Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

18 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Physical Activity in Bone–Muscle Crosstalk: Biological Aspects and Clinical Implications

by Ida Cariati, Roberto Bonanni, Federica Onorato, Ambra Mastrogregori, Danilo Rossi, Riccardo Iundusi, Elena Gasbarra, Virginia Tancredi and Umberto Tarantino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020055 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6367

Abstract

Bone and muscle tissues influence each other through the integration of mechanical and biochemical signals, giving rise to bone–muscle crosstalk. They are also known to secrete osteokines, myokines, and cytokines into the circulation, influencing the biological and pathological activities in local and distant [...] Read more.

Bone and muscle tissues influence each other through the integration of mechanical and biochemical signals, giving rise to bone–muscle crosstalk. They are also known to secrete osteokines, myokines, and cytokines into the circulation, influencing the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. In this regard, even osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which were initially thought to be two independent diseases, have recently been defined under the term “osteosarcopenia”, to indicate a synergistic condition of low bone mass with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Undoubtedly, osteosarcopenia is a major public health concern, being associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The best current defence against osteosarcopenia is prevention based on a healthy lifestyle and regular exercise. The most appropriate type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise to positively influence osteosarcopenia are not yet known. However, combined programmes of progressive resistance exercises, weight-bearing impact exercises, and challenging balance/mobility activities currently appear to be the most effective in optimising musculoskeletal health and function. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge about the role of exercise in bone–muscle crosstalk, highlighting how it may represent an effective alternative strategy to prevent and/or counteract the onset of osteosarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity Improves Muscle-Cognitive Performance: Impact in Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Cultural and Somatic Factors Associated with Children’s Motor Competence

by Vitor P. Lopes and Diogo Monteiro

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020054 - 21 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of somatic and socio-cultural factors on children’s motor competence (MC). MC was assessed through the standing long jump (SLJ), distance throw of a tennis ball (TTB), and 20 m dash (20 m) in [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of somatic and socio-cultural factors on children’s motor competence (MC). MC was assessed through the standing long jump (SLJ), distance throw of a tennis ball (TTB), and 20 m dash (20 m) in 181 children (84 girls) with a mean age of 6.10(0.47) years. The effect of socio-economic status, house/living space, educational practices, the child’s interaction with peers and siblings, and the sum of five skinfolds (SS) were analysed via structural equation modelling (SEM) in each motor skill. The SEM models displayed a good fit to the data. In addition, standardized direct effects are significant on different outcome variables, except for brotherhood relationship (BR) and peer relationship in TTB, and 20 m dash and BR in standing long jump (SLJ). SS are negatively related to all motor skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence, Physical Activity and Health)

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9 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Congested Fixture on Men’s Volleyball Load Demands: Interactions with Sets Played

by Ricardo Lima, Henrique de Oliveira Castro, José Afonso, Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa, Sérgio Matos, Sara Fernandes and Filipe Manuel Clemente

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020053 - 17 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3125

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion—RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength and Conditioning for Team Sports)

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9 pages, 3825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Exercise Capacity and Training Prescription from the 6-Minute Walk Test and Rating of Perceived Exertion

by John P. Porcari, Carl Foster, Maria L. Cress, Rachel Larson, Hannah Lewis, Cristina Cortis, Scott Doberstein, Marc Donahue, Andrea Fusco and Kimberly Radtke

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020052 - 14 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5375

Abstract

Walking tests, such as the 6-min walk test (6MWT), are popular methods of estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) in clinical populations. However, the strength of the distance vs. VO₂peak relationship is not strong, and there are no equations for [...] Read more.

Walking tests, such as the 6-min walk test (6MWT), are popular methods of estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) in clinical populations. However, the strength of the distance vs. VO₂peak relationship is not strong, and there are no equations for estimating ventilatory threshold (VT), which is important for training prescription and prognosis. Since the 6MWT is often limited by walking mechanics, prediction equations that include simple additional predictors, such as the terminal rating of perceived exertion (RPE), hold the potential for improving the prediction of VO₂max and VT. Therefore, this study was designed to develop equations for predicting VO₂peak and VT from performance during the 6MWT, on the basis of walking performance and terminal RPE. Clinically stable patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program (N = 63) performed the 6MWT according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines. At the end of each walk, the subject provided their terminal RPE on a 6–20 Borg scale. Each patient also performed a maximal incremental treadmill test with respiratory gas exchange to measure VO₂peak and VT. There was a good correlation between VO₂peak and 6MWT distance (r = 0.80) which was improved by adding the terminal RPE in a multiple regression formula (6MWT + RPE, R² = 0.71, standard error of estimate, SEE = 1.3 Metabolic Equivalents (METs). The VT was also well correlated with walking performance, 6MWT distance (r = 0.80), and was improved by the addition of terminal RPE (6MWT + RPE, R² = 0.69, SEE = 0.95 METs). The addition of terminal RPE to 6MWT distance improved the prediction of maximal METs and METs at VT, which may have practical applications for exercise prescription. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Enjoyment of the Intergenerational Physical Activity

by Andrea Buonsenso, Giovanni Fiorilli, Cristiana Mosca, Marco Centorbi, Concetta C. Notarstefano, Giulia Di Martino, Giuseppe Calcagno, Mariano Intrieri and Alessandra di Cagno

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020051 - 14 Jun 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3622

Abstract

Intergenerational physical activity could be a pleasant method to prevent elderly sedentary behaviors. The aim of this study is to provide a basis to develop an intergenerational physical activity between preschool children and elderly people. An assessing enjoyment three questionnaire survey was administered [...] Read more.

