3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. From GIS to 3D WebGIS for the Humanities
1.2. WebGIS Overview
1.3. Research Aim
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Turin 1911 Project
2.2. Digital Documentation of World’s Fairs
2.3. Workflow Definition
2.3.1. WebGIS Design
2.3.2. WebGIS Implementation
- Raster maps and vector data preparation;
- Online data sharing;
- Two- or three-dimensional WebGIS creation.
2.3.3. WebGIS Testing
2.3.4. WebGIS Maintenance
3. Results
3.1. WebGIS Design
3.2. WebGIS Implementation
3.2.1. Raster Maps and Vector Data Preparation
3.2.2. Online Data Sharing
3.2.3. Two-/Three-Dimensional WebGIS Creation
3.3. WebGIS Testing
3.4. WebGIS Maintenance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The current unavailability of the WebGIS is declared on the website https://mayaarch3d.org/en/about/project-history/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
2 | https://qgis.org/en/site/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
3 | http://www.gvsig.com/it/prodotti/gvsig-desktop (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
4 | https://grass.osgeo.org/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
5 | http://thuban.intevation.org/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
6 | A free and open WebGIS solution can be based on GIS software for data preparation like QGIS, Node.js—https://nodejs.org/en/ (accessed on 19 December 2023), and Leaflet—https://leafletjs.com/ (accessed on 19 December 2023) to render interactive maps in a web interface, Bootstrap—https://getbootstrap.com/ (accessed on 19 December 2023) to develop the webpage, a PostGIS extension to manage spatial functions in DBs, a DBMS such as PostgreSQL to handle the DB and its graphic interface like PgAdmin—https://www.pgadmin.org/ (accessed on 19 December 2023) and GeoServer—https://geoserver.org/ (accessed on 19 December 2023) as a web server to handle geospatial data [19,28,29]. |
7 | https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/overview (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
8 | https://hexagon.com/products/geomedia (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
9 | https://www.autodesk.com/products/autocad/included-toolsets/autocad-map-3d (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
10 | A WebGIS consists of a web browser as a client to send and visualize requests, a web server where the application runs and replies to client requests, and a GIS server able to provide geospatial services—like WFS and WMS—and perform GIS functionalities [28,34], also using URLs and REST services. Since they run on web servers, WebGIS applications can be visualized independently by many users simultaneously [34]. The requests are sent through an HTTP protocol from the client browser (like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, or Safari) to the server. The server responds in an amount of time according to the bandwidth and type of architecture, which, in the case of thick architecture, can also exploit the web client to process data [9,10,34]. |
11 | https://www.mysql.com/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
12 | https://www.postgresql.org/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
13 | https://archive.org/ (accessed on 2 February 2024). |
14 | https://help.archive.org/help/wayback-machine-general-information/ (accessed on 2 February 2024). |
15 | https://archive.org/web/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
16 | https://web.archive.org/web/20231207081745/http://iwf.ucsd.edu/ (accessed on 19 December 2023). |
17 | A World’s Fair is defined by John Findling [66] as a ’large international exhibition of a wide variety of industrial, scientific, and cultural items that are on display at a specific site for a period of time, ranging usually from three to six months. World’s fairs include exhibits from a significant number of countries and often have an entertainment zone in which visitors can enjoy rides, exotic attractions, and food and beverages’. |
18 | The most relevant collections concerning World’s Fairs are the Smithsonian Library’s World’s Fairs digital library (available online: https://library.si.edu/digital-library/collection/worlds-fairs, accessed on 16 December 2023), the University of Chicago Library’s Chicago Collections (available online: https://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/c.php?g=525812&p=3633977, accessed on 16 December 2023), the University of Maryland Hornbake Library’s A Treasury of World’s Fair Art and Architecture collection (available online: https://digital.lib.umd.edu/worldsfairs, accessed on 16 December 2023), the Special Collection and University Archives of the University of Maryland’s World’s Fair Ephemeral and Graphic Materials collection (available online: https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1351, accessed on 16 December 2023), the Missouri State Archives and Missouri State Library’s Louisiana Purchase Exposition: The 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair collection (available online: https://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/mdh_splash/default.asp?coll=muellis, accessed on 16 December 2023), the New York Public Library with the collection dedicated to the 1939-1940 New York World’s Fair, the New York World’s Fair 1939 and 1940 Incorporated records collections (available online: https://archives.nypl.org/mss/2233, accessed on 16 December 2023), the Seattle Public Library with the Century 21 World’s Fair Digital Document Library (available online: https://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/exhibits-and-education/digital-document-libraries/century-21-worlds-fair and https://cdm16118.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15015coll3, accessed on 16 December 2023), the San Diego History Center’s Panama-California Exposition. San Diego 1915-1916 Exposition Postcard and Postcard Tour1 collection (available online: https://sandiegohistory.org/collection/photographs/sdexpo4/, accessed on 16 December 2023), the University of Delaware Library’s Progress Made Visible: American World’s Fairs and Expositions collection (available online: https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/worlds-fairs/, accessed on 16 December 2023), the Library of the California State University of Fresno’s Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs collection (available online: https://calisphere.org/collections/26551/, accessed on 16 December 2023). |
