Next Article in Journal
Effects of Carbon Dots/PVA Film Combined with Radio Frequency Treatment on Storage Quality of Fried Meatballs
Previous Article in Journal
Motivators of the Intention of Wine Tourism in Baja California, Mexico
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Foods
Volume 13
Issue 22
10.3390/foods13223652
foods-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Cluster and Principal Component Analyses of the Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Under Different Fertilization Schemes

by
Anita Milić
1,
Boris Adamović
2,*,
Nataša Nastić
1,*,
Aleksandra Tepić Horecki
1,
Lato Pezo
3,
Zdravko Šumić
1,
Branimir Pavlić
1,
Milorad Živanov
4,
Nemanja Pavković
2 and
Đorđe Vojnović
2
1
Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
3
Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
4
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2024, 13(22), 3652; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223652
Submission received: 22 October 2024 / Revised: 13 November 2024 / Accepted: 14 November 2024 / Published: 17 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This research investigates the impact of various fertilization methods on the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of celery (Apium graveolens L.) root and leaf. Mineral fertilizer, poultry manure, cattle manure, sheep manure, supercompost, and molasses were applied. Total dry weight, phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed, along with fiber, protein, fat, sugar, and starch in celery root. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to correlate production conditions with the parameters. The highest fiber and protein contents were found in mineral-fertilized roots, while total fat and sugar were highest in cattle-manure-fertilized roots, and starch was highest in supercompost-fertilized roots. Fertilization with supercompost yielded the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents in leaves, while mineral fertilizer resulted in the highest antioxidant activity in roots. Notably, the highest dry weight in leaves and the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents in roots were also observed with supercompost. PCA and cluster analysis demonstrated significant correlations between plant parts, i.e., the celery root and leaf samples, cultivation conditions, and the observed parameters, emphasizing the importance of selecting suitable cultivation methods to optimize celery’s nutritional properties. Also, these findings suggest that supercompost, a byproduct of breweries, could potentially replace animal-based organic fertilizers, addressing the problem of reduced availability due to declining livestock numbers.

1. Introduction

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a plant from the Apiaceae family. It is an annual/perennial plant that grows throughout Europe and temperate-climate regions of Africa and Asia [1]. Celery has also been used in traditional medication to manage stomach aches and spasms, as well as a laxative, diuretic, and sedative, with many different pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-infertility activities [2]. Celery is an important source of natural active products that function differently depending on mechanisms and biological properties [3]. Among the phytochemical compounds in celery, one can mention carbohydrates, phenols such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids [4]. Free radicals which possess antioxidant activity are the result of the presence of various phytochemical compounds, especially polyphenols such as flavonoids, and phenolic acids [5]. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds have biological effects, such as antioxidant activities, and are inductors for restraining free radicals and peroxidation [3].
Vegetables are herbaceous plants that accumulate huge amounts of biomass within a short duration. Thus, they demand readily available nutrients throughout the growth period [6]. Appropriate celery nutrition is very important for high-yielding celery root and leaves of good quality. Fertilization is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity [7] and affecting the nutritional value of vegetables [8]. The type and amount of fertilizer, as well as the level of application, directly influence nutrient availability in plants and indirectly impact plant physiology and the biosynthesis of secondary compounds [8]. Organic fertilizers have an important role in plant growth, as a source of all the necessary macro and microelements in available forms during mineralization [9]. Organic fertilizers need a longer period to convert nutrients into accessible forms. The rate of mineralization of organic fertilizers depends on the type of fertilizer, and their values as sources of nutrients for plants are very different [10]. Manures are typically applied to soil at rates adequate to supply a crop’s nitrogen (N) requirement [11]. Different types of compost are highly nutritive, increasing soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties and improving its natural fertility, but they differ in quality [12]. Fertilization is the most important and controllable factor affecting the nutritional value of vegetables. The type and value of fertilizer and the level of application directly influence the level of nutrients available in plants and indirectly influence plant physiology and the biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plants [8]. In recent times, consumers have demanded higher-quality and safer food, and are highly interested in organic vegetables [8].
Vegetable crops grown with solely organic sources of nutrients recorded lower yields, but net returns were higher [13]. Chemical fertilizers have a faster nutritive effect and are beneficial to plant growth and yield [9]. According to [14], chemical fertilizer increases the yield while organic manure improves the quality. Moyin-Jesu [15] indicates that the problems with the continuous application of mineral fertilizers are unbalanced nutrition, increased soil acidity, the degradation of physical properties, and the loss of organic matter. Organically grown foods are perceived as being of better quality, healthier, and more nutritious than their conventional counterparts [16]. Pavla and Pokluda [17] state that different fertilizers have varying effects on the nutritional value of vegetables and that the influence of organic fertilizers on the nutritional value of vegetables can be positive.
In order to provide crop supplies with nutrients and attain high yields, farmers have almost completely relied on applying mineral fertilizers. Hence, food prices and fertilizer costs are strongly correlated [18]. Since the cost of mineral fertilizers is extremely high, and the quantity of manure that can be used for vegetable farming is decreasing because the number of livestock is decreasing every year, the question arises about the possibility of using different organic materials that are created as a residue in the food industry. Using organic soil amendments as nutrient sources for vegetable crops decreases the cost of purchased inorganic fertilizers, enhances soil characteristics, improves the quality of produce, and helps to achieve sustainability in the production system [6].
The main goal of this research was to obtain a comprehensive overview of the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of celery root and leaf, produced in Serbia under different fertilizing regimes. Mineral fertilizer, poultry manure, cattle manure, sheep manure, supercompost, and molasses were used as fertilizer. Total dry weight, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and also antioxidant activity were obtained from all celery root and leaf samples, and additionally, fiber, protein, fat, sugar, and starch contents were obtained from the celery root samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used in order to find correlations between the different production conditions and the investigated parameters in the celery root and leaf samples.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample

The celery cultivar “Diamant” of the Bejo Zaden seed house was used in experiment (2019, from June 16 to November 27). This cultivar is characterized as having a medium length of vegetation; it forms a smooth and round thickened root of white tissue color, and it is intended for usage in its fresh state and for storage.

