Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Article Selection Process
3. Anthropometric Characteristics
3.1. Body Height
3.2. Body Mass
4. Body Composition
4.1. Lean Body Mass
4.2. Bone Mineral Density
4.3. Body Fat
5. Neural Activation
6. Muscle Fibers
7. Muscle Architecture Characteristics
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Athletes | Performance (m) | LBM Method | Total LBM (kg) | Correlation with Performance (Pearson’s r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Rose and Briazus [23] | 5 Shot putters | 16.72–19.28 | Body diameters and skinfolds | 102.8 ± 17.11 | 0.94 * |
Morrow et al. [27] | 13 Shot putters 9 Hammer 15 Discus 12 Javelin | 17.57 ± 0.71 55.09 ± 4.77 53.56 ± 6.02 64.85 ± 4.97 | Hydrostatic weighing, Siri equation | 95.6 ± 5.9 88.3 ± 5.5 93.9 ± 6.9 82.9 ± 6.4 | 0.72 ** NS 0.55 * NS |
Terzis et al. [30] | 11 novice throwers | 10.15 ± 1 | DXA | 62.7 ± 2.0 | 0.85 ** |
Kyriazis et al. [34] | 9 Shot putters (Rotational Technique) | Pre-competition 13.97 ± 0.3 | DXA | 85.4 ± 1.7 | 0.70 * |
Competition 14.34 ± 0.3 | 85.5 ± 1.7 | 0.55, NS | |||
Terzis et al. [33] | 6 Hammer | 72.17 ± 6.4 | DXA | 85.9 ± 3.9 | 0.81 * |
Singh et al. [36] | 20 Shot putters | NR | Skinfolds | 80.70 ± 6.01 HP 75.09 ± 5.12 LP | NR |
Singh et al. [37] | 20 Hammer | NR | Skinfolds | 71.9 ± 2.98 HP 64.64 ± 2.59 LP | NR |
Terzis et al. [38] | 1 Shot putter (Rotation Technique) | 20.36 | DXA | 84.0–92.0 | NS |
Anousaki et al. [44] | 7 Shot putters (Females) | 13.90 ± 1.96 | DXA | 55.9 ± 3.8 | 0.93 ** |
Study | Athletes | Performance (m) | Muscles | Correlation with Performance (Pearson’s r) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terzis et al. [22] | 8 male linear shot putters | Ranged between 15.15 and 18.63 m | VL, PEC, TRI and GAS | Shot-put performance was significantly correlated with VL-EMG by r = 0.91 **, as well as with PEC-EMG by r = 0.75 *. No significant correlation was found between shot-put throwing performance and TRI-EMG or GAS-EMG. |
Kyriazis et al. [18] | 9 male rotational shot putters | Pre-Season 15.26 ± 1.67 | VL | Shot-put performance was significantly correlated with VL-EMG both during pre-season and competition periods by r = 0.81 * and 0.80 *, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between VL-EMG during the initial 200 ms of muscle activation and shot-put performance by r = −0.75 *, during both pre-season and competition periods. |
Competition 15.98 ± 2.11 | ||||
Karampatsos et al. [35] | 6 male discus throw athletes | 49.64 ± 4.3 | Quant and Gas | Quadriceps EMG was significantly correlated with both standing and rotational discus throwing performance by r = 0.80 * and 0.81 *, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between the duration of EMG activation of right quadriceps and right gastrocnemius with discus performance by r = −0.94 ** and −0.88 *, respectively |
Study | Athletes | Performance (m) | Muscle | Characteristics | Correlation with Performance (Pearson’s r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Costill et al. [21] | 3 male javelin throwers | 78.6 (76.2–81.1) | LG | Type I = 50.4% (46.5–56.2) CSA Type I = 5585 mμ2 CSA Type II = 5771 mμ2 %CSA Type I = 47.7% | NS |
3 female javelin throwers | 51.8 (49.1–57) | Type I = 41.6% (41.2–42) CSA Type I = 4864 mμ2 CSA Type II = 4562 mμ2%CSA Type I = 42.9% | |||
4 male shot-put and discus throwers | 61.1 (60.9–61.3) 19.3 (18.9–19.7) | Type I = 37.7% (13–52) CSA Type I = 7702 mμ2 CSA Type II = 9483 mμ2 %CSA Type I = 34% | |||
2 female discus throwers | 54.8 (53–56.6) | Type I = 51.2% (48.3–54) CSA Type I = 5192 mμ2 CSA Type II = 5851 mμ2 %CSA Type I = 46.9% | |||
Coyle et al. [24] | 8 male shot putters | 18.94 ± 0.26 | LG | Type I = 37.8% ± 5.5% CSA Type I = 6367 ± 526 mμ2 CSA Type II = 6441 ± 749 mμ2 | Type II (%) muscle fibers were poorly correlated with shot-put performance, r = 0.23, NS. |
Billeter et al. [28] | 1 male shot putter | 22.75 | VL | Type I = 60% Type II = 40% CSA Type I = 3430 ± 189 mμ2 CSA Type II = 10,265 ± 465 mμ2 %CSA Type I = 33.4% %CSA Type II = 66.6% | NR |
Terzis et al. [29] | 13 novice shot putters | 10.90 ± 0.28 | TRI | Type II = 64.6% ± 3.2% %CSA II = 71.4% ± 2.9% | Significant correlation was found between the %CSA of type II muscle fibers and shot-put performance (r = 0.70 *). |
Terzis et al. [33] | 6 male hammer throwers | 72.17 ± 6.40 | VL | Type I = 39.9% ± 5.0% Type IIA = 51.1% ± 9.0% Type IIX = 9.0 ± 7.0% CSA Type I = 5793 ± 670 mμ2 CSA Type IIA = 7703 ± 1171 mμ2 CSA Type IIX = 6554 ± 2040 mμ2 %CSA Type I = 33.9% ± 4.0% %CSA Type IIA = 57.3% ± 9.0% %CSA Type IIX = 8.8% ± 7.0% | CSA of Type I, Type IIA and Type IIX muscle fibers were significantly correlated with hammer throwing performance by r = 0.93 **, 0.96 ** and 0.90 **, respectively. |
Study | Athletes | Training | Throwing Performance Change (%) | Muscle Characteristics | Correlation with Performance (Pearson’s r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zaras et al. [20] | 2 Shot putters 4 Hammer 5 Discus 2 Javelin | 13 throwers (7 males and 6 females) followed a year-round training macrocycle, leading into a 2-week tapering period with either light (30% of 1-RM) or heavy (85% of 1-RM) resistance loads. | LT: Throwing performance increased by 4.8% ± 1.0%. | VL-TH = 3.5% ± 6.4% ↔ VL-ANG = −4.4% ± 9.1% ↔ VL-LEN = 4.1% ± 10.2% ↔ | NR |
HT: Throwing performance increased by 5.6% ± 0.9%. | VL-TH = 0.8% ± 4.1% ↔ VL-ANG = −1.7% ± 9.1% ↔ VL-LEN = 3.4% ± 9.0% ↔ | ||||
Zaras et al. [41] | 2 Shot putters 4 Hammer 5 Discus 1 Javelin | 12 throwers (6 males and 6 females) followed a 12-week periodized training program aiming to increase performance for the spring competitive period. | Throwing performance increased by 6.8% ± 4.3%. | VL-TH = 5.9% ± 7.1% ↑ VL-ANG = −2.5% ± 17.9% ↔ VL-LEN = 13.4% ± 16.2% ↑ | Competitive track and field throwing performance (Z-scores) correlated with fascicle length only at T2 (r = 0.59 *). The percentage change of VL length and VL thickness tended to explain 33.8% of the percentage increase in track and field throwing performance (p = 0.09). Additionally, the percentage change of VL length and VL angle tended to explain 33.5% of the percentage increase in track and field throwing performance (p = 0.092). |
Bazyler et al. [19] | 3 Hammer 2 Discus 1 Javelin | 6 collegiate track and field throwers (4 males and 2 females) followed 12-week training using a block periodization model culminating with a 1-week overreach followed by a 3-week taper. Here are presented the percentage differences for T1 to T3 measurements. | Throwing performance increased by 6.3%. | VL-TH: T1: 2.66 ± 0.45 cm T2: 2.84 ± 0.5 cm ↑ VL-ANG: T1: 21.74 ± 4.46° T2: 21.58 ± 4.23° ↔ VL-LEN: T1: 7.42 ± 2.06 cm T2: 7.85 ± 1.18 cm ↔ | NR |
Zaras et al. [45] | 2 Shot putters 3 Hammer 5 Discus 1 Javelin | 11 throwers (6 males and 5 females) completed 10 weeks of training aiming to increase track and field throwing performance for summer national competitions. | Throwing performance increased by 5.8% ± 2.8%. | VL-TH = 6.2% ± 7.4% ↑ VL-ANG = 1.4% ± 16.4% ↔ VL-LEN = 10.5% ± 13.1% ↑ | Shot-put throw from the power position was significantly correlated with VL thickness before, r = 0.678 *, and after the training period, r = 0.669 * |
Anousaki et al. [46] | 1 Shot putter 4 Hammer 3 Discus 4 javelin | 12 male well-trained throwers completed 25 weeks of training aiming to increase track and field throwing performance for the summer national competitions. | Throwing performance increased by 10.8%. | VL-TH = −1.5% ± 5.3% ↔ VL-ANG = −3.8% ± 11.5% ↔ VL-LEN = 9.6% ± 11.1% ↑ | Competitive track and field throwing performance (Z-scores) was large to very large, correlated with VL muscle thickness at T1 (r = 0.547), T2 (r = 0.528) and T3 (r = 0.726 **). |
Anthropometric characteristics |
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Zaras, N.; Stasinaki, A.-N.; Terzis, G. Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040
Zaras N, Stasinaki A-N, Terzis G. Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2021; 6(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaras, Nikolaos, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, and Gerasimos Terzis. 2021. "Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 2: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040
APA StyleZaras, N., Stasinaki, A. -N., & Terzis, G. (2021). Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040