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1 pages, 128 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Giovanna Marrazza and Sara Tombelli

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104041 - 10 Sep 2024

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Abstract

In submitting conference abstracts to Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

124 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Conductive Mesh Electrodes for Electrochemical Biosensors

by Mohamed Sharafeldin

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104001 - 28 May 2024

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Abstract

In the original article [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

128 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers Based on Anisotropic Gold Nanorods and Dark-Field Imaging

by Chaoshan Zhao and Shunbo Li

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104002 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 428

Abstract

The detection of tumor markers in body fluids is crucial for the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis analysis of cancer. Hence, the sensitivity of tumor biomarker screening is highly demanded in detection. Currently, several detection techniques are available, such as a fluorescence analysis, surface-enhanced [...] Read more.

The detection of tumor markers in body fluids is crucial for the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis analysis of cancer. Hence, the sensitivity of tumor biomarker screening is highly demanded in detection. Currently, several detection techniques are available, such as a fluorescence analysis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical luminescence, and an electrochemical analysis. However, these methods have certain limitations, such as low sensitivity, poor stability, complex processes, and long reaction time. In recent years, the imaging technique combined with precious metal and dark-field microscopy has gained popularity in the field of highly sensitive biochemical detection due to its high spatiotemporal resolution and independence of signal reporter molecules. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are anisotropic nanomaterials that show two types of plasmon resonance—longitudinal plasmon resonance and transverse plasmon resonance—in which the longitudinal LSPR plays a dominant role in the detection, while the transverse LSPR mode is always neglected. Herein, polarized light, which is perpendicular to the AuNRs, is designed to stimulate the transverse plasma resonance of the AuNRs to detect biomarkers in a microfluidic chip. In this work, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF₁₆₅) is used as the testing biomarker to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. With the presence of VEGF₁₆₅ in the sample solution, AuNRs will capture the gold nanoparticles due to the antibody–antigen–antibody switched structure, inducing the change in the polarized plasma resonance property. This method achieves a detection limit of 10 pg/mL for VEGF₁₆₅, which is lower than most of the reported methods. The results show that the method based on the combination of a microfluidic chip and dark-field microscopic image has excellent sensitivity and has significant potential in an early cancer diagnosis and prognosis analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

129 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

A Simple Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for the Rapid Detection of Inorganic Chemicals

by Buthaina A. Al Mashrea, Maitha Alrashdi, Nemat Dek Al-Bab, Mohamad Al-Farooq, Hajar Abdalla, Kifah Al Taqaz, Amin Botmah, Mussab Ahmed, Ayad Turky, Ahmed Almehdi and Samar Damiati

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104003 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

Microfluidic technology, also known as lab-on-a-chip, enables the fabrication of low-cost, user-friendly, and portable detection devices. Microfluidic chips can be utilized for detecting biological and chemical analytes in various liquid samples, including water or biofluids such as urine, blood, and sweat. The specific [...] Read more.

Microfluidic technology, also known as lab-on-a-chip, enables the fabrication of low-cost, user-friendly, and portable detection devices. Microfluidic chips can be utilized for detecting biological and chemical analytes in various liquid samples, including water or biofluids such as urine, blood, and sweat. The specific and quantitative detection of ions has garnered increased attention in recent years due to their potential harm to environmental and human health. Inorganic ions are special chemicals that hold positive or negative charges with relatively small molecular weights. Among the various types of microfluidic platforms, paper-based systems are favored as simple analytical tools that rely on the generation of hydrophilic–hydrophobic contrast on filter paper. In this study, a paper-based microfluidic device was developed as an analytical tool for quantifying several ions, such as iron (Fe³⁺). The reaction spot was created by simply melting a wax crayon to form hydrophobic barriers that define hydrophilic zones. After spotting Fe³⁺ samples and potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) as a detection reagent on the reaction zone, an immediate and obvious color change was observed with different ion concentrations ranging between 50 and 500 ppm. While the naked-eye detection of color change was easy at high concentrations, quantifying ion concentrations in samples required the use of a smartphone camera. The captured images were then analyzed using ImageJ software (Java 1.8.0-internal (32-bit)). The developed paper-based microfluidic device exhibited good performance in quantifying Fe³⁺ ions in samples. Indeed, this simple platform is easy to store and transport, and allows the transportation of aqueous solutions without the need for external pumping or a power supply. Full article

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131 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Electrochemical Sensing of Neurotransmitters Using a Metal Nanoparticle-Based Composite Platform

by Stelian Lupu, Sorina-Alexandra Leau, Cecilia Lete, Ioana Diaconu and Cristian Matei

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104004 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 403

Abstract

Neurotransmitters play important roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous system. The accurate and sensitive quantification of neurotransmitters using chromatographic and optical analytical methods is of key interest in the management of related neurodegenerative maladies. In this study, electrochemical sensors based [...] Read more.

Neurotransmitters play important roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous system. The accurate and sensitive quantification of neurotransmitters using chromatographic and optical analytical methods is of key interest in the management of related neurodegenerative maladies. In this study, electrochemical sensors based on electrodes modified with composite nanomaterials were investigated as reliable, fast and low-cost analytical devices for direct neurotransmitter quantification. A sensing platform was developed by means of an innovative preparation method using alternating currents (ACs). Low-cost sensing materials based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) were synthesized in situ onto glassy carbon electrodes by means of AC. A polymeric matrix was prepared by applying an AC at a frequency of 100 mHz for 300 s, resulting in an increase in roughness. AuNPs were synthesized by applying an AC at a frequency of 50 mHz for 100 s. The use of AC enabled the preparation of AuNPs embedded in the polymeric matrix characterized by increased electroactive surface area. The sensing platform was tested and successfully validated in the detection of epinephrine, with good analytical performance, achieving a low detection limit of 0.5 µM and a wide linear response range of 1 to 100 μM epinephrine. The practical applicability of the electrochemical sensing platform was demonstrated in the detection of epinephrine in human serum samples with good accuracy and recovery. AC frequency modulated the electrodeposition process, resulting in enhanced roughness. Consequently, the novel AC-based method ensured an improved sensitivity of the sensing platform compared to other electrochemical epinephrine sensors produced by classical methods, like potentiostatic and galvanostatic ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

129 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Ensuring Food Security and Biodiversity: A Novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for Early Detection of Plant Disease in Precision Agriculture

by Md Jiabul Hoque, Md. Saiful Islam, Mahadi Hassan and Mohammad Minhazul Islam

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104005 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 349

Abstract

Conventional disease detection methods in agriculture are constrained by the presence of personal opinions and the amount of work required, which hinder broad-scale disease monitoring. This study aims to overcome these difficulties by introducing a biosensor-assisted deep learning system that improves disease identification [...] Read more.