2.2. Sample Preparation

The celery was used when it reached the stage with developed thickened roots. Samples of plant material were taken for quality testing depending on fertilization with organic or mineral fertilizers. At the end of the growing season, the biological yield and the yield of the thickened roots were measured. After that, samples of thickened roots and leaves were taken for further analysis.
The root (R) and leaf (L) samples were marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer, 800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer, formulation 9:12:25 (9 kg N, 12 kg P2O5, 25 kg K2O in 100 kg fertilizer) and 288 kg/ha AN (ammonium nitrate); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha.
Supercompost is a sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plants of breweries. It is created by fermenting organic matter of plant origin, is gray-brown in color, has granules smaller than 25 mm, and exhibits a slightly alkaline reaction. The heavy metal content is below the maximum allowed concentration.
Molasses is the syrup that remains after the crystallization of sugar from sugar beet. The syrup is separated from the sugar crystals by centrifugation several times, and after the last stage, a thick, viscous, dark-colored product remains. It is suitable for fertilizing the soil because it has a rich content of mineral substances, and the sugar residues stimulate the activity of microorganisms.

2.3. Experimental Design

The experiment was set up according to a random block system in three repetitions in Futog (Serbia) on the Drljača family farm.

2.4. Production Conditions

During the course of the field experiment, the highest average daily temperature was recorded in August (24.32 °C), which was 3.6 °C higher than the long-term average (1981–2010) (Figure 1). The lowest temperature was measured in November (12.42 °C), which was 6.07 °C higher than the long-term average. In terms of precipitation, the highest amount was recorded in June (71.4 mm), while the lowest was in October (17.20 mm); these were 20 mm and 35.5 mm less than the long-term average, respectively.
Different amounts of fertilizers were applied to all fertilization variants (except the control), but equal amounts of 170 kg N/ha were added. This amount of N is the maximum amount that can be used in organic production after a three-year conversion period, which is prescribed by the Nitrate Directive [19].
Before fertilizing, an agrochemical analysis of the organic fertilizers and soil was performed, and the results are presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Celery production was conducted in an open field, but seedling production was undertaken in a protected area in a tunnel-type facility without additional heating. Sowing was performed in mid-April in containers with 209 holes. The entire amount of organic fertilizer, as well as 800 kg/ha of mineral fertilizer (NPK 9:12:25), was applied one week before planting by spreading the fertilizer over the entire surface of the soil and incorporating the fertilizer with a seed drill. The remaining amount of mineral fertilizer (288 kg/ha ammonium nitrate) was applied twice during the celery vegetation. One half of the ammonium nitrate was applied after plant rooting, and the other half before the beginning of root thickening.
Sixty-five-day-old seedlings (at the stage of having 5 fully developed leaves) were planted with a spacing of 70 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants within a row, achieving a density of 5.7 plants per m2. The size of the basic plot was 14 m2, and the size of the calculation plot was 7 m2. All plants were used to determine the examined parameters.

2.5. Analysis

2.5.1. Dry Weight

The content of dry weight (DW) of all celery samples was determined gravimetrically, by drying the sample at a temperature of 105 ± 0.5 °C to a constant mass [20]. All measurements were repeated in triplicate and the results are expressed as the mean moisture value in percent.

2.5.2. Extract Preparation

Samples were firstly ground in a basic mill (model A11BS000, IKA, Stauffen, Germany) before extraction. The ground samples were transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks with a volume of 50 mL, covered with 25 mL of extraction solvent (methanol), and sealed with foil. After that, the Erlenmeyer flasks with the samples were placed on a shaker (UNIMAX 1010, Heidolph, Germany) and mixed for 24 h in the dark at room temperature at 100 rpm. Subsequently, the samples were quantitatively transferred into 50 mL volumetric flasks, which were then filled with extraction solvent up to a total volume of 50 mL. The contents of the flasks were then filtered through qualitative filter paper. The prepared extracts were stored in a refrigerator (4 °C) until the time of analysis and were used for the analysis of TPC content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity.

2.5.3. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

The TPC of all celery samples was determined spectrophotometrically (UV/VIS-Spectrometer LLG-uniSPEC 2, LLG Labware, Meckenheim, Germany) by the Folin–Ciocalteu method [21], using gallic acid as a standard. TPC is expressed as gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/100 g DW).

2.5.4. Total Flavonoid Content (TF)

The content of TFs in all celery samples was determined spectrophotometrically, using the colorimetric method with aluminum chloride [22]. The content of TFs is expressed as catechin equivalent (mg CE/100 g DW).

2.5.5. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)

The free-radical-scavenging activity of all celery samples was determined using the spectrophotometric method described by Espin et al. [23]. Prepared celery extract was mixed with methanol (96%) and 90 μM 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). After 60 min at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Antioxidant activity is also expressed as IC50, which represents the concentration (extract solution) required for obtaining 50% of the radical scavenging capacity. Higher IC50 values correspond to lower antioxidant activity. IC50 values are expressed in mg/mL units.

2.5.6. Fiber

The content of cellulose (crude fiber) in root celery samples was determined by the Kirschner–Ganakova method described in Vračar [24].

2.5.7. Fats

The procedure for determining the fat content in root celery samples was carried out according to the Soxhlet extraction method [25], using diethylether as a solvent.

2.5.8. Proteins

Protein content in the root celery samples was determined by the Kjeldahl method described in the study by Marcó et al. [26].

2.5.9. Total Sugars

The content of total sugars in root celery samples was analyzed according to the Luff–Schoorl method [20]. All measurements of fat, protein, and total sugar content were repeated three times and the results are expressed as the mean value in percentages.

2.5.10. Starch

The content of starch in root celery samples was determined by acid hydrolysis [24].