19 | https://www.gale.com/intl (accessed on 5 December 2023). |
20 | https://www.amdigital.co.uk/ (accessed on 5 December 2023). |
21 | Currently, the original website (https://www.1939nyworldsfair.com/about.htm) does not work; fortunately, it has been saved on the Internet Archive and is visible at https://web.archive.org/web/20231116011715/https://www.1939nyworldsfair.com/ (accessed on 16 December 2023). |
22 | The waterfall method is an approach applied in engineering to manage an information system project according to a linear progression. For further information, see Ismanto [9]. |
23 | Base maps are static maps—like satellite imagery, toponomastic, political, or thematic maps—providing the geographical context to layers. Their selection is based on the use of the WebGIS; WMS are effective and cheap solutions as base maps. Operational layers are an entire dataset or the result of an operation—such as a query—and generally are dynamic elements with which users work on top of base maps. Operational layers—like raster or vector files—can be stored in a geo-DB, surpassing the use of shapefiles. |
24 | https://www.arcgis.com/index.html (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
25 | https://enterprise.arcgis.com/en/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
26 | https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-web-appbuilder/overview (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
27 | https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-experience-builder/overview (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
28 | https://www.apple.com/safari/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
29 | https://www.google.com/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
30 | https://www.mozilla.org/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
31 | https://www.microsoft.com/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
32 | https://www.opera.com/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
33 | https://www.samsung.com/us/support/owners/app/samsung-internet (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
34 | The built-environment objects term is defined by Getty AAT as a ‘General term for any built works or other things classified as being of the built environment, whether extant or not, constructed or not’ (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300422821, accessed on 20 December 2023). The components term is defined by Getty AAT as the ‘Constituent parts of a larger object. A component differs from an item in that the item can stand alone as an independent work but the component typically cannot or does not stand alone. Examples are a panel of a polyptych or a discrete architectural component such as a dome’ (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300241583, accessed on 20 December 2023). For the Turin 1911 purpose, components belong to a single built-environment object. |
35 | The definition of each term is extracted from Getty AAT: architectural documents, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300343615; archival materials, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300379505; glossary, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300026189; lists, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300027119; location, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300248479; protagonists http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300410266; and secondary sources, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300448977 (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
36 | https://www.ifla.org/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
37 | https://www.getty.edu/research/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
38 | https://laravel.com/ (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
39 | Configurable Apps, Dashboard, Experience Builder, Hub, Instant Apps, Story Maps, and Web AppBuilder are available on ArcGIS Online. Except for ArcGIS Hub, all of these apps are also available on ArcGIS Enterprise. Besides these, other apps are available: App Studio, App Studio developer edition, Business Analyst, Drone2Map, Enterprise Sites, Excalibur, Experience Builder developer edition, Field Map, ArcGIS for Office, ArcGIS for SharePoint, GeoPlanner, Indoors, Insights, Maps for Adobe Creative Cloud, Mission Manager, Navigator, QuickCapture, Solutions, StreetMap Premium, Survey 123, Web AppBuilder developer edition, Workflow Manager, Workforce, Map Viewer, and Scene Viewer (https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/create-maps/create-map-apps.htm and https://enterprise.arcgis.com/en/apps/, accessed on 20 December 2023). |
40 | BDTRE is the geographic DB for the Piedmont territory; it is available online: https://www.geoportale.piemonte.it/cms/bdtre/bdtre-2 and https://www.geoportale.piemonte.it/cms/images/bdtre_doc/Specifica2.0.pdf (accessed on 20 December 2023). BDTRE shapefiles are dated back to 2019; they are in the Monte Mario reference system (EPSG:3003) and are converted in WGS84UTM32N with ConveRgo—https://www.cisis.it/?page_id=3214 (accessed on 20 December 2023). |
41 | The adjust transformation is optimized for both global and local accuracy; it uses an algorithm combining a polynomial transformation and a TIN interpolation technique. It uses control points for the polynomial transformation and adjusts control points’ positions using the TIN interpolation techniques. |
42 | The spline transformation is optimized for local and not global accuracy; it is based on a spline function, and it registers precisely the control points giving a null error, but pixels far away from the control points are not necessarily accurate. |