Conventional disease detection methods in agriculture are constrained by the presence of personal opinions and the amount of work required, which hinder broad-scale disease monitoring. This study aims to overcome these difficulties by introducing a biosensor-assisted deep learning system that improves disease identification in precision agriculture. Biosensors, such as hyperspectral or electrochemical sensors, offer an initial means of collecting objective data, which complements subsequent analysis using deep learning techniques. The performance of popular deep learning models (VGG16, MobileNetV2, ResNet50) in classifying diseases across 15 categories is assessed via evaluation on the PlantVillage dataset. In addition, a new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structure, which achieves a higher accuracy (99.05%) compared to pre-existing models, is shown. Biosensor data serve as a first screening process, which has the ability to decrease the number of photos that need to undergo deep learning analysis. By utilising this integrated method, the precision and effectiveness of disease identification are enhanced. This framework allows for the early and accurate detection of diseases, which in turn allows for specific therapies and encourages the use of sustainable farming methods. The exceptional precision (99.05%) creates opportunities for practical implementation, perhaps reducing production losses and optimising resource allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Rapid, Portable, and Low-Cost Water Quality Assessment Device Based on Machine Learning

by Andrés Saavedra-Ruiz and Pedro J. Resto-Irizarry

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104006 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 372

Abstract

Water quality has a significant impact on public health. Inadequate water conditions are associated with diseases such as cholera, dysentery (shigella), hepatitis, and typhoid fever. Established techniques like Membrane Filtration (MF), Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF), and enzyme-based defined substrate technology (DST) assays are [...] Read more.

Water quality has a significant impact on public health. Inadequate water conditions are associated with diseases such as cholera, dysentery (shigella), hepatitis, and typhoid fever. Established techniques like Membrane Filtration (MF), Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF), and enzyme-based defined substrate technology (DST) assays are used tomonitor bacteriological water quality, measuring indicators like Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and total coliforms. Despite their high sensitivity and specificity, these methods take 24 to 48 h to produce results, as well as requiring access to laboratory facilities, specialized equipment, sample preparation steps, and trained personnel. This study presents a portable and low-cost UV-LED/RGB water quality sensor which includes a microfluidic device, a fluorogenic defined substrate assay for the detection of E. faecalis, RGB sensors for fluorescent data acquisition, ultraviolet-light-emitting diode (UV-LED) for sample excitation, a portable incubation system, and embedded systems for data storage and processing. The microfluidic device has a number of independent wells used to carry out Most Probable Number (MPN) analysis for bacteria quantification. The device is pre-loaded with the defined substrate assay and is self-loading when immersed in the target water sample for sample-preparation-free analysis. RGB sensors detect fluorescence from each well to automate the MPN results. Results from fluorescence-versus-time curves are used to generate a comprehensive database. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and real-time RGB data are used to predict whether each individual well will be positive or negative using only the first three hours of fluorescent data. Coupled with MPN, this method significantly reduces the timeframe of bacteria detection and quantification, making it a cost-effective and efficient solution for on-the-go water quality monitoring, addressing critical public health concerns, and underscoring the importance of swift and reliable water quality assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Graphene–Folic Acid Nanobiocomposite for Detecting Overexpressed Folate Receptor in Breast Cancer Cells

by Samar Damiati

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104007 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Enhancing the analytical performance of biosensors is a key factor in fabricating well-organized sensing platforms with high sensitivity. The main challenge in developing selective and sensitive biosensors is the lack of a sensing architecture that allows the detection of small biomolecules at low [...] Read more.

Enhancing the analytical performance of biosensors is a key factor in fabricating well-organized sensing platforms with high sensitivity. The main challenge in developing selective and sensitive biosensors is the lack of a sensing architecture that allows the detection of small biomolecules at low concentrations in crowded biological media. The functionality and stability of biosensors improve when the surface patterns are in a well-organized arrangement, and when biomaterials are present at a good density. It is common to use antibodies or aptamers as capture molecules for the target analyte, but they have limitations in terms of density and orientation when immobilized on sensor surfaces. Alternatively, simple non-toxic molecules such as folic acid (FA) can be used as recognition elements. They have the ability to construct nanostructures and produce sensing devices with good selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, the conjugation of FA to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared and then used to functionalize a glassy carbon electrochemical (GCE) electrode for the detection of breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was employed to characterize the electrochemical proficiency of the developed electrode for detecting MCF-7 cells. The rGO-FA nanobiocomposite demonstrated itself as a promising substrate, offering good electrochemical signals after capturing cancer cells in the range between 1 × 10³ and 1 × 10⁵ cells/mL. The CV results indicated the successful binding of the folate receptor overexpressed on the surface of the cell membrane in the MCF-7 cells to the rGO-FA-modified sensor. The simple design of rGO-FA/GCE showed good, reliable, and satisfactory performance, which may significantly contribute to the development of low-cost biosensors for future cancer diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

129 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Raman and Luminescent Thermometers for Determining Local Temperatures at the Nanoscale

by Raffaella Signorini, Thomas Pretto, Marina Franca, Veronica Zani, Roberto Pilot, Silvia Gross, Emil Milan, Eros Radicchi and Adolfo Speghini

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104008 - 28 May 2024

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Abstract

The ability to control and understand the temperature at the nanoscale is fundamental for manipulating physical, chemical, and biological processes [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

A Lab-on-Paper Biosensor for ATP Quantification via a Chemiluminescent DNA Nanoswitch Assay

by Elisa Lazzarini, Alessandro Porchetta, Donato Calabria, Andrea Pace, Ilaria Trozzi, Martina Zangheri, Massimo Guardigli and Mara Mirasoli

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104009 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Water is indispensable for life, yet many lack access to clean drinking water, resulting in fatalities from waterborne bacterial infections. Precise assessment of microbial abundance and viability in natural aquatic environments is vital. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serves as a parameter for viability assessments [...] Read more.