2.5.11. Statistical Analysis

All the data were analyzed by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in order to differentiate the samples using an α = 0.05 criterion and Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to analyze and structure the obtained results. Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA) was used both for the ANOVA and PCA.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Dry Weight (DW)

DW content is an important indicator of celery root quality. Celery root is often dried and used in various seasonings, and a higher DW enables a greater yield of dried celery from each unit of fresh root. In this study, the highest DW content was observed in sample 6R (10.52%), while the lowest was in sample 2R (9.49%), though the difference was not statistically significant. This lack of variation in DW levels may be attributed to the strong influence of celery’s genotype, which tends to dominate this trait and make it less susceptible to external factors. This finding is consistent with previous research on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) [27,28]. Additionally, DW content impacts storage potential, as higher dry matter levels reduce water loss during storage.
Celery leaves, frequently used as a spice in dehydrated form, benefit from higher DW content, as this reduces the energy required to dry each kilogram of leaves. In our study, the highest DW in leaves was recorded in sample 1L (13.56%) and the lowest in sample 7L (11.33%), with this difference being statistically significant. This may be due to the N content of the fertilizer, which affects the carbon (C)-to-N ratio in cells by reducing C in favor of N, leading to a decrease in carbon-based compounds such as cellulose and an increase in water content. Similar observations were reported in a study on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [29]. Moreover, no significant differences in DW content were observed among leaf samples 2L–7L, aligning with the findings from a study that applied sheep manure, which did not significantly affect DW content in celery leaves [30].

3.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

Since the high importance of phenolic compounds in the human diet and their positive influence is generally well known, the contents of these compounds have been deeply investigated in various vegetable sorts and varieties, including celery root and leaves. In the investigation by Číž et al. [31], it was concluded that total polyphenol content was significantly higher in celery leaf extracts compared to all other investigated extracts, such as parsley leaves, radish, eggplant, broccoli, and many others. The same paper also showed that the polyphenol content in celery leaves (605.6 mg GAE/100 g FW) is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in celery root (43.8 mg GAE/100 g FW). TPC was also investigated in the research by Priecina and Karklina [32], where the content of phenolic compounds was 330 mg GAE/100 g DW in celery leaves and 363.50 mg GAE/100 g DW in celery root. TPC in this research varied between 112.5 and 142.5 mg GAE/100 g DW and between 433.3 and 494.7 mg GAE/100 g DW in celery roots and leaves, respectively. Marinova et al. [33] quoted similar TPC in celery leaves as in this research, while Đurović et al. [34] measured significantly higher TPC in celery root. The results are presented in Table 3, and it can be noted that there is a difference in terms of TPC between celery root and leaves, i.e., the values of TPC in the leaf samples are higher, but there is no significant difference between the results in the frame of the root and leaf samples separately. Golubkina et al. [35] reported that there was a significant difference in polyphenol content between the edible parts of root celery plants, but there was no difference between varieties. Significantly different TPC values between cabbage varieties were reported Singh et al. [36]. The highest TPC in root samples was obtained in the 1R sample, i.e., in the control sample without fertilization, while the lowest content was observed in the 3R sample, where poultry manure was used for fertilization. Fertilization reduced the phenol content in cabbage heads [37], while opposite results were found in the experiments of Golubkina et al. [35] on onion, Amarowicz et al. [38] on Jerusalem artichoke, Zhao et al. [39] on Welsh onion, and Al Subeihi et al. [40] on carrot. The TPC in the samples of celery root was higher for the mineral fertilizer variant than the organic manure variants. De Oliveira Pereira et al. [41] stated, in contrast, that higher TPC was found in carrot, pepper, and lettuce in an organic system compared with a conventional system. In the case of the celery leaves, the highest TPC was obtained in the 6L sample where supercompost was implemented, while the lowest one was observed in the 2L sample, where the mineral fertilizers were used. This is in agreement with Czech et al. [42], who reported higher polyphenol content in samples of garlic, leek, yellow onion, and red onion grown under organic cultivation methods compared with conventionally grown plants.

3.3. Total Flavonoid (TF) Compounds

The observed range of TFs in celery root samples was between 35.6 and 53.6 mg CE/100 g DW, while this range in the case of celery leaves was significantly higher (p < 0.05), between 234.6 and 309.4 mg CE/100 g DW. Based on the results presented in Table 3. It can be noticed that a statistically significant difference in the mean values of TFs between the celery root and leaf samples was detected. In the research by Golubkina et al. [35], a significant difference in TFs between the edible parts of celery plants was obtained, while no significant difference was found between the tested varieties. Marinova et al. [33] found significantly lower TF content in celery leaves, while Đurović et al. [34] measured significantly higher TF content in celery roots. The highest TF value in our root samples was found in sample 7R, where molasses was used for fertilization, while the lowest TF value was observed in the same sample that had the lowest TPC, where poultry manure was used for fertilization. Similar results were reported by Al Subeihi et al. [40] in an experiment on carrots using mineral and organic fertilization. In the case of the leaves, the highest TF content was obtained in the same sample where the highest TPC was obtained, i.e., in sample 6L, where supercompost was implemented, while the lowest one was observed in sample 7L, where molasses fertilization was used. The lower content of TFs in the celery roots fertilized with poultry manure and celery leaves fertilized with molasses is a consequence of the different availability of nutrients compared to the other investigated variants. The mineralization rate of organic fertilizers depends on the type of fertilizer, the degree of organic matter decomposition, temperature, and microbiological activity, and their value as a source of nutrients for plants varies greatly [10]. Increasing the availability of N reduces the content of TFs, which was proven by Vojnović et al. [43] in experiment on onion.