Intergenerational physical activity could be a pleasant method to prevent elderly sedentary behaviors. The aim of this study is to provide a basis to develop an intergenerational physical activity between preschool children and elderly people. An assessing enjoyment three questionnaire survey was administered to 140 participants (aged 67.8 ± 9.1): the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) assessing the sedentariness degree; the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-Q) assessing enjoyment for the physical activity usually practiced; the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-INT) assessing the enjoyment for a hypothetical intergenerational program. Successively, the sample was divided into subgroups based on age, gender, marital status, education, employment, sports background, sedentariness level and residential location. Four multichoice questions, aiming to have guidelines in organizing an intergenerational program, were used. A total of 44.3% of the sample found the physical activity practiced pleasant, whereas 81.5% enjoyed the intergenerational program (only 7.1% expressed a negative judgment). A separated one-way ANOVA showed significant differences in PACES-INT for gender, (p = 0.009), residential location, (p < 0.001) and employment (p = 0.004). About 80% of the sample would adhere to the intergenerational programs, despite the fatigue fear and logistic or family relationship problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition)

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17 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Activity Tracker-Based Counselling and Live-Web Exercise on Breast Cancer Survivors during Italy COVID-19 Lockdown

by Andrea Di Blasio, Teresa Morano, Federica Lancia, Gianluca Viscioni, Angelo Di Iorio, Simona Grossi, Ettore Cianchetti, Lucia Cugusi, Stefano Gobbo, Marco Bergamin, Anna D’Eugenio, Laura Masini, Massimo Rinaldi, Maria Teresa Scognamiglio, Anastasios Vamvakis and Giorgio Napolitano

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020050 - 9 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3086

Abstract

Background: To prevent and fight the increase of daily sedentary time and to promote and stimulate the positive effects of physical activity and exercise on health, both traditional interventions and new strategies are important for breast cancer survivors (BCS). The research goal was [...] Read more.

Background: To prevent and fight the increase of daily sedentary time and to promote and stimulate the positive effects of physical activity and exercise on health, both traditional interventions and new strategies are important for breast cancer survivors (BCS). The research goal was to compare the effects of weekly personal feedback, based on objectively measured physical activity, on the trends of both daily sedentary time and on the physical activity of BCS (E⁻ group) with those of an intervention also including online supervised physical exercise sessions (E⁺ group), during the Italy COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: The Italian COVID-19 emergency allowed the possibility to also observe the effects of social and personal limitations. A total of 51 BCS were studied over an 18-week period and had an objective registration of day-to-day sedentary time, physical activity, and sleep. Both subsamples received weekly or fortnight personal feedback. Data were analysed considering four key periods, according to the COVID-19 emergency steps. Results: Statistical analysis showed an additive effect for sedentary time and a multiplicative effect both for light-to vigorous and light-intensity physical activities. The E⁻ group had a high overall sedentary time and a different trend of light-to vigorous and light-intensity physical activities, with a reduction from the 1st to the 2nd periods (national and personal restrictions), showing a significant rise just at the end of the national restrictions. Conclusions: The use of an activity tracker and its accompanying app, with the reception of weekly tailored advice and supervised online physical exercise sessions, can elicit proper physical activity recomposition in BCS in the COVID-19 era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects on Physical Performance Measures after 45 Min of Official Competition in Youth Soccer Players

by Federico Gazzo, Julián Giráldez, Rodrigo Villaseca-Vicuña, José Antonio González-Jurado and Santiago Zabaloy

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020049 - 4 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2969

Abstract

(1) Background: An improved understanding of soccer players’ match-related physical performance and recovery may help conditioning programs and re-warm up strategies to increase team performance during official competitions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of 45 min [...] Read more.

(1) Background: An improved understanding of soccer players’ match-related physical performance and recovery may help conditioning programs and re-warm up strategies to increase team performance during official competitions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of 45 min of official competition (first half in matches) on physical performance variables in U-16 youth soccer players. (2) Methods: 20 male soccer players (age: 14.4 ± 0.5 years; height: 1.70 ± 0.05 cm; body mass: 65.1 ± 11.6 kg) were recruited to participate in this study. Data was collected from five official matches. Participants performed the assessments in two stages of each match: after the pre-match warm-up and after the first half. Tests included rate of perceived exertion (RPE), 30-m sprint and countermovement (CMJ). (3) Results: Statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.001) when the measurements prior to the game were compared with those recorded after half time across all variables. Effect sizes (ES) were very large for RPE (ES = 1.82), moderate for 30-m sprint times (ES = 0.64) and small for CMJ (ES = −0.25). (4) Conclusions: After 45 min of official competition, our results suggest that U-16 soccer players demonstrated a reduction in sprint and jump performance, in addition to a higher RPE. Hence, this information could be useful when designing re-warming strategies that can be performed before the second half. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in Children and Adolescents through Sport and Physical Activities—3nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1895 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Aerobic Exercise Induces Alternative Splicing of Neurexins in Frontal Cortex