Water is indispensable for life, yet many lack access to clean drinking water, resulting in fatalities from waterborne bacterial infections. Precise assessment of microbial abundance and viability in natural aquatic environments is vital. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serves as a parameter for viability assessments due to its presence in viable bacterial cells as an energy carrier. Traditional ATP detection methods involve chemical or enzymatic extraction, followed by measurement of light emission via the Luciferin–Luciferase complex. However, these methods are costly, present a low stability, require specialized equipment, and entail complex sample pretreatment. To overcome these limitations, we developed a biosensor based on aptamers, nucleic acid sequences with specific target-molecule-binding capabilities. Aptamers offer advantages such as an enhanced stability, a lower cost, and ease of design compared to antibodies. Recently, ATP has been used for aptamer selection testing. Our proposed biosensor utilizes a structure-switching ATP-binding DNA nanoswitch with two functional domains: a catalytic DNA-zyme domain and an ATP-binding aptamer domain. In the presence of ATP, its binding to the aptamer domain triggers the activation of the DNA-zyme domain, which is exploited for chemiluminescence (CL) detection. Integrating functional DNA biosensors with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) holds promise for point-of-care (POC) applications. However, achieving proper DNA binding on paper remains challenging, often requiring solution-based assay protocols, leaving µPADs for final signal readout. Here, we introduce an origami µPAD with preloaded dried reagents, allowing for on-paper assay execution upon sample addition and proper folding. Paper functionalization strategies and assay protocols were optimized to ensure simple and straightforward detection of ATP, employing a portable charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for CL detection. Calibration curves plotted against the logarithm of ATP concentration in the range of 1 to 500 µM facilitated determination of the assay’s limit of detection (LOD), which was found to be 3 µM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

131 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Hybrid Paper–Fabric Sandwich Structure-Based Micro-Analytical Device for Detection of Iodine

by Lingadharini Parameswaran, Shreya Paul, Purbita Nag, Sakthivel Jagannathan and Debashis Maji

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104010 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 297

Abstract

This study presents a novel method for manufacturing microfluidic paper–fabric hybrid analytical devices (μPFADs), which play a vital role in conducting diagnostic tests at the point of care (POC), especially in resource-limited environments. By circumventing the need for complex machinery or highly skilled [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel method for manufacturing microfluidic paper–fabric hybrid analytical devices (μPFADs), which play a vital role in conducting diagnostic tests at the point of care (POC), especially in resource-limited environments. By circumventing the need for complex machinery or highly skilled operators, our method presents a practical solution for scaling up these POC devices. The approach involves the utilization of a folded paper structure featuring a specific pattern like a circular well or liner microchannel on either side of the fold as a mirror image, followed by inserting a piece of fabric in between the paper fold, thereby creating a sandwich-like structure. Subsequently, a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) elastomer with base and curing agents in a 10:1 ratio would be coated over the entire top paper and allowed to settle, enabling the penetration of PDMS down to the bottom paper through the sandwiched fabric. When sufficient PDMS penetration is achieved through visual changes on the back side of the paper, the sandwiched assembly is heated for polymerization of the PDMS. An embedded fabric-based POC device is obtained within the paper whose structure is defined by the designs on the folded paper itself. This micro paper–fabric hybrid analytical device (μPFAD) offers several noteworthy advantages as it boasts rapid fabrication times and is cost-effective, without the need for any printing machines, thereby further enhancing its suitability for no- or low-resource environments. Experimental studies with these μPFADs were conducted for the colorimetric detection of iodine, whose deficiency is a leading cause of thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism. Here, starch acts as the chromogenic agent, which forms a blue-colored complex that shifts the color from purple to deep blue–black with increasing iodine concentration. The initial experimental results reveal contrasting color changes for varying levels of iodine using the proposed μPFADs, which would be useful for the early diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Optical Enzymatic Biosensor for the Determination of Heavy Metals in the Lagoon of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

by Daniel Santos-Ubaldo and Raúl J. Delgado-Macuil

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104011 - 28 May 2024

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Abstract

An optical crystalline silicon biosensor was developed for the detection of heavy metals in surface water, deep water, mollusks and sediment in the lagoon of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, to monitor the presence of heavy metals, the biosensor was built using [...] Read more.

An optical crystalline silicon biosensor was developed for the detection of heavy metals in surface water, deep water, mollusks and sediment in the lagoon of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, to monitor the presence of heavy metals, the biosensor was built using self-assembled monolayers, the silicon supports were cut with a diameter of 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm, chemical modifications were made on the surface by adding KOH to obtain Si-OH groups, for the functionalization this was carried out by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to add NH₂ groups on the surface of the biosensor, the activation was with EDC/NHS as a crosslinking agent, Finally, the urease enzyme was immobilized on the surface of the biosensor in an orbital shaker at 100 rpm in PBS and proceeded to detect each of the concentrations of standard heavy metals methylmercury chloride, cadmium, lead, chromium oxide VI, arsenic oxide III and silver iodide at different concentrations. Subsequently, detection was performed on biological samples by taking the internal part of tissues placed in PBS under refrigeration and water samples were measured without treatment. The self-assembly and detection was characterized by FTIR in the region from 370 to 4000 cm⁻¹ taking the region from 1000 to 1200 cm⁻¹, 1500 to 1700 cm⁻¹ and from 2800 to 3100 cm⁻¹ as the most important regions for the principal component analysis, showing that in these regions the characteristic bonds of silicon are present, The functionalization showed the region of the primary and secondary amide and finally the detection was taken as the inhibition of the enzymatic activity, the principal component analysis showed the region where the detection of each heavy metal is performed and corroborates the results obtained in FTIR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Comparative Analysis of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Detection on Surfaces of Concanavalin A Using DNA Aptamers and QCM-D Method