3.4. DPPH (IC50)

The obtained range of antioxidant activity in the celery root samples was between 85.6 and 274.1 mg/mL, while this range in the case of celery leaves was significantly higher: between 2.15 and 3.37 mg/mL. This is in agreement with Golubkina et al. [35], who stated the significantly higher antioxidant activity of leaves compared to celery roots. The highest antioxidant activity, i.e., the lowest IC50 value in the celery root samples, was obtained in the 2R sample, i.e., in the sample where mineral fertilizer was used for fertilization, while the lowest antioxidant activity, i.e., the highest IC50 value, was observed in the 7R sample where molasses was used for fertilization. This is not in agreement with Cezch et al. [42], who achieved higher antioxidant activity in samples of garlic, leek, yellow onion, and red onion grown in an organic system rather than a conventional system where mineral fertilizers were applied. In the case of the leaves, the highest antioxidant activity, i.e., the lowest IC50 value, was obtained in the same sample that the highest TPC and TF values were obtained, i.e., in the 6L sample where supercompost was implemented, while the lowest antioxidant activity, i.e., the highest IC50 value, was observed in the 2L sample where the mineral fertilizers were used, and where the lowest TPC was also obtained. Similarly, in their research on lettuce, Kundu [44] concluded that the application of mineral fertilizer decreased the antioxidant activity, i.e., the IC50 value was higher. Compost applications significantly affected fruit antioxidant activity in experiments on pepper [45,46] and on strawberries [47], while opposite results were quoted for cabbage [37]. The same authors concluded that stressed treatments from a nutritional point of view showed a high content of antioxidant compounds. In Table 4, the characterization of the celery root is presented.
Table 4 shows the nutritional values of the celery root samples (1R to 7R) in terms of fiber content, total fat, protein, total sugars, and starch. The fiber content of the celery root samples varied between 16.04 g and 20.84 g. Sample 2R had the highest fiber content (20.84 g), while sample 7R was at the lower limit (16.04 g). The F-value is 3.198 and the p-value is 0.034, indicating that there is a statistically significant difference between the samples in terms of fiber content. Fat content ranged from 1.86 g to 3.36 g, with an average value of 2.41 g. Sample 4R had the highest fat content, while 6R had the lowest. An F-value of 28.616 and a p-value of 0.000 indicate a statistically highly significant difference in fat content between the samples. The protein content varied from 11.29 g to 14.77 g, with an average value of 13.02 g. Sample 2R had the highest protein content, while 7R had the lowest. The F-value (1.803) and p-value (0.170) show that the differences in protein content between the samples are not statistically significant. The sugar content varied from 7.48 g to 16.94 g, with sample 4R having the highest sugar content and sample 1R the lowest. The F-value (29.086) and p-value (0.000) indicate statistically significant differences between the samples in terms of sugar content. Starch content varied from 10.63 g to 12.57 g, with an average value of 11.75 g. No significant differences were observed between samples in terms of starch content (F = 1.666, p = 0.202). In short, the contents of fiber, fat, and sugar showed statistically significant differences between the samples (p < 0.05), while the contents of protein and starch had no significant differences. The investigation of celeriac roots in the manner investigated in this research has not been extensively studied by other authors, though it has certainly been a subject of research, particularly in recent years. For example, Daneshvar et al. [48] evaluated the impact of organic and mineral fertilizers on plant growth, minerals, and the postharvest quality of celery. This was also investigated in the paper by Godlewska et al. [49], who conducted a field-scale evaluation of the effects of botanical extracts on the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of celeriac.

3.5. PCA

The correlation results of the celery root samples indicate a non-significant relationship between DPPH and both TPC and TFs in the tested root samples. The correlation coefficient between DPPH and TPC is r = −0.121 (p = 0.796), suggesting a very weak negative association that is statistically insignificant. Similarly, the correlation between DPPH and TF is positive but extremely weak (r = 0.044) and also statistically non-significant (p = 0.926).
PCA was applied to the obtained data in order to obtain a better overview of the similarities between the celery root and leaf samples based on the investigated properties of these samples (DW, TPC, TFC, IC50, and additionally fiber, total fat, protein, total sugars, and starch for celery root). A multivariate statistical approach, i.e., PCA, was applied in order to differentiate between the samples grown in the different production conditions and investigate the parameters of the celery root and leaf samples.
The PCA biplot of the celery root samples, illustrating the relationships between DW, TPC, TF, IC50, fiber, total fat, protein, total sugars, and starch, revealed that the first two principal components accounted for 68.74% of the total variance in the observed parameters (Figure 2a). Notably, the PCA showed a clear clustering pattern among the celery root samples.
Upon examining the PCA results, it is evident that TPC contributed significantly (17.4% of the total variance), along with fiber (17.0%), protein (7.0%), and starch (13.76%), all showing a positive correlation with the first principal component (PC1). In contrast, DW (18.59%), IC50 (12.4%), and total sugar (13.7%) negatively influenced PC1.
Furthermore, fiber (11.2% of the total variance), total fat (29.4%), protein (19.8%), and total sugar (12.3%) positively influenced the second principal component, whereas TFs (19.1%) and starch (7.4%) were associated with negative influences on PC2.
Sample R6 exhibited the highest DW, while sample 2R had the lowest DW. Sample 1R showed the highest TPC, while sample 3R had the lowest TPC. For TF content, sample 7R had the highest level, and sample 3R had the lowest TFs. The IC50 radical scavenging activity was highest in sample 7R and lowest in sample 2R. Fiber content was highest in sample 2R and lowest in sample 7R. Sample 4R had the highest total fat content, while sample 6R had the lowest. Protein content was highest in sample 2R and lowest in sample 7R. Sample 4R had the highest total sugar content, whereas sample 1R had the lowest total sugar content. Lastly, starch content was highest in sample 6R and lowest in sample 4R.
The PCA biplot analysis of the celery leaf samples revealed that the first two principal components accounted for 88.87% of the total variance in the observed parameters (Figure 2b). Notably, the PCA displayed a clear clustering pattern among the celery leaf samples.
Upon closer examination of the PCA results, it became evident that the IC50 value made a substantial contribution, explaining 35.99% of the total variance, and showed a positive correlation with the first principal component (PC1). Conversely, TPC (35.4%) and TFs (28.1%) negatively influenced PC1.
Additionally, DW (72.9% of the total variance) had a positive impact on the second principal component (PC2), while TPC (14.9%) exhibited a negative influence on PC2.
The correlation analysis for celery leaf samples suggests a statistically significant negative relationship between DPPH and TPC, with a correlation coefficient of r = −0.789 (p = 0.035), indicating that as TPC increases, DPPH scavenging activity tends to decrease, or vice versa. This finding suggests that TPC may play a role in modulating DPPH activity in the tested samples. In contrast, the correlation between DPPH and TFs is also negative (r = −0.504) but lacks statistical significance (p = 0.249), indicating that the relationship may be weak or inconsistent in this dataset.
The PCA of the celery leaf samples reveals notable differences in various biochemical parameters. Sample 1L has the highest DW, whereas sample L7 has the lowest DW. In terms of TPC, sample 6L exhibits the highest value, while sample 2L has the lowest TPC. Sample 6L also showed the maximum TFs, with sample L7 having the lowest TFs. For IC50 radical scavenging activity, sample 2L shows the highest activity and sample 6L the lowest IC50 value.
PCA was carried out in order to reduce the number of dimensions of the complex system with four grouping variables. It can be seen that PC1 and PC2 accounted for 97.52% (Figure 2) of the total variance of the model. PC1 was negatively correlated with all grouping parameters except IC50, while PC2 was negatively correlated with all investigated parameters.
The distribution of the samples was significantly influenced by the part of the celery sample, i.e., the root or leaf, as these two groups could clearly be grouped together (Figure 2a). Within the celery root samples, the following groups were identified: 2R and 5R (mineral fertilizer and sheep manure); 6R (supercompost); 1R and 3R (control and poultry manure); and 4R and 7R (cattle manure and molasses) (Figure 2b). In the case of the celery leaf samples, the following groups of samples were noticed: 1L (control); 2L, 3L, and 4L (mineral fertilizer, poultry manure, and cattle manure); 5L and 6L (sheep manure and supercompost); and 7L (molasses).