43 | |
44 | |
45 | The DTM is obtained from the 1:10000 Carta Tecnica Regionale Numerica (CTRN). It has 10-m resolution and 5-m accuracy; the original reference system is WGS84 UTM 32N and is converted into WGS 1984 Web Mercator. |
46 | |
47 | The Z-value indicates the geometry elevation, while the M- value can record other distance values, such as the distance value from a selected starting point. https://developers.sap.com/tutorials/hana-spatial-intro5-z-m-coordinates.html (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
48 | |
49 | https://community.esri.com/t5/map-viewer-beta-ques-read-only/will-the-new-map-viewer-be-supported-in-web/td-p/275111 (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
50 | https://support.esri.com/en/technical-article/000026323 (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
51 | https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/web-appbuilder/announcements/arcgis-web-appbuilder-roadmap-for-retirement/ (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
52 | Except for city and province pavilions and colonial exhibits, all of these classification terms are taken from the Getty AAT: entrance structures, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300445044; exhibition kiosks, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300448853; gardens (open spaces) and national pavilions, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300448941; office buildings, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300007043; permanent structures, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300448942; recreation structures, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300122263; theme structures, http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300448978; and transportation structures http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300120693 (accessed on 28 December 2023). |
53 | |
54 | https://pagespeed.web.dev/ (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
55 | FCP measures the amount of time needed to load any content—like images and text—on the web page opened by a user for the first time. https://web.dev/articles/fcp (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
56 | LCP measures the amount of time requested for the larger content—an image or text block—to be fully visible on the web page opened by a user for the first time. https://web.dev/articles/lcp (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
57 | TBT measures the amount of time after the FCP during which the main thread is blocked; during this time, the browser has to wait to finish the task before responding. https://web.dev/articles/tbt?hl=it (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
58 | https://developers.google.com/speed/docs/insights/v5/about?hl=it (accessed on 21 December 2023). |
59 | The test was performed using a computer with a WiFi connection and a 125.82 Mbps download speed and a smartphone with a 4G internet connection and a 37.95 Mbps download speed. |
60 | See https://support.esri.com/en-us/products/arcgis-enterprise/life-cycle (accessed on 22 December 2023). |
61 |
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Scope | Simple tool to explore and research the built-environment objects and components of the Turin 1911 World’s Fair. WebGIS integrated into a website. Little information is inserted into the WebGIS; in-depth information is on the website. |
Users | Scholars without GIS expertise and the general public. |
Uses | Only 2D/3D visualization with little information using basic tools (navigation, preconfigured searching, and querying tools). |
Devices | Desktops, tablets, and smartphones. |
Browsers | Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera, and Samsung Internet. |
Existing data | Retrieved data harmonized in a new data model. |
Data entities | 1911 City of Turin map (raster data), 1911 Turin fairground map (raster), architectural documents (non-spatial data), archival materials (non-spatial data), blocks of the City of Turin (vector data), built-environment objects (vector data), components (vector data), DTM (raster data), glossary (non-spatial data), lists (non-spatial data), locations (non-spatial data), protagonists (non-spatial data), and secondary sources (non-spatial data). |
Data structure | Novel. |
DB model | Relational geo-DB stored on an Ubuntu server. |
DBMS software | PostgreSQL 13.3. |
GIS software | ArcGIS Pro 2.9. |
WebGIS applications | ArcGIS Online and Enterprise; WAB and Experience Builder. |
GIS server | ArcGIS server 10.8.1. |
Interoperability with other software | Lavarel for website development. |
Cataloging Standard | Getty CDWA and FDA guide; ISBD. |
Geographical standard | WMS and WFS. |
thesauri | Getty AAT, ULAN, and TGN. |
LOD | Getty AAT, ULAN, and TGN. |
Ontologies | Not used. |
Data and WebGIS authorship | Turin 1911 team, Politecnico di Torino and University of California San Diego. |
Computers | Mobile Devices | |
---|---|---|
First contentful paint (s) | 0.3 | 1.2 |
Largest contentful paint (s) | 4.6 | 19.5 |
Total blocking time (ms) | 1.72 | 9.5 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Spreafico, A.; Chiabrando, F. 3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities. Heritage 2024, 7, 913-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7020044
Spreafico A, Chiabrando F. 3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities. Heritage. 2024; 7(2):913-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7020044
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpreafico, Alessandra, and Filiberto Chiabrando. 2024. "3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities" Heritage 7, no. 2: 913-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7020044
APA StyleSpreafico, A., & Chiabrando, F. (2024). 3D WebGIS for Ephemeral Architecture Documentation and Studies in the Humanities. Heritage, 7(2), 913-947. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7020044