by Marek Tatarko and Tibor Hianik

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104012 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are important indicators of a bacteria presence in any samples. They can therefore be used for the detection of microbiological contamination in food and dairy products. We performed a comparative analysis of different bacterial models by the application of liposomes [...] Read more.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are important indicators of a bacteria presence in any samples. They can therefore be used for the detection of microbiological contamination in food and dairy products. We performed a comparative analysis of different bacterial models by the application of liposomes containing LPS from Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium on the surface of an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) monolayer chemisorbed on the gold surface of quartz crystal. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), we were able to monitor the formation of the lectin, concanavalin A (ConA), layer on the MUA surface. We determined the optimal concentration of the ConA for the layer formation. ConA of 0.3 mg/mL was selected as the most suitable adsorption of liposomes containing LPS. Using the Sauerbrey equation, we calculated that approximately 1.13 × 10¹² ConA molecules per cm² was adsorbed on the MUA surface, which closely corresponds to the 1.19 × 10¹² molecules per cm² by theoretical models. Later, mixed LPS liposomes containing dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE) and cholesterol successfully interacted with the ConA layer, which resulted in a decrease in the resonant frequency and an increase in dissipation. We compared the adsorption of liposomes with different fractions of LPS and containing LPS from different bacteria. Lack of any LPS in liposomes caused weaker adsorption on the ConA layer. Liposomes containing 50% LPS caused the most prominent adsorption and were suitable for interaction with DNA aptamers specific to certain LPS. The addition of the aptamers to the surface of ConA covered by LPS-containing liposomes resulted in a decrease in resonant frequency and an increase in the dissipation. Using the Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic model and multiharmonic response of acoustic sensors, we also determined changes in viscoelastic values of the molecular films during interaction with liposomes and the ConA layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Formation of Chiral Plasmonic Silver Nanocrescents Using Colloidal Lithography and Ion-Plasma Sputtering

by Ekaterina M. Lobanova and Vladimir E. Bochenkov

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104013 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

Nanomaterials based on plasmonic metal nanoparticles have a great potential for medicine, pharmaceuticals and sensors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Screen-Printed Organic Electrochemical Transistor: A Protein Immobilization Approach to Detect Aromatic Water Pollutants

by Lokesh Kumar, Subhankar Sahu, Sumita Das, Dipti Gupta and Ruchi Anand

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104014 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 398

Abstract

In response to the environmental threat posed by xenobiotic aromatic pollutants in water, we have developed a compact device that integrates biosensor scaffolds with organic electronics. This innovative approach addresses the challenge of detecting these pollutants, which often lack easily detectable functional groups. [...] Read more.

In response to the environmental threat posed by xenobiotic aromatic pollutants in water, we have developed a compact device that integrates biosensor scaffolds with organic electronics. This innovative approach addresses the challenge of detecting these pollutants, which often lack easily detectable functional groups. Our sensor module is specifically designed for the rapid, economical, reliable, and ultra-sensitive detection of phenol, a common water pollutant. The key to our sensor’s functionality is the biosensing protein MopR, which we have coupled with an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). To ensure the effective integration of the MopR sensing scaffold, we have optimized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to serve as a host immobilization matrix. This MopR-GO immobilized sensor module is then used as the gate electrode in the OECT, with PEDOT:PSS serving as the organic semiconductor material. The resulting OECT sensor offers a conducive microenvironment for protein activity, thereby maintaining high specificity in pollutant detection. It has demonstrated the ability to exclusively detect phenol with minimal sensitivity loss (less than 5% error), even in complex pollutant mixtures and real environmental samples. This fabrication strategy, which effectively combines biological biosensors with organic electronics, holds significant potential for the detection of a wide range of emerging pollutants. It represents a promising step towards more effective environmental monitoring and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Detection of Interleukin 6 in a Sprague Dawley Rat’s Blood Plasma Using a Fiber Optic Biosensor with Long-Period Grating

by Brenda Vertti-Cervantes, Raul Jacobo Delgado-Macuil, Georgina Beltrán-Pérez and Marcos García-Juárez

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104015 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 356

Abstract

The severity of various diseases is related to the concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine crucial for the proliferation and differentiation of immunocompetent and hematopoietic cells. In ischemic cerebrovascular disease, it is known that, after traumatic injury, increased plasma levels of [...] Read more.

The severity of various diseases is related to the concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine crucial for the proliferation and differentiation of immunocompetent and hematopoietic cells. In ischemic cerebrovascular disease, it is known that, after traumatic injury, increased plasma levels of IL-6 are associated with neuronal inflammation and brain death. Research has shown that elevated plasma IL-6 levels within the first 12 h after an ischemic vascular event are strong predictors of early mortality. Therefore, developing a device that can detect the presence of IL-6 in a murine model of induced ischemic disease could be beneficial for monitoring the disease and selecting the appropriate treatment in the future. This study aimed to detect IL-6 using biosensors developed within optical fibers; the biosensors were assembled using a self-assembled monolayer technique. Subsequently, detection was carried out using samples from rats (Sprague Dawley strain) with an induced ischemic disease. Samples were left to interact with the sample for 2 h to characterize the changes in the sensor’s transmission response. Both the response of the biosensor to IL-6 and the self-assembly steps were characterized by transmission spectroscopy at wavelengths of 1250–1450 nm and micro-MIR spectroscopy. Spectral changes were observed at different stages of the assembly and detection processes. By performing a PCA on the experimental data, it was possible to observe the clustering of the different assembly stages and the final detection. This allowed for discrimination not only at the stage of the biosensor’s construction but also in its detection of IL-6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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Open AccessAbstract

Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk with a Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Immunosensor

by Dimitra Kourti, Michailia Angelopoulou, Konstantinos Misiakos, Eleni Makarona, Anastasios Economou, Panagiota Petrou and Sotirios Kakabakos

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104016 - 28 May 2024

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Abstract

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated form of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is expelled in the milk of both humans and animals following the consumption of AFB1-contaminated food. AFM1 has been categorized as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated form of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is expelled in the milk of both humans and animals following the consumption of AFB1-contaminated food. AFM1 has been categorized as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Consequently, the European Commission has established a maximum allowable concentration of 50 pg/mL for AFM1 in dairy products and milk. Here, a rapid and sensitive approach for detecting AFM1 in bovine milk is presented. The analytical setup comprises a broad-band white LED, a spectrophotometer, and a silicon photonic probe, all interconnected by a bifurcated optical fiber [¹]. Additionally, a laptop powers the system and facilitates signal monitoring through specialized software. The silicon photonic probe is equipped with two Mach–Zehnder interferometers: one functionalized with AFM1-bovine serum albumin conjugate, and the other with bovine serum albumin to serve as a blank. The analysis involves immersing the probe directly into a mixture of anti-AFM1 antibodies and the sample, followed by sequential immersion into biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and streptavidin solutions. The entire assay process takes 12 min, and the limit of detection in undiluted milk is 20 pg/mL, below the EU maximum allowable limit of 50 pg/mL. The assay demonstrates accuracy, with %recovery values ranging from 87.5 to 112%, and repeatability, with intra/inter-assay coefficients of variation below 7.6%. Given its analytical performance and compact instrumentation, the proposed immunosensor proves to be an ideal solution for precise on-site determination of AFM1 in milk samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

129 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Development of a Fully Automated Microfluidic Electrochemical Sensor on the ESSENCE Platform for Rapid Detection of Single-Stranded DNA

by Niranjan Haridas Menon, Maryom Rahman and Sagnik Basuray

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104017 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 371

Abstract

This study presents a fully automated microfluidic electrochemical sensor for the detection of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) on the ESSENCE platform. The sensor utilizes functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with short ssDNA strands immobilized through EDC-NHS coupling, placed between non-planar interdigitated electrodes. The detection [...] Read more.

This study presents a fully automated microfluidic electrochemical sensor for the detection of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) on the ESSENCE platform. The sensor utilizes functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with short ssDNA strands immobilized through EDC-NHS coupling, placed between non-planar interdigitated electrodes. The detection process involves sequential flow of a background electrolyte and redox probe through the microfluidic channel before introducing the target DNA solution. The same solution is then circulated to enhance selectivity by removing non-specifically bound targets. Electrochemical impedance signals are acquired after the initial and final flow steps, utilizing changes in impedance spectra to quantify target DNA concentration. To streamline complex flow steps and eliminate manual interventions, the system integrates a fully automated fluid control system with syringe pumps, valves, and pressure sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data is acquired using the Analog Discovery 2 USB oscilloscope, and LabVIEW automation ensures a seamless transition from sample introduction to data acquisition. The transducer material’s flow-through design enables efficient differentiation between different degrees of base pair mismatches, extending applicability to single nucleotide polymorphisms. The system exhibits high sensitivity, detecting single-stranded DNA at concentrations as low as 1 fM within a rapid 15-min detection time. Its compact design and automated data acquisition make it a promising candidate for point-of-care biomolecule sensing, including antigens and toxins. Future applications involve functionalizing SWCNTs with relevant antibodies to enhance the platform’s capabilities for detecting a diverse range of target molecules in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

167 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Electrochemical Determination of Serotonin Exocytosis in Human Platelets with BDD-on-Quartz Multielectrode Array Biosensors

by Rosalía González-Brito, Pablo Montenegro, Alicia Méndez, Ramtin E. Shabgahi, Alberto Pasquarelli and Ricardo Borges

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104018 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 278

Abstract

About 90% of blood serotonin is stored in secretory granules of platelets and is released by exocytosis [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

150 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Superoxide Dismutase Determination on Silver Nanostructured Substrates through Surface-Enhanced Photoluminescence

by Anastasia Kanioura, Georgia Geka, Ioannis Kochylas, Vlassis Likodimos, Spiros Gardelis, Anastasios Dimitriou, Nikolaos Papanikolaou, Sotirios Kakabakos and Panagiota Petrou

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104019 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 342

Abstract

Oxidative stress is defined by an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the biological system’s ability to neutralize them. This condition is commonly linked to various pathological conditions [¹]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a widely used enzyme to [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is defined by an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the biological system’s ability to neutralize them. This condition is commonly linked to various pathological conditions [¹]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a widely used enzyme to assess oxidative stress, and various techniques have been developed for its detection in biological samples such as blood, urine, and saliva [²]. Surface-enhanced photoluminescence (PL) is a particularly sensitive method, offering minimal interference from the sample matrix [³]. In this work, silver nanostructured surfaces were implemented as substrates for the immunochemical determination of SOD in synthetic saliva through PL. The substrates were prepared using a single-step metal-assisted chemical etching method (MACE), resulting in the formation of silicon nanowires decorated with silver dendrites of approximately 1.5 μm in height [⁴]. For SOD detection, a three-step competitive immunoassay configuration was followed. Briefly, SOD was immobilized onto the substrates and then the functionalized substrates were incubated with mixtures of SOD with anti-SOD primary antibody, prepared either in assay buffer or synthetic saliva. Then, a solution of biotinylated anti-species specific antibody was added, followed by a reaction with streptavidin labelled with the fluorescent dye Rhodamine Red-X, and the signal was determined through an in-house developed optical set-up. The developed method presents similar or slightly lower sensitivity (detection limit 0.05 μg/mL) compared to the literature; however, it does not require labor-intensive sample pretreatment steps [⁵,⁶]. The aforementioned findings demonstrate the capability of the developed method to detect superoxide dismutase in natural saliva, in order to evaluate the oxidative stress status of an organism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

129 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

The Development and Standardization of a U-Bent LSPR Fiber Optic Biosensor to Screen for Parvovirus B19 IgM

by Reuben Kuruvilla Thomas, Ratan Kumar Chaudhary, Vikraman Aruldoss, Swati Kumari, Padma Srikanth and V. V. Raghavendra Sai

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104020 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Introduction [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

149 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Design of a Multiplex Sensing Platform: AFM as a Nanolithographic Tool

by Silvia Maria Cristina Rotondi, Paolo Canepa, Maurizio Canepa and Ornella Cavalleri

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104021 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Coupling spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we developed a multi-technique approach to characterize the surface immobilization of probe DNA strands, as a tool for the design of a DNA-based biosensor [...] Read more.