3.6. Cluster Analysis

Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied in this research for the same reason as PCA, i.e., in order to find correlations between the different production conditions and investigated parameters in the celery root and leaf samples.
The cluster analysis performed on the celery root samples unveiled two primary clusters, as depicted in Figure 3a. Within the first cluster were samples 1R, 2R, 3R, and 4R, where no fertilization, mineral fertilization, poultry manure, and cattle manure, respectively were used. The second cluster included samples 5R, 6R, and 7R, where sheep manure, supercompost, and molasses, respectively, were used. The linkage distance between these clusters was approximately 1600 units.
The cluster analysis performed on the celery leaf samples unveiled two primary clusters, as shown in Figure 3b. The first cluster included samples 1L and 5L, where no fertilization and sheep manure, respectively, were used. The second cluster included samples 2L, 3L, and 4L, where mineral fertilizer, poultry manure, and cattle manure, respectively, were used. Samples 6L and 7L, where supercompost and molasses, respectively, were used, were left out of the main two clusters. The linkage distance between these clusters was approximately 50 units, while the linkage distance between the main clusters and samples 6L and 7L was 125 units.
In summary, applied statistical methods (PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis) allowed us to identify and interpret the complex relationships between the various fertilization conditions implemented in this research and the observed nutritional parameters in the celery samples. On one side, PCA enables reducing the complexity of data by highlighting the main factors influencing variations in bioactive content and antioxidant activity in the frame of the samples. On the other side, hierarchical cluster analysis groups samples based on similarity, revealing patterns in how specific fertilization methods affect the composition of celery. Both statistical analyses emphasize the impact of cultivation options on optimizing celery’s nutritional and functional properties.

