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Volume 14
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10.3390/foods14030448
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Article

HRMS Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Costa Rican Spent Coffee Grounds as a Source of Bioactive Polyphenolic Extracts

by
Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos
1,2,3,*,
Luis Felipe Vargas-Huertas
1,2,
Juan Diego Chacón-Vargas
1,2,
Valeria Leandro-Aguilar
1,2,
Diego Alvarado-Corella
1,
Jose Roberto Vega-Baudrit
4,
Luis Guillermo Romero-Esquivel
5,
Andrés Sánchez-Kopper
6,
Andrea Monge-Navarro
1 and
Andrea Mariela Araya-Sibaja
2,4,7
1
BIODESS, Department of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 11501, Costa Rica
2
INNOBIOTIQ, I&D+i Department, Pavas 10107, Costa Rica
3
Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
4
National Laboratory of Nanotechnology, CENAT, Pavas 10109, Costa Rica
5
Environmental Protection Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, 30109 Cartago, Costa Rica
6
Chemistry and Microbiology Research and Services Center, Department of Chemistry, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Cartago 30109, Costa Rica
7
National Technical University, Central Campus, Alajuela 20101, Costa Rica
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2025, 14(3), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030448
Submission received: 4 December 2024 / Revised: 24 December 2024 / Accepted: 30 December 2024 / Published: 30 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Reduction and Management in Food Security and Food Sustainability)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Spent coffee grounds constitute a waste product that has attracted potential interest as a rich source of secondary metabolites such as polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. In this work, aqueous extracts from samples of different spent coffee grounds from Costa Rica were prepared and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer (UPLC-QTOF-ESI MS). This allowed for the identification of twenty-one compounds, including fourteen phenolic acids, three caffeoylquinic lactones, and four atractyligenin diterpenes. In addition, using UPLC coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), we quantified the levels of caffeine (0.55–3.42 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and six caffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids (0.47–5.34 mg/g DW). The highest value was found for the fine-grind sample (EXP), both for phenolic acids and for total polyphenols (9.59 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g DW), compared to 2.13 and 1.70 mg GAE/g DW for the medium-grind (GR) and coarse-grind samples (PCR), respectively. The results obtained from the antioxidant evaluations using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (IC50 0.0964–6.005 g DW/L), the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (PFRAP) analysis (0.0215–0.1385 mmol FeSO4/g DW), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assessment (45.7–309.7 μmol Trolox/g DW), and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay (3.94–23.47 mg Trolox/g DW) also showed the best values for the fine-grind sample, with results similar to or higher than those reported in the literature. Statistical Pearson correlation analysis (p < 0.05) indicated a high correlation (R ≥ 0.842) between all antioxidant analyses, the total polyphenols, and the phenolic acid quantification using UPLC-DAD. These results show the potential for further studies aiming to exploit this waste product’s bioactive properties, constituting the first detailed study of spent coffee grounds from Costa Rica.
Keywords: spent coffee grounds; waste; polyphenols; caffeoylquinic acids; feruloylquinic acids; atractylegenins; antioxidant activity spent coffee grounds; waste; polyphenols; caffeoylquinic acids; feruloylquinic acids; atractylegenins; antioxidant activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Navarro-Hoyos, M.; Vargas-Huertas, L.F.; Chacón-Vargas, J.D.; Leandro-Aguilar, V.; Alvarado-Corella, D.; Vega-Baudrit, J.R.; Romero-Esquivel, L.G.; Sánchez-Kopper, A.; Monge-Navarro, A.; Araya-Sibaja, A.M. HRMS Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Costa Rican Spent Coffee Grounds as a Source of Bioactive Polyphenolic Extracts. Foods 2025, 14, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030448

AMA Style

Navarro-Hoyos M, Vargas-Huertas LF, Chacón-Vargas JD, Leandro-Aguilar V, Alvarado-Corella D, Vega-Baudrit JR, Romero-Esquivel LG, Sánchez-Kopper A, Monge-Navarro A, Araya-Sibaja AM. HRMS Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Costa Rican Spent Coffee Grounds as a Source of Bioactive Polyphenolic Extracts. Foods. 2025; 14(3):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030448

Chicago/Turabian Style

Navarro-Hoyos, Mirtha, Luis Felipe Vargas-Huertas, Juan Diego Chacón-Vargas, Valeria Leandro-Aguilar, Diego Alvarado-Corella, Jose Roberto Vega-Baudrit, Luis Guillermo Romero-Esquivel, Andrés Sánchez-Kopper, Andrea Monge-Navarro, and Andrea Mariela Araya-Sibaja. 2025. "HRMS Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Costa Rican Spent Coffee Grounds as a Source of Bioactive Polyphenolic Extracts" Foods 14, no. 3: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030448

APA Style

Navarro-Hoyos, M., Vargas-Huertas, L. F., Chacón-Vargas, J. D., Leandro-Aguilar, V., Alvarado-Corella, D., Vega-Baudrit, J. R., Romero-Esquivel, L. G., Sánchez-Kopper, A., Monge-Navarro, A., & Araya-Sibaja, A. M. (2025). HRMS Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation of Costa Rican Spent Coffee Grounds as a Source of Bioactive Polyphenolic Extracts. Foods, 14(3), 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030448

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