Coupling spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we developed a multi-technique approach to characterize the surface immobilization of probe DNA strands, as a tool for the design of a DNA-based biosensor for the detection of disease-related oligonucleotide strands [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

150 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Development of an Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Carbon Nanocomposites for the Sensitive Detection of Oxytetracycline

by Minas Kakos, Kiran Sudhakar Sontakke, Maria Pavai, Veronika Subjakova, Zsofia Keresztes, Leda Bousiakou, Ilia Ivanov, Mahendra Shirsat and Tibor Hianik

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104022 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Massive use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has led to their accumulation in meat and dairy products. Consumption of antibiotic-contaminated food can trigger the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, endangering human lives. Among antibiotics, the oxytetracycline (OTC) family of antibiotics is most widely used [...] Read more.

Massive use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has led to their accumulation in meat and dairy products. Consumption of antibiotic-contaminated food can trigger the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, endangering human lives. Among antibiotics, the oxytetracycline (OTC) family of antibiotics is most widely used in veterinary medicine. Strict control of the antibiotics in food necessitates the development of fast and effective methods for OTC detection, for instance, in milk. One of the most promising approaches to OTC detection is based on the use of specially designed DNA aptamers. These DNA aptamers are relatively short, 15–60 bases, nucleotides folded in the solution in a 3D structure, forming a binding site for the target antibiotic. Aptamers can be chemically modified for attachment to sensor electrodes. In this work, we investigated the electrochemical detection of OTC using DNA aptamers specific to OTC that have been covalently immobilized onto the nanocomposite surface of a glassy carbon electrode with electrodeposited reduced graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Differential pulse voltammetry, DPV, in the presentence of a ferri/ferrocyanide redox couple was used as an internal standard and to monitor the redox current. In the presence of OTC, the amplitude of DPV decreased, evidencing the blocking of charge transfer. After system optimization, we reached the limit of detection of 0.45 ng OTC/mL, which is 200 times lower than the maximum residue limit established by the European Commission of 100 ng OTC/mg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

127 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Raman Detection of Algae on a Silica Substrate

by Ahmed Kreta, Janez Mulec, Andreea Oarga-Mulec and Egon Pavlica

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104023 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 280

Abstract

The imperative to accurately monitor algae growth and composition stems from their pervasive impact on ecosystem dynamics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

127 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Exploring Chili Plant Health: A Comprehensive Study Using IoT Sensors and Machine Learning Classifiers

by Vishal Kumar Swain, Neelamadhab Padhy, Rasmita Panigrahi and Kiran Kumar Sahu

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104024 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Red chili, scientifically known as “Capsicum annuum”, belongs to the Solanaceae family [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

153 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Advancing Food Safety Sensing through Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning-Enhanced Biosensors in Action

by Paula Barciela, Ana Perez-Vazquez, Aurora Silva, M. Fatima Barroso, Maria Carpena and Miguel A. Prieto

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104025 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 403

Abstract

Current food safety techniques and equipment are struggling to meet the evolving demands of the food industry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

128 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Integrated Sensor System for Real-Time Monitoring and Detection of Fish Quality and Spoilage

by Binson V. A. and Sania Thomas

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104026 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 356

Abstract

The increasing demand for high-quality and safe seafood necessitates the development of efficient monitoring systems to ensure the freshness and safety of fish products. In this research, we present an innovative approach utilizing a sensor array consisting of MQ137, MQ135, MQ3, MQ9, TGS [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for high-quality and safe seafood necessitates the development of efficient monitoring systems to ensure the freshness and safety of fish products. In this research, we present an innovative approach utilizing a sensor array consisting of MQ137, MQ135, MQ3, MQ9, TGS 2610, TGS 2620, TGS 2600, and TGS 822 sensors. These sensors, sensitive to various gases associated with fish spoilage, are integrated into a comprehensive system for fish quality monitoring and spoilage detection. The developed system includes an array of chemical gas sensors, a data acquisition system, a processing unit for handling data, and a machine learning model for classification. The chemical gas sensor array enables the real-time detection of the volatile compounds released during the spoilage of fish. The data acquisition system collects and processes information from the sensor array, while the data processing system extracts relevant features for subsequent analysis. A pattern recognition system, employing a robust LDA-XGBoost model, was employed to differentiate between fresh and spoiled fish. The experimental results demonstrate the system's high accuracy in classifying fish quality, achieving an impressive classification accuracy of 96.12%. The integration of various sensors ensures sensitivity to a broad spectrum of chemical compounds associated with fish spoilage, enhancing the system's reliability. The proposed sensor-based approach provides a cost-effective, rapid, and accurate solution for fish quality monitoring, offering potential applications in the seafood industry to ensure the delivery of safe and fresh products to consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

138 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Investigation of Affordable Electrode Material Combinations in Electrochemical Biosensors

by Toru Nohgi, Siyu Jia, Kenji Ueda and Jun Kameoka

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104027 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 278

Abstract

This study investigated carbon-based electrode materials for the application of wearable biosensors measuring uric acid concentration [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

183 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Colorimetric Methods of Magnesium Detection for Point-of-Care Heart Failure Management

by Miguel Vidal, Sónia O. Pereira, Loes I. Segerink, Cátia Leitão and Aoife Morrin