by Elisa Innocenzi, Ida Cariati, Emanuela De Domenico, Erika Tiberi, Giovanna D’Arcangelo, Veronica Verdile, Maria Paola Paronetto, Virginia Tancredi, Marco Barchi, Pellegrino Rossi, Claudio Sette and Paola Grimaldi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020048 - 31 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3304

Abstract

Aerobic exercise (AE) is known to produce beneficial effects on brain health by improving plasticity, connectivity, and cognitive functions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still limited. Neurexins (Nrxns) are a family of presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that are important in synapsis formation [...] Read more.

Aerobic exercise (AE) is known to produce beneficial effects on brain health by improving plasticity, connectivity, and cognitive functions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still limited. Neurexins (Nrxns) are a family of presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that are important in synapsis formation and maturation. In vertebrates, three-neurexin genes (NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3) have been identified, each encoding for α and β neurexins, from two independent promoters. Moreover, each Nrxns gene (1–3) has several alternative exons and produces many splice variants that bind to a large variety of postsynaptic ligands, playing a role in trans-synaptic specification, strength, and plasticity. In this study, we investigated the impact of a continuous progressive (CP) AE program on alternative splicing (AS) of Nrxns on two brain regions: frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus. We showed that exercise promoted Nrxns1–3 AS at splice site 4 (SS4) both in α and β isoforms, inducing a switch from exon-excluded isoforms (SS4−) to exon-included isoforms (SS4+) in FC but not in hippocampus. Additionally, we showed that the same AE program enhanced the expression level of other genes correlated with synaptic function and plasticity only in FC. Altogether, our findings demonstrated the positive effect of CP AE on FC in inducing molecular changes underlying synaptic plasticity and suggested that FC is possibly a more sensitive structure than hippocampus to show molecular changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity Improves Muscle-Cognitive Performance: Impact in Quality of Life)

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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workload Accomplished in Phase III Cardiac Rehabilitation

by Katrina L. Schultz, Carl Foster, Kimberley Radtke, Susan Bramwell, Cristina Cortis, Andrea Fusco and John P. Porcari

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020047 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

Exercise training is an important component of clinical exercise programs. Although there are recognized guidelines for the amount of exercise to be accomplished (≥70,000 steps per week or ≥150 min per week at moderate intensity), there is virtually no documentation of how much [...] Read more.

Exercise training is an important component of clinical exercise programs. Although there are recognized guidelines for the amount of exercise to be accomplished (≥70,000 steps per week or ≥150 min per week at moderate intensity), there is virtually no documentation of how much exercise is actually accomplished in contemporary exercise programs. Having guidelines without evidence of whether they are being met is of limited value. We analyzed both the weekly step count and the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) of patients (n = 26) enrolled in a community clinical exercise (e.g., Phase III) program over a 3-week reference period. Step counts averaged 39,818 ± 18,612 per week, with 18% of the steps accomplished in the program and 82% of steps accomplished outside the program. Using the sRPE method, inside the program, the patients averaged 162.4 ± 93.1 min per week, at a sRPE of 12.5 ± 1.9 and a frequency of 1.8 ± 0.7 times per week, for a calculated exercise load of 2042.5 ± 1244.9 AU. Outside the program, the patients averaged 144.9 ± 126.4 min, at a sRPE of 11.8 ± 5.8 and a frequency of 2.4 ± 1.5 times per week, for a calculated exercise load of 1723.9 ± 1526.2 AU. The total exercise load using sRPE was 266.4 ± 170.8 min per week, at a sRPE of 12.6 ± 3.8, and frequency of 4.2 ± 1.1 times per week, for a calculated exercise load of 3359.8 ± 2145.9 AU. There was a non-linear relationship between steps per week and the sRPE derived training load, apparently attributable to the amount of non-walking exercise accomplished in the program. The results suggest that patients in a community clinical exercise program are achieving American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, based on the sRPE method, but are accomplishing less steps than recommended by guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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8 pages, 757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Locked Intramedullary Nailing versus Compression Plating for Stable Ulna Fractures: A Comparative Study

by Vito Pavone, Marco Ganci, Giacomo Papotto, Giuseppe Mobilia, Umberto Sueri, Alpesh Kothari, Andrea Vescio and Gianluca Testa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020046 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5983

Abstract

Background: Isolated ulna shaft fractures (USFs) are a relatively uncommon, but significant, injury. For unstable USF treatment, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is the gold standard, while for stable USFs several procedures were described. The aim of this study is to compare [...] Read more.

