Towards Innovative Solutions for Monitoring Precipitation in Poorly Instrumented Regions: Real-Time System for Collecting Power Levels of Microwave Links of Mobile Phone Operators for Rainfall Quantification in Burkina Faso
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Rationale
1.2. Rainfall Estimation Methods
- (i)
- it is possible to cover very large areas;
- (ii)
- there is no need for major new investments;
- (iii)
- it is fully automatic and does not require experienced service personnel to operate it;
- (iv)
- there is the possibility of having the data in real time.
- -
- Netherlands: in 2007, Leijnse et al. [18] performed the first analysis of data from two CMLs in the Netherlands. Eight rainfall events were evaluated over two CMLs with a resolution of 15 min, and the results are consistent with the rainfall retrieved by the rain gauges and the C-band radar. In 2013, Overeem et al. (2013), by increasing the number of CMLs, were able to deduce the spatial evolution of rainfall.
- -
- Germany: in 2012, Chwala et al. [19] processed the first CML data that they recorded first using data loggers. A new algorithm based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT) was proposed for wet/dry classification on five CML links. The correlation reached 0.81 for the link gauge comparison.
- -
- Burkina Faso: less than 6 years after its first implementation, this new technology was initiated and tested for the first time in Africa. The implementation was performed during the monsoon season of 2012–2013, between two towers 29 km apart, between Korsimoro and Kaya, two cities of Burkina Faso. The rainfall amount during this period were quantified and compared with conventional rain gauge measurements. The experiment was highly successful, and the effectiveness of the method was demonstrated [16].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Acquisition System
- calculation method: ITU-R P.530,
- ITU-R raine Zone K, (66.26 mm/h UIT-R P.837-7),
- average temperature °C: 27,
- water vapor density (g/m3): 3.2,
- atmospheric pressure (Pa): 1013,
- frequency band: 23 GHz,
- channel spacing: 28 MHz (23 GHz-ITU-RF_737Ann3-CEPT13-02),
- modulation: ACM (mask of modulation 128 QAM, max 1024 QAM),
- antenna size: 1 Ft/0.3 m,
- radio type: ODU600v2,
- availability objective (%): 99.999.
2.3. Data Acquisition Software
- ○
- https://github.com/fenclmar/Rcmlrain, developed under the R language, accessed on 5 February 2022,
- ○
- https://github.com/cchwala/pySNMPdaq, using python language, accessed on 5 February 2022,
- ○
- https://github.com/pycomlink/pycomlink, developed in a python environment, accessed on 5 February 2022,
- ○
- https://github.com/overeem11/RAINLINK, using R language, accessed on 5 February 2022.
2.4. Description of Power Levels Collection Method
3. Overview of Data Collected by the Acquisition System
4. Protection and Security of the Acquisition System
- -
- Lightning protection: on the building a lightning rod was considered essential to be installed. The choice was made to install a lightning conductor with a radius of 30 m all around the LA.M.E laboratory building.
- -
- Verification and reinforcement, or even extension of the mast, installed in 2018, to ensure a good performance of the high frequency transmission/reception system even in strong winds.
- -
- Verification of the high frequency transmission/reception device installed on the ground, in the LA.M.E laboratory.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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F = 23,000.00 MHz K = 1.33% F1 = 100.0, 60.0 | ||
---|---|---|
Telecel Universit | LA.M.E | |
Latitude | 12 22 33.10 N | 12 22 43.90 N |
Longitude | 001 30 05.53 W | 001 29 51.90 W |
True azimuth (o) | 51.13 | 231.13 |
Vertical angle (o) | 0.02 | −0.02 |
Elevation (m) | 295.60 | 295.77 |
Antenna model | VHLP1-23 (TR) | VHLP1-23 (TR) |
Antenna gain (dBi) | 35.30 | 35.30 |
Antenna height (m) | 20.0 | 20.0 |
TX loss (dB) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
RX loss (dB) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Configuration | 1 + 0 | 1 + 0 |
Radio model | CRTE6hp18_28M 32Q 112Mb | CRTE6hp18_28M 32Q 112Mb |
TX power (dBm) | 20.50 | 20.50 |
EIRP (dBm) | 55.80 | 55.80 |
Receive signal (dBm) | −23.17 | −23.17 |
Thermal fade margin (dB) | 52.83 | 52.83 |
Effective fade margin (dB) | 51.48 | 51.48 |
Annual 2 way multipath availability (%) | 100.00000 | |
Annual 2 way multipath unavailability (sec) | 0.00 | |
Annual rain availability (%) | 100.00000 | |
Annual rain + multipath availability (%) | 100.00000 | |
Multipath fading method—Vigants—Barnett Rain fading method—Rec.ITU P 530-8/13 R(837-5) |
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Djibo, M.; Ouedraogo, W.Y.S.B.; Doumounia, A.; Sanou, S.R.; Sawadogo, M.; Guira, I.; Koné, N.; Chwala, C.; Kunstmann, H.; Zougmoré, F. Towards Innovative Solutions for Monitoring Precipitation in Poorly Instrumented Regions: Real-Time System for Collecting Power Levels of Microwave Links of Mobile Phone Operators for Rainfall Quantification in Burkina Faso. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2023, 6, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010004
Djibo M, Ouedraogo WYSB, Doumounia A, Sanou SR, Sawadogo M, Guira I, Koné N, Chwala C, Kunstmann H, Zougmoré F. Towards Innovative Solutions for Monitoring Precipitation in Poorly Instrumented Regions: Real-Time System for Collecting Power Levels of Microwave Links of Mobile Phone Operators for Rainfall Quantification in Burkina Faso. Applied System Innovation. 2023; 6(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleDjibo, Moumouni, Wend Yam Serge Boris Ouedraogo, Ali Doumounia, Serge Roland Sanou, Moumouni Sawadogo, Idrissa Guira, Nicolas Koné, Christian Chwala, Harald Kunstmann, and François Zougmoré. 2023. "Towards Innovative Solutions for Monitoring Precipitation in Poorly Instrumented Regions: Real-Time System for Collecting Power Levels of Microwave Links of Mobile Phone Operators for Rainfall Quantification in Burkina Faso" Applied System Innovation 6, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010004
APA StyleDjibo, M., Ouedraogo, W. Y. S. B., Doumounia, A., Sanou, S. R., Sawadogo, M., Guira, I., Koné, N., Chwala, C., Kunstmann, H., & Zougmoré, F. (2023). Towards Innovative Solutions for Monitoring Precipitation in Poorly Instrumented Regions: Real-Time System for Collecting Power Levels of Microwave Links of Mobile Phone Operators for Rainfall Quantification in Burkina Faso. Applied System Innovation, 6(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi6010004