4. Conclusions

This study highlights significant differences in total TPC, TF levels, and antioxidant activity between celery leaves and roots, with leaves exhibiting higher concentrations. Cluster analysis and PCA further confirmed that these differences are associated with plant parts and agronomic practices, underscoring the importance of fertilization methods on the nutritional properties of celery. The highest fiber and protein contents were found in mineral-fertilized roots, the highest total fat and sugar contents in cattle-manure-fertilized roots, and the highest starch content in supercompost-fertilized roots. Fertilization with supercompost yielded the highest TPC and TFs in leaves, while mineral fertilizer resulted in the highest antioxidant activity in roots. Notably, the highest DW in leaves and the highest TFC and TF content in roots were also observed with supercompost. These findings suggest that supercompost, a byproduct of breweries, could potentially replace animal-based organic fertilizers, addressing the problem of reduced availability due to declining livestock numbers.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.M. and B.A.; methodology, B.A. and N.N.; validation, A.T.H. and Z.Š.; formal analysis, A.M., N.N., M.Ž., N.P. and Đ.V.; investigation, A.M., B.A., N.N. and Đ.V.; data curation, L.P., B.P., M.Ž. and N.P.; writing—original draft preparation, A.M., B.A., N.N., L.P., B.P. and Đ.V.; writing—review and editing, A.T.H. and Z.Š.; visualization, L.P. and B.P.; supervision, A.T.H. and Z.Š. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovations of the Republic of Serbia under the programs 451-03-66/2024-03/200134, 451-03-65/2024-03/200134, 451-03-66/2024-03/200051, 451-03-65/2024-03/200117, and 451-03-4551/2024-04/17.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Gauri, M.; Javed Ali, S.; Shahid Khan, M. A review of Apium graveolens (Karafs) with special reference to Unani medicine. Int. Arch. Integr. Med. 2015, 2, 131–136. [Google Scholar]
  2. Khairullah, A.R.; Solikhah, T.I.; Ansori AN, M.; Hidayatullah, A.R.; Hartadi, E.B.; Ramandinianto, S.C.; Fadholly, A. Review on the Pharmacological and Health Aspects of Apium Graveolens or Celery: An Update. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 2021, 12, 606–612. [Google Scholar]
  3. Kooti, W.; Daraei, N. A Review of the Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L). J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 22, 1029–1034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Khare, C.P. Indian Medicinal Plants; Springer Science: London, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
  5. Nickavar, B.; Kamalinejad, M.; Izadpanah, H. In vitro free radical scavenging activity of five Salvia species. Pak. J. Pharma. Sci. 2007, 20, 291–294. [Google Scholar]
  6. Chaterjee, R.; Thirumdasu, R.K. Nutrient management in organic vegetable production. Int. J. Food Agric. Vet. Sci. 2014, 4, 156–170. [Google Scholar]
  7. Ahmed, Z.A. Effect of NPK and Bio Fertilization on Growth and Oil Yield of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) and Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Plants. J. Plant Prod. 2017, 8, 247–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Naguib, A.E.-M.M.; El-Baz, F.K.; Salama, Z.A.; Hanaa, H.A.E.B.; Ali, H.F.; Gaafar, A.A. Enhancement of phenolics, flavonoids and glucosinolates of Broccoli (Brassica olaracea var. italica) as antioxidants in response to organic and bio-organic fertilizers. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 2012, 11, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Abou El-Magd, M.M.; El-Bassiony, A.M.; Fawzy, Z.F. Effect of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of some varieties of broccoli plants. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2006, 2, 791–798. [Google Scholar]
  10. Pang, X.P.; Letey, J. Organic farming: Challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen requirements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 247–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Evanylo, G.; Sherony, C.; Spargo, J.; Starner, D.; Brosius, M.; Kathryn Haering, K. Soil and water environmental effects of fertilizer-, manure-, and compost-based fertility practices in an organic vegetable cropping system. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2008, 127, 50–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Tognetti, C.; Laos, F.; Mazzarino, M.J.; Hernandez, M.T. Composting vs. vermicomposting: A comparison of end product quality. Compost. Sci. Util. 2005, 13, 6–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Bhardwaj, M.L.; Raj, H.; Koul, B.L. Yield response and economics of organic sources of nutrients as substitute to inorganic sources in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), okra (Hibiscus esculentus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) and cauliflower (B. oleracea var botrytis). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 1999, 70, 653–656. [Google Scholar]
  14. Dhakal, M.; Shakya, S.M.; Bhattarai, S. Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck.) cv. Calabrese Affected by Nitrogen and Farm Yard Manure in Chitwan, Nepal. J. Plant Health 2016, 1, 102. [Google Scholar]
  15. Moyin-Jesu, E. Use of plant residues for improving soil fertility, pod nutrients, root growth and pod weight of okra (Abelmuschus esculentum L.). Bioresour. TechnoL. 2007, 98, 2057–2064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Warman, P.R.; Havard, K.A. Yield, vitamin and mineral content of organically and conventionally grown carrots and cabbage. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1997, 61, 155–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Pavla, B.; Pokluda, R. Influence of alternative organic fertilizers on the antioxidant capacity in head cabbage and cucumber. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj 2008, 36, 63–67. [Google Scholar]
  18. Khabarov, N.; Obersteiner, M. Global Phosphorus Fertilizer Market and National Policies: A Case Study Revisiting the 2008 Price Peak. Front. Nutr. 2007, 4, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 Concerning the Protection of Waters Against Pollution Caused by Nitrates from Agricultural Sources. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/676/oj (accessed on 22 October 2024).
  20. Ordinance on Methods of Taking Samples and Performing Chemical and Physical Analyzes for Quality Control of Fruit and Vegetable Products (Official Gazette of SFRY, 29/83). Available online: http://demo.paragraf.rs/demo/combined/Old/t/t2004_09/t09_0137.htm (accessed on 22 October 2024).
  21. Singleton, V.L.; Rossi, J.A. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. EnoL. Vitic. 1965, 16, 144–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Harborne, A.J. Phytochemical Methods a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis; Springer Science & Business Media: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1998. [Google Scholar]