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104028 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) continues to represent a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide, with an increasingly high prevalence as a result of population growth and ageing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

138 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

A Wearable Microfluidic Device for Capture and Quantitative Analysis of Glucose Coupled with Skin Electrodermal Activity

by Aoife Newman, Benne Dirk Johannes Fennema and Eithne Dempsey

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104029 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 289

Abstract

A multiparametric, non-invasive, and reagentless sensing strategy for diabetic monitoring is proposed based on a bespoke graphite ink “writable” formulation (including biocompatible binders and modifiers) used as a conductive layer for glucose oxidase immobilisation within an epidermal patch [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

128 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Soft Sensor for Ethanol Fermentation Monitoring through Data-Driven Modeling and Synthetic Data Generation

by Hyun Kwon, Joseph Shiu, Elmer Ccopa Rivera and Celina Yamakaya

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104030 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 312

Abstract

This study presents a novel data-driven modeling approach employing machine learning to develop predictive “soft sensors” for real-time monitoring of ethanol and substrate levels during bioethanol fermentation processes. By utilizing readily measurable parameters such as pH, redox potential, capacitance, and temperature, the model [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel data-driven modeling approach employing machine learning to develop predictive “soft sensors” for real-time monitoring of ethanol and substrate levels during bioethanol fermentation processes. By utilizing readily measurable parameters such as pH, redox potential, capacitance, and temperature, the model enables continuous prediction of less frequently measured variables including ethanol, substrate, and cell concentrations. Eleven fermentations were conducted, focusing on intensified ethanol production from sugarcane substrate, utilizing cell cycling techniques to augment output. Despite the importance of fermentation data, its acquisition is often constrained by limitations in availability and resources. To address these challenges, this research integrates synthetic time series data generation, thereby enhancing the applicability of machine learning. Through the use of a variational autoencoder (VAE), synthetic time series data was successfully generated, facilitating training and testing of a deep neural network on both original and synthetic datasets. Results demonstrate a significant 30% increase in prediction robustness with the incorporation of generated data, while maintaining comparable accuracy levels. The augmented data effectively enhances the generalization ability of trained models, mitigating overfitting and expanding decision boundaries, thereby overcoming challenges associated with small datasets and inevitable data deviations. This innovative approach offers a promising avenue for enhancing the reliability and scalability of bioethanol fermentation monitoring through AI-based biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

141 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Use of Hydrophobin Roda Protein for Modification of Gold Electrodes as Part of Glucose Biosensor

by Andrijana Danytė and Jaunius Urbonavičius

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104031 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Hydrophobins are proteins, consisting of approximately 70–130 amino acids and containing eight cysteines, linked by four disulfide bonds, which are characteristic of the entire hydrophobin family. The main advantage of hydrophobins is their ability to form amphiphatic layers on surfaces and thus to [...] Read more.

Hydrophobins are proteins, consisting of approximately 70–130 amino acids and containing eight cysteines, linked by four disulfide bonds, which are characteristic of the entire hydrophobin family. The main advantage of hydrophobins is their ability to form amphiphatic layers on surfaces and thus to change their properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and vice versa. It is for this reason that hydrophobins can be widely used in a variety of applications to improve the properties of materials, such as hydrophilicity, activity and stability of immobilized molecules. In this work, the hydrophobin RodA of Aspergillus fumigatus and its properties were investigated. The gene responsible for the synthesis of the RodA protein was identified by molecular biology methods and used to design an expression system. The purified recombinant RodA protein was used to modify the surface of a gold electrode in order to investigate the effect of this hydrophobin as a matrix on the performance of the engineered glucose biosensor. The engineered biosensor with the RodA matrix was compared with a biosensor without the RodA matrix. The data obtained were fitted to Michaelis–Menten and linear models to calculate the K_M and the maximum current generated (I_max). In the case of Au/GOx, the K_M value was 6.99 mM and the I_max was 34.8 μA·cm⁻²; in the case of the Au/RodA/GOx biosensor, the K_M value was 2.37 mM and the I_max was 0.432 μA·cm⁻². The lower I_max value for the Au/RodA/GOx biosensor could be explained by the possible formation of an excessively thick monolayer of RodA protein or by possible conformations of the protein that blocked the glucose oxidase molecules. However, the K_M value obtained for Au/RodA/GOx showed that for this biosensor, the immobilized glucose oxidase has a significantly higher affinity for the substrate, indicating that such a protein may be suitable for electrode modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

135 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Bio-Detection Dogs Sniff COVID-19 in Thailand

by Isaya Thaveesangsakulthai, Sorrawit Songsathitmetha, Chadin Kulsing and Kaywalee Chatdarong

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104032 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 315

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic COVID-19 disease worldwide, generating an urgent need to develop an early diagnosis approach [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

125 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Design of Internet of Things-Enabled Textile-Based Biosensors

by Dhanasony John and Paramasivam Alagumariappan

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104033 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 249

Abstract

During a health crisis or pandemic, people with breathing issues may find it challenging to receive timely medical attention as access to healthcare services is limited [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

160 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Towards On-Site Dairy Cow Mastitis Diagnosis in Your Pocket

by Alexandra Costa, Adelaide Pereira, Luis Pinho, Hugo Gregório, Filipe Santos, Pedro Moura, Ricardo Marcos and Rui C. Martins

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104034 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 278

Abstract

Mastitis has a significant impact on animal welfare and dairy industry profitability (regular losses 5–25%, outbreaks 85%), which is the main reason for antibiotic use (risk to the food chain) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

130 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Developing a Wearable Sensing Platform for Well-Being Monitoring in Individuals with Dopamine-Related Neurological Disorders

by Ilaria Antonia Vitale, Ilaria Palchetti and Giovanna Marrazza

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104035 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 275

Abstract

Neurological disorders are heterogeneous diseases that affect the body’s autonomic, peripheral and central nervous system [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

126 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Novel Platforms for the Electrochemical Sensing of Antioxidant Compounds

by Cecilia Lete, Mariana Marin, Sorina-Alexandra Leau, Maria Marcu and Stelian Lupu

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104036 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Quercetin (QR-3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxylflavone) is very well known as a strong antioxidant with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antineoplastic, and antithrombotic properties that can act as a free radical scavenger in human beings. It can be found in vegetables such as capers, lovage, broccoli, lettuce, spinach, onions, tea, [...] Read more.