Background: Isolated ulna shaft fractures (USFs) are a relatively uncommon, but significant, injury. For unstable USF treatment, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is the gold standard, while for stable USFs several procedures were described. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes in patients with stable USFs treated by either ORIF or intramedullary nail (IMN). Methods: According to their surgical treatment, 23 eligible USF-affected patients were divided into ORIF (14 subjects) and IMN (nine subjects) groups. The subjects underwent postoperative clinical follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, which included calculation of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and radiological follow-up. Time to union, time to return to sporting and occupational activities, duration of physical therapy, and surgical complications were recorded. Results: DASH scores improved in both groups at the 6-month follow-up (p < 0.001). The IMN cohort recorded better DASH scores at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups, while similar results were reported at the 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Earlier fracture union (p = 0.001) and return to sporting activities and work (p = 0.002) were seen in the IMN group, compared with the ORIF group. No complications were observed in the IMN group. Conclusions: The surgical treatment of isolated USF results in excellent functional and radiographic outcomes. IMN may be preferable, compared with ORIF, due to its faster recovery time, expedited union, and reduced likelihood of complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractures Management in Upper and Lower Limbs)

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11 pages, 876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Periodized Programming May Improve Strength, Power, Jump Kinetics, and Sprint Efficiency in Soccer

by Ai Ishida, S. Kyle Travis and Michael H. Stone

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020045 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3879

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine if short-term periodized programming may improve strength, power, jump kinetics, and sprint efficiency in soccer. Seventeen players (19.6 ± 1.6 yrs; 73.8 ± 8.2 kg; 1.77 ± 0.6 m) were divided into two groups based [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine if short-term periodized programming may improve strength, power, jump kinetics, and sprint efficiency in soccer. Seventeen players (19.6 ± 1.6 yrs; 73.8 ± 8.2 kg; 1.77 ± 0.6 m) were divided into two groups based on mean isometric midthigh pull peak force (IPF) (stronger and weaker) and squat jump (SJ) peak power (PP) (higher power and lower power). Eight weaker players were included in the lower power group, while six stronger players were included in the higher power group. Block periodization was adopted to design strength training consisting of 3-week strength endurance and 4-week maximum strength blocks. Performance data included SJ with polyvinyl chloride pipe (SJ0), 20 kgs bar (SJ20), and 40 kgs (SJ40) bar and 20 m sprint across three time points (baseline: T_B; post-block 1: T₁; post-block 2: T₂). Stronger group showed significant increases from T_B to T₂ in SJ20 peak power (PP), net impulse, and allometrically-scaled PP (p = 0.005 to 0.01, ES = 0.32 to 0.49). Weaker group demonstrated moderate to large increases from T_B to T₂ in SJ20, allometrically-scaled peak force (PF), PP, and allometrically-scaled PP (p = <0.001 to 0.04, ES = 1.41 to 1.74). Lower power group showed significant increases from T_B to T₂ in SJ20 allometrically-scaled PF, net impulse, PP, and allometrically-scaled PP (p = <0.001 to 0.026, ES = 1.06 to 2.01). Weaker and less powerful soccer players can benefit from strength-focused training to improve loaded SJ kinetics associating with force production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Psychological Responses to Three Distinct Exercise Training Regimens Performed in an Outdoor Setting: Acute and Delayed Response

by Stefano Benítez-Flores, Carlos A. Magallanes, Cristine Lima Alberton and Todd A. Astorino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020044 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3451

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the acute responses to three time-matched exercise regimens. Ten trained adults (age, maximum oxygen consumption (VO_2max), and body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 5.6 yr, 50.9 ± 5.4 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the acute responses to three time-matched exercise regimens. Ten trained adults (age, maximum oxygen consumption (VO_2max), and body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 5.6 yr, 50.9 ± 5.4 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, and 22.1 ± 1.8 kg·m⁻²) completed sprint interval training (SIT) requiring 14 × 5 s efforts with 35 s of recovery, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of 18 × 15 s efforts at ~90% of peak heart rate (HR_peak) with 15 s of recovery, and vigorous continuous training (CT) consisting of 8.75 min at ~85 %HR_peak, in randomized order. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were monitored. Moreover, indices of neuromuscular function, autonomic balance, diet, mental stress, incidental physical activity (PA), and sleep were measured 24 h after each session to analyze the magnitude of recovery. Both HIIT and CT exhibited a greater %HR_peak and time ≥ 90 %HR_peak than SIT (p < 0.05). Blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were higher in response to SIT and HIIT vs. CT (p < 0.05); however, there were no differences in enjoyment (p > 0.05). No differences were exhibited in any variable assessed along 24 h post-exercise between conditions (p > 0.05). These data suggest that HIIT and CT accumulate the longest duration at near maximal intensities, which is considered a key factor to enhance VO_2max. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Strength and Muscle Activation Indicators in Sticking Point Region of National-Level Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes

by Felipe J. Aidar, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Dihogo Gama de Matos, Anderson Carlos Marçal, Raphael Fabrício de Souza, Osvaldo Costa Moreira, Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto, José Vilaça-Alves, Nuno Domingos Garrido, Jymmys Lopes dos Santos, Ian Jeffreys, Frederico Ribeiro Neto, Victor Machado Reis, Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinoco Cabral, Thomas Rosemann and Beat Knechtle

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020043 - 15 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3578

Abstract

Background: The sticking region is considered an intervening factor in the performance of the bench press with high loads. Objective: To evaluate the strength indicators in the sticking point region in Powerlifting Paralympic athletes. Methods: Twelve Brazilian Powerlifting Paralympic athletes performed maximum isometric [...] Read more.