  23. Espin, J.C.; Soler-Rivas CWichers, H.J. Characterization of the total free radical scavenger capacity of vegetable oils and oil fractions using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl radical. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 648–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Vračar, L. Manual for Quality Control of Fresh and Processed Fruits, Vegetables and Mushrooms and Refreshing Non-Alcoholic Beverages; Faculty of Technology Novi Sad: Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  25. Luque de Castro, M.D.; Priego-Capote, F. Soxhlet extraction: Past and present panacea, a review. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 2383–2389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Marcó, A.; Rubio, R.; Compañó, R.; Casals, I. Comparison of the Kjeldahl method and a combustion method for total nitrogen determination in animal feed. Talanta 2002, 57, 1019–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Ehdaie, B.; Alloush, G.A.; Madore, M.A.; Waines, J.G. Genotypic variation for stem reserves and mobilization in wheat: I. Postanthesis changes in internode dry matter. Crop. Sci. 2006, 46, 735–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Bange, M.P.; Milroy, S.P. Growth and dry matter partitioning of diverse cotton genotypes. Field Crop. Res. 2004, 87, 73–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Vojnović, Đ.; Maksimović, I.; Koprivica, G.; Tepić Horecki, A.; Milić, A.; Adamović, B.; Šumić, Z.; Ilin, Ž. Optimizing greenhouse cucumber fertigation through grafting: Improving yield, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Navarro, A.S.; Romero JA, S.; Sanjuan MD, C.S.; Bernardeau MA, B.; Delgado Iniesta, M.J. Medium-term influence of organic fertilization on the quality and yield of a celery crop. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Číž, M.; Čížová, H.; Denev, P.; Kratchanova, M.; Slavov, A.; Lojek, A. Different methods for control and comparison of the antioxidant properties of vegetables. Food Control. 2010, 21, 518–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Priecina, L.; Karklina, D. Natural antioxidant changes in fresh and dried spices and vegetables. Int. J. Nutr. Food Eng. 2014, 8, 492–496. [Google Scholar]
  33. Marinova, D.; Ribarova, F.; Atanassova, M. Total phenolic and total flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables. JU Chem. Me TaL. 2005, 40, 255–260. [Google Scholar]
  34. Đurović, V.; Mandić, L.; Igrošanac, M.; Radovanović, M.; Pešaković, M.; Mladenović, J.; Đukić, D. Celery (Apium graveolens L.) as a source of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antibacterial effects. In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology, Čačak, Serbia, 17–18 March 2023; pp. 317–322. [Google Scholar]
  35. Golubkina, N.A.; Kharchenko, V.A.; Moldovan, A.I.; Koshevarov, A.A.; Zamana, S.; Nadezhkin, S.; Soldatenko, A.; Sekara, A.; Tallarita, A.; Caruso, G. Yield, Growth, Quality, Biochemical Characteristics and Elemental Composition of Plant Parts of Celery Leafy, Stalk and Root Types Grown in the Northern Hemisphere. Plants 2020, 9, 484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Singh, J.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Bahadur, A.; Singh, B.; Singh, K.P.; Rai, M. Antioxidant phytochemicals in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Sci. Hortic. 2006, 108, 233–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Nicoletto, C.; Santagata, S.; Sambo, P. Effect of Compost Application on Qualitative Traits in Cabbage. Acta Hortic. 2013, 1005, 389–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Amarowicz, R.; Cwalina-Ambroziak, B.; Janiak, M.A.; Bogucka, B. Effect of N Fertilization on the Content of Phenolic Compounds in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Tubers and Their Antioxidant Capacity. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zhao, C.; Wang, Z.; Cui, R.; Su, L.; Sun, X.; Borras-Hidalgo, O.; Li, K.; Wei, J.; Yue, Q.; Zhao, L. Effects of nitrogen application on phytochemical component levels and anticancer and antioxidant activities of Allium fistulosum. PeerJ 2021, 9, e11706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Al Subeihi, A.A.; Awal, A.; Ahmed, M.W.; Ahmed, M.; Alam, T.; Khan, M.S.I.; Islam, M.A. Effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on the content of major phenolic compounds of carrot. Poll Res. 2022, 41, 347–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. de Oliveira Pereira, F.; dos Santos Pereira, R.; de Souza Rosa, L.; Teodoro, A.J. Organic and conventional vegetables: Comparison of the physical and chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Afr. J. BiotechnoL. 2016, 15, 1746–1755. [Google Scholar]
  42. Czech, A.; Szmigielski, M.; Sembratowicz, I. Nutritional value and antioxidant capacity of organic and conventional vegetables of the genus Allium. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 18713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Vojnović, Đ.; Maksimović, I.; Tepić Horecki, A.; Karadžić Banjac, M.; Kovačević, S.; Daničić, T.; Podunavac-Kuzmanović, S.; Ilin, Ž. Onion (Allium cepa L.) Yield and Quality Depending on Biostimulants and Nitrogen Fertilization—A Chemometric Perspective. Processes 2023, 11, 684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kundu, M. Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Antioxidant Properties of Lettuce Grown in a Rooftop Garden. Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2021; pp. 1–63. [Google Scholar]
  45. Aminifard, M.H.; Aroiee, H.; Azizi, M.; Nemati, H.; Jaafar, H.Z. Effect of compost on antioxidant components and fruit quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Central Eur. Agric. 2013, 14, 47–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Hallmann, E.; Rembiałkowska, E. Characterisation of Antioxidant Compounds in Sweet Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Organic and Conventional Growing Systems. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2012, 92, 2409–2415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Wang, S.Y.; Lin, S.S. Composts as soil supplement enhanced plant growth and fruit quality of strawberry. J. Plant Nutr. 2002, 25, 2243–2259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Daneshvar, H.; Babalar, M.; Díaz-Pérez, J.C.; Nambeesan, S.; Delshad, M.; Tabrizi, L. Evaluation of organic and mineral fertilizers on plant growth, minerals, and postharvest quality of celery (Apium graveolens L.). J. Plant Nutr. 2023, 46, 1712–1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Godlewska, K.; Pacyga, P.; Michalak, I.; Biesiada, A.; Szumny, A.; Pachura, N.; Piszcz, U. Field-scale evaluation of botanical extracts effect on the yield, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum). Molecules 2020, 25, 4212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Foods 13 03652 g001
Figure 1. Meteorological conditions during the experiment (from June to November 2019). The blue bars represent total precipitation, while the green bars indicate the long-term average precipitation (1981–2010). The solid red line represents the average daily temperature, and the dashed red line represents the long-term average daily temperature (1981–2010).
Figure 1. Meteorological conditions during the experiment (from June to November 2019). The blue bars represent total precipitation, while the green bars indicate the long-term average precipitation (1981–2010). The solid red line represents the average daily temperature, and the dashed red line represents the long-term average daily temperature (1981–2010).
Foods 13 03652 g001
Foods 13 03652 g002