Quercetin (QR-3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxylflavone) is very well known as a strong antioxidant with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antineoplastic, and antithrombotic properties that can act as a free radical scavenger in human beings. It can be found in vegetables such as capers, lovage, broccoli, lettuce, spinach, onions, tea, seeds, and fruit skins. QR is recognized as one of the most important nutrients in a person’s daily diet. Lipoic acid (LA), also known as 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid, is synthesized by animal, plant, and human cells from fatty acids and cysteine. LA is often used in the treatment of oxidative stress, diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatitis diseases, and heavy metal poisoning. In the literature, several chromatographic and optical methods have been developed in order to determine the presence of lipoic acid and quercetin with a low detection limit, but these methods have drawbacks such as sample pretreatments, the use of hazardous and expansive chemicals, and sophisticated extraction procedures. In view of this, an alternate electrochemical method for the sensitive determination of LA and QR is required. In the present work, we have developed novel electrochemical platforms for LA and QR sensing based on PEDOT-PB (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-Prussian Blue) and PEDOT-AgNPs. Both nanocomposite materials were synthesized using a sinusoidal currents (SCs) method. The amplitude and frequency of the SCs method have been optimized. The developed electrochemical sensing platforms that use PEDOT-PB and PEDOT-AgNPs were assessed and validated for their LA and QR determination in synthetic and real samples in terms of their limit of detection, limit of quantification, and linear response range. The proposed sensing platforms ensured a comparable, fast, simple, and reliable detection of the target analytes QR and LA without sample pretreatment, as is usually required by other analytical methodologies such as chromatographic and optical methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

128 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Ethical and Regulatory Challenges for AI Biosensors in Healthcare

by Rabaï Bouderhem

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104037 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) biosensors are devices that can detect and measure biological or chemical signals of interest, such as glucose, DNA, hormones, toxins, pathogens, etc. They have many applications in various fields, such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, food safety, biodefense, and bioengineering. However, [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) biosensors are devices that can detect and measure biological or chemical signals of interest, such as glucose, DNA, hormones, toxins, pathogens, etc. They have many applications in various fields, such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, food safety, biodefense, and bioengineering. However, AI biosensors also pose some regulatory and ethical challenges that need to be addressed before they can be widely used and accepted by society. Some of these challenges are safety and reliability, privacy and data protection, social and cultural implications, innovation, and regulation. AI biosensors are constantly evolving and innovating with new technologies, materials, methods, or applications. This may pose challenges for the existing regulatory frameworks and authorities that may not be able to keep up with the pace and scope of innovation. AI biosensors should balance between innovation and regulation, and we should ensure that they are developed and used in a responsible and sustainable manner. Various stakeholders, such as researchers, regulators, policy makers, industry partners, civil society groups, and end-users should engage with AI biosensors to foster dialogue, collaboration, and public trust. Proposed in April 2021, endorsed by the European Council on 21 May 2024 and expected to be fully applicable from 2 August 2026, the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act) will be the first EU regulatory framework for AI and could serve as a law model for the regulation of AI biosensors. There are some scattered international instruments and frameworks that address some of the ethical, legal, and social issues related to biosensors. States and the World Health Organization (WHO), with its constitutional mandate to deal with global public health, should regulate the use of AI biosensors and adopt legally binding rules and international standards in this sensitive field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

128 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Sweat-Based Volatile Organic Compound Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Detection

by Sorrawit Songsathitmetha, Isaya Thaveesangsakulthai, Kaywalee Chatdarong and Chadin Kulsing

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104038 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Due to an outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in recent years, the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 causing diagnostic challenges [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

129 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Analysis of Textile Electrode Fabrication for Digestive Health Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence

by Vijayalakshmi Sankaran, Paramasivam Alagumariappan, Gauri Pramod and Nikita

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104039 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 243

Abstract

In recent days, a digestive abnormality is common due to modern life-style and food habits followed. For every ten adults in the world, four suffer from functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders of varying severity. Further, this is demonstrated by a study of more than [...] Read more.

In recent days, a digestive abnormality is common due to modern life-style and food habits followed. For every ten adults in the world, four suffer from functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders of varying severity. Further, this is demonstrated by a study of more than 73,000 people across 33 countries. Also, the subjects who have undergone surgery/medication may feel healthy and they cannot feel or realize the internal health disorders, resulting in severe consequences. In this regard, an electrogastrogram (EGG) has gained more significance since it is non-invasive and involves an easy process for screening digestive abnormalities. EGGs are electrical signals, which have strong association with digestion. Also, the EGG can be recorded using non-invasive/surface electrodes. In this work, two different conductive textile materials, namely stainless-steel fibers and Copper–Nickel-plated nylon, are utilised to fabricate non-invasive electrodes. Further, the developed electrodes are placed on the abdomen over the stomach and the EGG signals are acquired from healthy individuals. Also, various time and frequency domain features are extracted from two different EGG signals acquired using developed electrodes with different materials and are analysed. Additionally, the XAI, namely Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP), technique is utilised to analyse and test the efficacy of the developed textile-based electrodes and to select the best electrode for EGG signal acquisition. This work appears to be highly significant since the developed electrode selected using the XAI tool shall possess a wide scope in wearable applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

127 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Military Training Dogs Sniff COVID-19 on Sweat

by Sorrawit Songsathitmetha, Isaya Thaveesangsakulthai, Kaywalee Chatdarong and Chadin Kulsing

Proceedings 2024, 104(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024104040 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 240

Abstract

Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there were several techniques developed for COVID-19 diagnosis such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) providing high performances of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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