Background: The sticking region is considered an intervening factor in the performance of the bench press with high loads. Objective: To evaluate the strength indicators in the sticking point region in Powerlifting Paralympic athletes. Methods: Twelve Brazilian Powerlifting Paralympic athletes performed maximum isometric force (MIF), rate of force development (RFD), time at MIF, velocity, dynamic time in sticking, and surface electromyography in several distances from the bar to the chest. Results: For velocity, there was a difference between the pre-sticking and sticking region (1.98 ± 0.32 and 1.30 ± 0.43, p = 0.039) and dynamic time between the pre-sticking and the sticking region (0.40 ± 0.16 and 0.97 ± 0.37, p = 00.021). In static test for the MIF, differences were found between 5.0 cm and 15.0 cm (CI 95% 784; 1088; p = 0.010) and between 10.0 cm and 5.0 cm (CI 95% 527; 768; p < 0.001). Regarding the RFD, differences were found (CI 95% 938; 1240; p = 0.004) between 5.0 cm and 25.0 cm and between 10.0 cm and 25.0 cm (CI 95% 513; 732; p < 0.001). In relation to time, there were differences between 5.0 cm and 15.0 cm (CI 95% 0.330; 0.515; p < 0.001), 5.0 cm, and 25.0 cm (CI 95% 0.928; 1.345; p = 0.001), 10.0 cm and 15.0 cm (p < 0.05) and 15.0 cm and 25.0 cm (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the muscles in electromyography, although the triceps showed the highest muscle activation values. Conclusions: The maximum isometric force, rate of force development, time, velocity, and dynamic time had lower values, especially in the initial and intermediate phases in the sticking region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 409 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diagnosis, Rehabilitation and Preventive Strategies for Pudendal Neuropathy in Cyclists, A Systematic Review

by Rita Chiaramonte, Piero Pavone and Michele Vecchio

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020042 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4328

Abstract

This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the diagnostic methods, preventive strategies, and therapeutic approaches for cyclists suffering from pudendal neuropathy. The study defines a guide in delineating a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol using the best current strategies. Pubmed, EMBASE, the [...] Read more.

This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the diagnostic methods, preventive strategies, and therapeutic approaches for cyclists suffering from pudendal neuropathy. The study defines a guide in delineating a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol using the best current strategies. Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus Web of Science were searched for the terms: “Bicycling” OR “Bike” OR “Cyclists” AND “Neuropathy” OR “Pudendal Nerve” OR “Pudendal Neuralgia” OR “Perineum”. The database search identified 14,602 articles. After the titles and abstracts were screened, two independent reviewers analyzed 41 full texts. A total of 15 articles were considered eligible for inclusion. Methodology and results of the study were critically appraised in conformity with PRISMA guidelines and PICOS criteria. Fifteen articles were included in the systematic review and were used to describe the main methods used for measuring the severity of pudendal neuropathy and the preventive and therapeutic strategies for nerve impairment. Future research should determine the validity and the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, their cost-effectiveness, and the adherences of the sportsmen to the treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition)

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7 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Reliability and Sensitivity of Change of Direction Deficit and Its Association with Linear Sprint Speed in Prepubertal Male Soccer Players

by Senda Sammoud, Raja Bouguezzi, Yassine Negra and Helmi Chaabene

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020041 - 8 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the reliability and sensitivity of a change of direction deficit (CoDD) and to establish its relationship with linear sprint speed. Methods: In total, 89 prepubertal male soccer players participated in this study (age = 11.7 ± 1.2 [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to examine the reliability and sensitivity of a change of direction deficit (CoDD) and to establish its relationship with linear sprint speed. Methods: In total, 89 prepubertal male soccer players participated in this study (age = 11.7 ± 1.2 years, maturity offset = −2.4 ± 1.0). Participants performed the 505 CoD speed test and the 20 m linear sprint speed test with a split interval at 5 m and 10 m. The CoDD was calculated as the mean 505 CoD time—the mean 10 to 20 m time interval. To evaluate the reliability of CoDD, the 505 CoD speed test, and 20 m linear sprint speed were performed twice, one week apart. The sensitivity of CoDD was identified by comparing the values of the typical error of measurement (TEM) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). Results: Results of the reliability analysis indicated an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3.1) < 0.50 (0.47) and a TEM expressed as the coefficient of variation > 5% (10.55%). The sensitivity analysis showed that the ability of the CoDD measure to detect small performance changes is “marginal” (TEM (0.12) > SWC0.2 (0.04)). However, good absolute and relative reliability were observed for the 505 CoD speed test (ICC3.1 = 0.75; TEM < 5%). Alike CoDD, the ability of the 505 CoD speed test to detect small performance changes was rated as “marginal” (TEM (0.07 s) > SWC0.2 (0.04 s)). The CoDD revealed a large association with the 505 CoD speed test (r = 0.71). However, non-significant associations were detected between the CoDD and 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m linear sprint speed intervals (r = 0.10 to 0.16, all p > 0.05). Likewise, non-significant correlations between the 505 CoD speed test and 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m linear sprint speed intervals were observed (r = 0.14 to 0.20, all p > 0.05). Conclusions: The CoDD displayed poor reliability and limited ability to detect small changes in performance in prepubertal male soccer players. Due to its limited practical utility, practitioners are advised not to consider CoDD scores during the assessment of prepubertal male soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—2nd Edition)