Figure 2. (a) The PCA biplot of the relationships between DW, TPC, TF, IC50, the contents of fiber, total fat, protein, total sugar, and starch in celery root samples. (b) The PCA biplot diagram of the relationships between DW, TPC, TF, and IC50 in celery leaf samples. The root (R) and leaf (L) samples are marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer (800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer formulation 9:12:25 and 288 kg/ha AN); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha.
Figure 2. (a) The PCA biplot of the relationships between DW, TPC, TF, IC50, the contents of fiber, total fat, protein, total sugar, and starch in celery root samples. (b) The PCA biplot diagram of the relationships between DW, TPC, TF, and IC50 in celery leaf samples. The root (R) and leaf (L) samples are marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer (800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer formulation 9:12:25 and 288 kg/ha AN); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha.
Foods 13 03652 g002
Foods 13 03652 g003
Figure 3. (a) The cluster analysis of the celery root samples, according to DW, TPC, TF, IC50, fiber, total fat, protein, total sugar, and starch. The root (R) samples are marked with a number and letter. (b) The cluster analysis of the celery leaf samples, according to DW, TPC, TF, and IC50. The leaf (L) samples are marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer (800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer formulation 9:12:25 and 288 kg/ha AN); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha.
Figure 3. (a) The cluster analysis of the celery root samples, according to DW, TPC, TF, IC50, fiber, total fat, protein, total sugar, and starch. The root (R) samples are marked with a number and letter. (b) The cluster analysis of the celery leaf samples, according to DW, TPC, TF, and IC50. The leaf (L) samples are marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer (800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer formulation 9:12:25 and 288 kg/ha AN); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha.
Foods 13 03652 g003
Table 1. Results of agrochemical analysis of organic fertilizers (%).
Table 1. Results of agrochemical analysis of organic fertilizers (%).
Organic FertilizerNP2O5K2OMoistureOrganic MatterOrganic Carbon
Sheep manure1.761.012.6475.9467.2424.09
Supercompost2.213.050.1377.2941.7115.19
Cattle manure2.253.832.2258.0848.9516.25
Poultry manure1.001.561.6953.4528.0214.90
Molasses2.00/5.0//16.50
Table 2. Results of soil chemical analysis (soil depth 0–30 cm).
Table 2. Results of soil chemical analysis (soil depth 0–30 cm).
pHCaCO3
(%)		Humus
(%)		Total N
(%)		Al-P2O5
(mg/100 g)		AL-K2O
(mg/100 g)
KClH2O
7.398.386.362.250.16713.9819.83
Table 3. Experimentally obtained results on celery root (R) and leaf (L).
Table 3. Experimentally obtained results on celery root (R) and leaf (L).
SampleDWTPCTFDPPH (IC50)
1R9.61 ± 0.49 a142.5 ± 15.7 a37.0 ± 4.2 ab153.9 ± 34.6 b
2R9.49 ± 0.45 a133.9 ± 11.4 a48.5 ± 0.5 abc85.6 ± 8.8 a
3R10.02 ± 0.64 a112.5 ± 13.3 a35.6 ± 3.5 a148.2 ± 2.5 b
4R10.23 ± 0.57 a115.3 ± 6.0 a39.6 ± 5.7 ab211.8 ± 1.1 c
5R9.70 ± 0.47 a118.7 ± 14.3 a49.8 ± 5.3 bc99.1 ± 0.1 a
6R10.52 ± 0.01 a117.3 ± 3.8 a47.8 ± 4.5 abc102.7 ± 12.3 a
7R9.96 ± 0.29 a123.4 ± 3.4 a53.6 ± 6.8c274.1 ± 2.1 d
Average9.93 ± 0.52123.4 ± 3.844.6 ± 7.8153.7 ± 66.1
F1.8703.0666.64768.513
p0.1570.0390.0020.000
1L13.56 ± 0.37 b449.9 ± 56.6 a264.1 ± 37.1 ab2.44 ± 0.30 ab
2L12.51 ± 0.67 ab433.3 ± 32.8 a246.7 ± 3.1 a3.37 ± 0.03 c
3L12.31 ± 1.06 ab456.4 ± 38.2 a241.5 ± 0.3 a2.84 ± 0.36 bc
4L12.04 ± 0.70 ab447.8 ± 10.0 a249.2 ± 13.1 a3.31 ± 0.28 c
5L12.85 ± 0.52 ab462.7 ± 15.0 a264.0 ± 10.5 ab2.17 ± 0.09 a
6L12.44 ± 0.37 ab494.7 ± 5.0 a309.4 ± 4.0 b2.15 ± 0.04 a
7L11.33 ± 0.12 a480.5 ± 30.5 a234.6 ± 19.7 a2.32 ± 0.04 ab
Average12.43 ± 0.83460.7 ± 33.1258.5 ± 27.72.66 ± 0.52
F3.7951.2976.23418.415
p0.020.3200.0020.002
Values marked with the same letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% (Tukey’s HSD test). The root (R) and leaf (L) samples are marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer (800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer formulation 9:12:25 and 288 kg/ha AN); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha. DW—dry weight (%); TPC—total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g DW); TF—total flavonoid content (mg CE/100 g DW); IC50—antioxidant activity (mg/mL).
Table 4. Characterization of the celery root.
Table 4. Characterization of the celery root.
SampleFiber
(g/100 g DW)		Total Fat
(g/100 g DW)		Protein
(g/100 g DW)		Total Sugar
(g/100 g DW)		Starch
(g/100 g DW)
1R17.96 ± 1.30 ab2.56 ± 0.92 b12.94 ± 0.04 a7.48 ± 0.08 a12.20 ± 1.73 a
2R20.84 ± 3.16 b2.69 ± 0.76 b14.77 ± 1.69 a8.73 ± 0.12 ab12.32 ± 1.77 a
3R18.10 ± 0.62 ab2.47 ± 1.50 b13.40 ± 2.01 a11.32 ± 0.38 bc10.86 ± 1.16 a
4R17.30 ± 0.37 ab3.36 ± 2.39 c13.32 ± 1.84 a16.94 ± 2.41 d10.63 ± 0.29 a
5R16.91 ± 0.61 ab1.98 ± 0.29 a12.08 ± 0.77 a9.15 ± 0.16 ab12.48 ± 0.31 a
6R16.41 ± 1.97 a1.86 ± 0.99 a13.33 ± 0.96 a12.60 ± 1.34 c12.57 ± 0.95 a
7R16.04 ± 0.57 a1.90 ± 0.44 a11.29 ± 1.53 a8.41 ± 0.17 ab11.20 ± 0.12 a
Average17.64 ± 1.992.41 ± 0.5313.02 ± 1.5810.66 ± 3.2411.75 ± 1.21
F3.19828.6161.80329.0861.666
p0.0340.0000.1700.0000.202
Values marked with the same letter in a column are not significantly different at 5% (Tukey’s HSD test). The root (R) and leaf (L) samples are marked with a number and letter, i.e., 1—control without fertilization; 2—mineral fertilizer (800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer formulation 9:12:25 and 288 kg/ha AN); 3—poultry manure, 36.5 t/ha; 4—cattle manure, 18 t/ha; 5—sheep manure, 40 t/ha; 6—supercompost, 33.9 t/ha; 7—molasses, 8.5 t/ha.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Milić, A.; Adamović, B.; Nastić, N.; Tepić Horecki, A.; Pezo, L.; Šumić, Z.; Pavlić, B.; Živanov, M.; Pavković, N.; Vojnović, Đ. Cluster and Principal Component Analyses of the Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Under Different Fertilization Schemes. Foods 2024, 13, 3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223652

AMA Style

Milić A, Adamović B, Nastić N, Tepić Horecki A, Pezo L, Šumić Z, Pavlić B, Živanov M, Pavković N, Vojnović Đ. Cluster and Principal Component Analyses of the Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Under Different Fertilization Schemes. Foods. 2024; 13(22):3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223652

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milić, Anita, Boris Adamović, Nataša Nastić, Aleksandra Tepić Horecki, Lato Pezo, Zdravko Šumić, Branimir Pavlić, Milorad Živanov, Nemanja Pavković, and Đorđe Vojnović. 2024. "Cluster and Principal Component Analyses of the Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Under Different Fertilization Schemes" Foods 13, no. 22: 3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223652

APA Style

Milić, A., Adamović, B., Nastić, N., Tepić Horecki, A., Pezo, L., Šumić, Z., Pavlić, B., Živanov, M., Pavković, N., & Vojnović, Đ. (2024). Cluster and Principal Component Analyses of the Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Under Different Fertilization Schemes. Foods, 13(22), 3652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223652

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop