Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers in Apulian Ghettos, Italy: General Health Conditions Assessment and HIV Screening
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting, Design and Population
- Ghetto Pista in Borgo Mezzanone, province of Manfredonia, an informal spontaneous settlement with 1500 estimated inhabitants;
- “Casa Sankara” and “Arena”, both based in San Severo, province of Foggia, and arranged by the Apulia region for the agricultural workers population.
2.1.1. Questionnaires
2.1.2. Medical Examinations
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Total Migrants | 321 (100) | |
Male | 298 (92) | |
Mean age (SD) | 29 (SD) | |
Ghettos | Pista | 162 (50) |
Sankara house | 134 (42) | |
Arena house | 25 (8) | |
Nationality | Senegal | 131 (41) |
Gambia | 78 (24) | |
Nigeria | 32 (10) | |
Guinea Conakry | 18 (6) | |
Other | 62 (19) | |
Stopover in Lybia | 305 (95) | |
Married | 125 (39) | |
Children | 191 (59) | |
Occupation | Agricultural workers | 264 (83) |
Sex workers | 9 (3) | |
Unemployed | 28 (8) | |
Others | 20 (6) | |
Regular employment contract | 139 (43) | |
Education | <8 y | 300 (93) |
>8 y | 21 (6) | |
Regular document to stay in Italy | 184 (57) | |
Hold a regular document in the past | 196 (61) | |
Time of stay in Italy (mean, months) | 55.3 (4–140) | |
Time of stay in the ghettos (mean, months) | 17.9 (3–100) | |
Length of the travel | 12.2 (7–22) | |
Religion | Christian | 51 (16) |
Muslim | 270 (84) | |
Family doctors | Yes | 36 (11) |
No | 285 (89) |
N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Knowledge about sexual transmitted diseases | No | 85 (26) |
Yes | 236 (74) | |
Sexual orientation | Heterosexual | 321 (100) |
Previous HIV Test | Done | 80 (25) |
Never done | 238 (74) | |
Unknown | 3 (1) | |
Do you rate your health as good? | No | 106 (33) |
Yes | 215 (67) | |
Any known diseases | No | 293 (91) |
Yes | 28 (9) | |
Fair about possible stigma after a positive HIV test | No | 166 (52) |
Unknown | 4 (1) | |
Yes | 151 (47) | |
Condom use | No | 205 (64) |
Yes | 116 (36) | |
Sex for money | No | 173 (54) |
Yes | 148 (46) | |
At-risk sexual intercourse in the last 3 months | No | 191 (60) |
Yes | 130 (40) | |
Sex under drugs or alcohol | No | 307 (96) |
Yes | 14 (4) |
N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
HIV test results | Positive | 1 (0) |
Hypertension | Yes | 40 (12) |
Tachycardia (FC > 100) | Yes | 13 (4) |
Diabetes | Yes | 6 (2) |
Hypoxemia (<94% xx) | Yes | 14 (4) |
TB symptoms | Yes | 53 (17) |
Genital secretions/ulcerations | Yes | 5 (2) |
Other symptoms | Muscle and joint pain/fatigue | 110 (34) |
Cough | 31 (10) | |
Headache | 26 (8) | |
Miscellaneous (teeth, epigastric pain, etc.) | 62 (19) |
Characteristics | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis |
---|---|---|
O.R. | Adj-O.R. | |
Age (years) | 1.02 (0.98–1.04) | - |
Female | 0.28 (0.16–0.40) | 0.58 (0.47–0.78) * |
Low BMI (<18) | 1.80 (1.42–2.02) | 1.42 (1.18–1.72) * |
Contract of work | 1.51 (1.43–0.70) | 2.64 (2.39–2.83) * |
>12 months in the ghetto | 1.85 (1.35–2.45) | 1.74 (1.24–2.21) * |
Document to stay in Italy | 0.10 (0.04–0.85) | 0.39 (0.08–1.28) |
Sex under influence of drugs or alcohol | 0.34 (0.10–1.10) | 0.95 (0.22–1.73) |
HIV status | 1.80 (1.50–2.00) | - |
Tb symptoms | 1.14 (1.08–1.78) | 1.74 (1.50–2.03) |
Diabetes | 0.25 (0.10–0.40) | 0.71 (0.28–1.23) |
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Di Gennaro, F.; Lattanzio, R.; Falanga, C.; Negri, S.; Papagni, R.; Novara, R.; Panico, G.G.; Totaro, V.; Poliseno, M.; Bavaro, D.F.; et al. Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers in Apulian Ghettos, Italy: General Health Conditions Assessment and HIV Screening. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040184
Di Gennaro F, Lattanzio R, Falanga C, Negri S, Papagni R, Novara R, Panico GG, Totaro V, Poliseno M, Bavaro DF, et al. Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers in Apulian Ghettos, Italy: General Health Conditions Assessment and HIV Screening. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6(4):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040184
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Gennaro, Francesco, Rossana Lattanzio, Carmine Falanga, Silvia Negri, Roberta Papagni, Roberta Novara, Gianfranco Giorgio Panico, Valentina Totaro, Mariacristina Poliseno, Davide Fiore Bavaro, and et al. 2021. "Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers in Apulian Ghettos, Italy: General Health Conditions Assessment and HIV Screening" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 4: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040184
APA StyleDi Gennaro, F., Lattanzio, R., Falanga, C., Negri, S., Papagni, R., Novara, R., Panico, G. G., Totaro, V., Poliseno, M., Bavaro, D. F., Raho, L., Schiavone, M., Laforgia, N., Volpe, A., Laforgia, R., Lo Caputo, S., Marotta, C., Putoto, G., & Saracino, A. (2021). Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers in Apulian Ghettos, Italy: General Health Conditions Assessment and HIV Screening. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(4), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040184