22 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance

by Nikolaos Zaras, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki and Gerasimos Terzis

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040 - 7 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6232

Abstract

Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small [...] Read more.

Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly lead to a higher track and field throwing performance. Consequently, coaches and athletes should aim at monitoring and enhancing these parameters in order to increase track and field throwing performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is the Focal Muscle Vibration an Effective Motor Conditioning Intervention? A Systematic Review

by Luigi Fattorini, Angelo Rodio, Vito E. Pettorossi and Guido M. Filippi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020039 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4314

Abstract

Mechanical vibration, applied to single or few muscles, can be a selective stimulus for muscle spindles, able to modify neuromuscular management, inducing short and long-term effects, are now mainly employed in clinic studies. Several studies reported as treatments with focal vibratory (FVT) can [...] Read more.

Mechanical vibration, applied to single or few muscles, can be a selective stimulus for muscle spindles, able to modify neuromuscular management, inducing short and long-term effects, are now mainly employed in clinic studies. Several studies reported as treatments with focal vibratory (FVT) can influence neuromuscular parameters also in healthy people. However, the application modalities and the consequent effects are remarkably fragmented. This paper aims to review these studies and to characterize the FVT effectiveness on long-term conditional capacities in relation to FVT characteristics. A systematic search of studies published from 1985 to 2020 in English on healthcare databases was performed. Articles had to meet the following criteria: (1) treatment based on a locally applied vibration on muscle belly or tendon; (2) healthy adults involved; (3) outcomes time analysis enduring for more than 24 h. Twelve studies were found, all of them presented an excellent quality score of ≥75%. All selected papers reported positive changes, comparable with traditional long-lasting training effects. Muscle force and power were the most investigated parameters. The after-effects persisted for up to several months. Among the different FV administration modalities, the most effective seems to show a stimulus frequency of ≈100 Hz, repeated more times within three-five days on a voluntary contracted muscle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)

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11 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of the Anaerobic Threshold in Endurance Sports: Validation of a New Method Using Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability

by Bruce Rogers, David Giles, Nick Draper, Laurent Mourot and Thomas Gronwald

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020038 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 9955

Abstract

Past attempts to define an anaerobic threshold (AnT) have relied upon gas exchange kinetics, lactate testing and field-based evaluations. DFA a1, an index of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) fractal correlation properties, has been shown to decrease with exercise intensity. The intent of [...] Read more.

Past attempts to define an anaerobic threshold (AnT) have relied upon gas exchange kinetics, lactate testing and field-based evaluations. DFA a1, an index of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) fractal correlation properties, has been shown to decrease with exercise intensity. The intent of this study is to investigate whether the AnT derived from gas exchange is associated with the transition from a correlated to uncorrelated random HRV pattern signified by a DFA a1 value of 0.5. HRV and gas exchange data were obtained from 15 participants during an incremental treadmill run. Comparison of the HR reached at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was made to the HR reached at a DFA a1 value of 0.5 (HRVT2). Based on Bland–Altman analysis and linear regression, there was strong agreement between VT2 and HRVT2 measured by HR (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Mean VT2 was reached at a HR of 174 (±12) bpm compared to mean HRVT2 at a HR of 171 (±16) bpm. In summary, the HR associated with a DFA a1 value of 0.5 on an incremental treadmill ramp was closely related to that of the HR at the VT2 derived from gas exchange analysis. A distinct numerical value of DFA a1 representing an uncorrelated, random interbeat pattern appears to be associated with the VT2 and shows potential as a noninvasive marker for training intensity distribution and performance status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of Core Stability in Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain

by Antonio Frizziero, Giacomo Pellizzon, Filippo Vittadini, Davide Bigliardi and Cosimo Costantino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020037 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 21931

Abstract

(1) Background: Management of chronic low back pain (cLBP) is often multidisciplinary, involving a combination of treatments, including therapeutic exercises. Core stability exercises aim to improve pain and disability in cLBP increasing spinal stability, neuromuscular control, and preventing shear force that causes injury [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Management of chronic low back pain (cLBP) is often multidisciplinary, involving a combination of treatments, including therapeutic exercises. Core stability exercises aim to improve pain and disability in cLBP increasing spinal stability, neuromuscular control, and preventing shear force that causes injury to the lumbar spine. The purpose of this study was to review the available evidence about the effectiveness in reducing pain and improving disability of core stability exercises for non-specific cLBP. (2) Methods: We perform a systematic research on common Medline databases: PubMed, Pedro, and Cochrane Library. Search results were limited to articles written in English and published between January 2005 and November 2020.The search provided a total of 420 articles. Forty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria and 371 articles were excluded. (3) Results: Core stability provides great therapeutic effects in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain reducing pain intensity, functional disability, and improving quality of life, core muscle activation, and thickness. Evidences suggest that core stability is more effective than rest or no/minimal intervention and combination with other types of exercise for cLBP have shown grater efficacy. (4) Conclusion: Core stability could be proposed in a comprehensive approach in cLBP, the combination with other modalities of therapeutic exercise should be promoted. Patient compliance is crucial to determine the efficacy of the intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition)

18 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Adaptations to Resistance Training Plus Overfeeding Using Bayesian Regression: A Preliminary Investigation

by Robert W. Smith, Patrick S. Harty, Matthew T. Stratton, Zad Rafi, Christian Rodriguez, Jacob R. Dellinger, Marqui L. Benavides, Baylor A. Johnson, Sarah J. White, Abegale D. Williams and Grant M. Tinsley

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020036 - 21 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4505

Abstract

Relatively few investigations have reported purposeful overfeeding in resistance-trained adults. This preliminary study examined potential predictors of resistance training (RT) adaptations during a period of purposeful overfeeding and RT. Resistance-trained males (n = 28; n = 21 completers) were assigned to 6 [...] Read more.

Relatively few investigations have reported purposeful overfeeding in resistance-trained adults. This preliminary study examined potential predictors of resistance training (RT) adaptations during a period of purposeful overfeeding and RT. Resistance-trained males (n = 28; n = 21 completers) were assigned to 6 weeks of supervised RT and daily consumption of a high-calorie protein/carbohydrate supplement with a target body mass (BM) gain of ≥0.45 kg·wk⁻¹. At baseline and post-intervention, body composition was evaluated via 4-component (4C) model and ultrasonography. Additional assessments of resting metabolism and muscular performance were performed. Accelerometry and automated dietary interviews estimated physical activity levels and nutrient intake before and during the intervention. Bayesian regression methods were employed to examine potential predictors of changes in body composition, muscular performance, and metabolism. A simplified regression model with only rate of BM gain as a predictor was also developed. Increases in 4C whole-body fat-free mass (FFM; (mean ± SD) 4.8 ± 2.6%), muscle thickness (4.5 ± 5.9% for elbow flexors; 7.4 ± 8.4% for knee extensors), and muscular performance were observed in nearly all individuals. However, changes in outcome variables could generally not be predicted with precision. Bayes R² values for the models ranged from 0.18 to 0.40, and other metrics also indicated relatively poor predictive performance. On average, a BM gain of ~0.55%/week corresponded with a body composition score ((∆FFM/∆BM)*100) of 100, indicative of all BM gained as FFM. However, meaningful variability around this estimate was observed. This study offers insight regarding the complex interactions between the RT stimulus, overfeeding, and putative predictors of RT adaptations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resistance Training for Performance and Health 2020-2021)

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9 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Validity of the Snatch Pull Force-Velocity Profile to Determine the Snatch One Repetition-Maximum in Male and Female Elite Weightlifters

by Ingo Sandau, Helmi Chaabene and Urs Granacher

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020035 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6931

Abstract

Background: The prediction of one repetition-maximum (1RM) performance from specific tests is highly relevant for the monitoring of training in weightlifting. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the predictive validity of the theoretical 1RM snatch (snatch_th) computed from the two-point [...] Read more.

Background: The prediction of one repetition-maximum (1RM) performance from specific tests is highly relevant for the monitoring of training in weightlifting. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the predictive validity of the theoretical 1RM snatch (snatch_th) computed from the two-point snatch pull force-velocity relationship (FvR₂) to determine actual snatch 1RM performance in elite weightlifters. Methods: Eight (three female, five male) elite weightlifters carried out a 1RM snatch test followed by a snatch pull test with loads of 80% and 110% of the previously determined 1RM snatch. Barbell kinematics were determined for all lifts using video-tracking. From the snatch pull barbell kinematics, the snatch pull FvR₂ was modeled and the snatch_th was calculated. Results: The main findings indicated a non-significant (p = 0.706) and trivial (d = 0.01) mean difference between the actual 1RM snatch performance and the snatch_th. Both measures showed an extremely large correlation (r = 0.99). The prediction accuracy of the actual 1RM snatch from snatch_th was 0.2 ± 1.5 kg (systematic bias ± standard deviation of differences). Conclusions: This study provides a new approach to estimate 1RM snatch performance in elite weightlifters using the snatch pull FvR₂. The results demonstrate that the snatch_th-model accurately predicts 1RM snatch performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Football Headgear and Peripheral Visuomotor Ability in NCAA Football Athletes: The Role of Facemasks and Visors

by Christopher G. Ballmann, Anna C. Covington, Rachel A. Miller and Rebecca R. Rogers

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020034 - 8 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3526

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of varying facemask reinforcement and visor tint on peripheral visuomotor abilities in collegiate football players. Division I NCAA football players (n = 14) completed two peripheral visuomotor experiments: (1) Varying facemask reinforcement, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of varying facemask reinforcement and visor tint on peripheral visuomotor abilities in collegiate football players. Division I NCAA football players (n = 14) completed two peripheral visuomotor experiments: (1) Varying facemask reinforcement, (2) Varying visor tinting. In experiment 1, participants were tested under the following conditions: baseline (no helmet; BL), helmet + light (HL), helmet + medium (HM), helmet + heavy (HH), and helmet + extra heavy (HXH) reinforced facemasks. In experiment 2, participants were tested under the following conditions: baseline (no helmet; BL), helmet only (HO), helmet + clear (HCV), helmet + smoke-tinted (HSV), and helmet + mirror-tinted (HMV) visors. For each condition, a 60 s peripheral visuomotor test was completed on a Dynavision D2 visuomotor board. For experiment 1, the BL peripheral reaction time (PRT) was faster than all facemask conditions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PRT was impaired with the HXH compared to HL (p < 0.001), HM (p < 0.001), and HH (p = 0.001). Both HH and HXH resulted in the potentiation of PRT impairments in the outermost and inferior peripheral visual areas (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, BL PRT was faster than all helmeted conditions (p < 0.05). Additionally, PRT was slower in HSV (p = 0.013) and HMV (p < 0.001) conditions compared to HO. HMV resulted in slower PRT in all peripheral areas (p < 0.05) while PRT was impaired only in outer areas for HSV (p < 0.05). Wearing protective football headgear impairs peripheral visuomotor ability. Lighter reinforced facemasks and clear visors do not appear to exacerbate impairment. However, heavier reinforced facemasks and tinted visors further decrease visuomotor performance in outer and inferior visual areas, indicating a potential need for considerations of on-field player performance and safety. Full article

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16 pages, 838 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review

by Christopher G. Ballmann

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020033 - 8 Apr 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 24680

Abstract

Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to have ergogenic benefits during various modes of exercise, including endurance, sprint, and resistance-based activities. Music is commonly incorporated into training regimens by recreational exercisers and competitive athletes alike. While specific modalities of exercise elicit varying [...] Read more.

Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to have ergogenic benefits during various modes of exercise, including endurance, sprint, and resistance-based activities. Music is commonly incorporated into training regimens by recreational exercisers and competitive athletes alike. While specific modalities of exercise elicit varying physiological responses, listening to music has been shown to modulate many of these responses (i.e., heart rate, catecholamines, muscle activation) often leading to improved performance. Furthermore, listening to music during exercise may positively impact psychological (i.e., mood, motivation) and psychophysiological (i.e., rate of perceived exertion, arousal) changes, which may allow for favorable responses during an exercise challenge. However, there is mixed evidence regarding music’s efficacy, which may be mediated through differences in music selection and preference. Emerging evidence has shown that, whether an individual prefers or does not prefer the music they are listening to during exercise greatly influences their ergogenic potential in addition to physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise. From a practical standpoint, music may be controlled by the individual through headphones but is often played communally over speakers in locker rooms, gyms, and health clubs, which may have consequences on performance and training. The following review will describe the physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise while listening to music and how music preference may particularly alter them. Current knowledge and new evidence on how music preference factors into enhancing performance in various modes of exercise will be further discussed, incorporating practical considerations for individuals and practitioners in real-world applications to optimize performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Motivational and Preferred Music on Performance in Sport and Exercise)

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10 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eccentric Force-Velocity Characteristics during a Novel Squat Protocol in Trained Rugby Union Athletes—Pilot Study

by Conor McNeill, C. Martyn Beaven, Daniel T. McMaster and Nicholas Gill

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020032 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2713

Abstract

Eccentric strength characteristics have been shown to be important factors in physical performance. Many eccentric tests have been performed in isolation or with supramaximal loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between- session reliability of an incremental eccentric back [...] Read more.

Eccentric strength characteristics have been shown to be important factors in physical performance. Many eccentric tests have been performed in isolation or with supramaximal loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between- session reliability of an incremental eccentric back squat protocol. Force plates and a linear position transducer captured force-time-displacement data across six loading conditions, separated by at least seven days. The reliability of eccentric specific measurements was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), change in mean, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Eccentric peak force demonstrated good ICC (≥0.82) and TE (≤7.3%) for each load. Variables based on mean data were generally less reliable (e.g., mean rate of force development, mean force, mean velocity). This novel protocol meets acceptable levels of reliability for different eccentric-specific measurements although the extent to which these variables affect dynamic performance requires further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance-2nd Edition)

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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 6, Issue 2 (June 2021) – 24 articles

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