research" Foods 11, no. 19: 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192960

APA Style

Thomatou, A. -A., Psarra, E., Mazarakioti, E. C., Katerinopoulou, K., Tsirogiannis, G., Zotos, A., Kontogeorgos, A., Patakas, A., & Ladavos, A. (2022). Stable Isotope Analysis for the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of Greek Bottarga ‘Avgotaracho Messolongiou’: A Preliminary Research. Foods, 11(19), 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192960

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop