A 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Multi-Hop Network for Mountainous Forest and Watercourse Environments: Sensor Node Deployment and Performance Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Proposed Wireless Network
Algorithm 1: The communication procedure | |
Transmitter | Relay 1 |
01: IF Receive any packet from Relay 2 and Receiver THEN 02: Discard such a packet 03: END IF 04: IF Receive the data packet from Relay 1 THEN 05: Discard such a packet 06: END IF 07: IF Receive the command packet from Relay 1 THEN 08: Transmit power setting 09: Sampling rate setting 10: Packet number configuration 11: Send all data packets to Relay 1 by unicasting 12: Stop to send the packet 13: Resetting transmit power and sampling rate to the defaults 14: END IF 15: IF Receive the acknowledgement packet from Relay 1 THEN 16: Accept the acknowledgement packet and send the data packet 17: END IF | 01: IF Receive the data packet from Relay 2 or the command packet from Receiver or the acknowledgement packet from Receiver THEN 02: Discard such a packet 03: END IF 04: IF Receive the command packet from Relay 2 THEN 05: Forward the packet to Transmitter by unicasting 06: END IF 07: IF Receive the data packet from Transmitter THEN 08: Forward the packet to Relay 2 by unicasting 09: END IF 10: IF Receive the acknowledgement packet from Relay 2 THEN 11: Accept the acknowledgement packet and forward the data packet 12: END IF |
Relay 2 | Receiver |
01: IF Receive the data packet from Transmitter or the command packet form Relay 1 or the acknowledgement packet from Relay1 THEN 02: Discard such a packet 03: END IF 04: IF Receive the command packet from Receiver THEN 05: Forward the packet to Relay 1 by unicasting 06: END IF 07: IF Receive the data packet from Relay 1 THEN 08: Forward the packet to Receiver by unicasting 09: END IF 10: IF Receive the acknowledgement packet from Receiver THEN 11: Accept the acknowledgement packet and forward the data packet 12: END IF | 01: IF Receive the data packet from Transmitter or Relay 1 or the acknowledgement packet from Relay1 or Relay2 THEN 02: Discard such a packet //Note: to check multi-hop operations in this work, receiver can receive transmitter’s data only from Relay 2 03: END IF 04: IF Receive the command packet from any nodes THEN 05: Discard such a packet 06: END IF 07: IF Receive the data packet from Relay 2 THEN 08: Extract the any information form the packet 09: Forward all information to Computer via the serial port 10: END IF 11: IF Receive the request from Computer THEN 12: Set required transmit power 13: Set required sampling rate 14: Send the command packet packets to Relay 2 by unicasting 15: END IF |
2.2. Sensor Node Deployment Solution
3. Experiments
4. Evaluation Metrics
5. Experimental Results and Discussion
5.1. Communication Performances
5.2. Sensing Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
RSSI | Received signal strength indicator |
PDR | Packet delivery ratio |
ETED | End-to-end delay |
WSN | Wireless sensor network |
IoT | Internet of Things |
GUI | Graphical user interface |
UAV | Unmanned aerial vehicle |
NB | Narrow band |
LoS | Line-of-sight |
NLoS | Non-line-of-sight |
GPS | Global position system |
QoS | Quality of service |
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Works | Multi-Hop Technology | Applications | Major Study |
---|---|---|---|
[4] | 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 | Agricultural field surveillance |
|
[5] | IEEE 802.11af-compliant network | Deployment of a multi-hop network in a university (University of San Carlos) |
|
[6] | 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 |
| The development of a real-time WSN for monitoring the health of heritage buildings |
[7] | Mica2 motes with Chipcon 1000 RF modules (433 MHz frequency) |
| The development of a multi-hop WSN for wildfire tracking |
[8] | Arduino Nano board with the 2.4 GHz nrf24L01 module | Forest fire detection | The development of a WSN system for forest fire identification |
[9] | ZigBee nodes with CC2520-CC2591EM | Mar Menor lagoon monitoring | The development of a WSN system for the monitoring of Mar Menor lagoon |
[10] | 2.4 GHz, IEEE802.15.4 | Multi-hop WSN for different environments |
|
[11] | 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 | Multi-hop network for indoor environments |
|
[12] | UAV with IEEE 802.15.4 | UAV WSNs | The evaluation of the quality of aerial links in low-power WSNs in terms of RSSI signals and the PDR |
This work | 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4 | Multi-hop network for mountainous forest and watercourse environments |
|
Specifications | |
---|---|
Operating frequency band | ISM 2.4–2.4835 GHz |
RF and serial data rates | 250 Kbps RF, 1 Mbps |
Indoor/urban range | Up to 200 ft (60 m) |
Outdoor/RF line-of-sight range | Up to 4000 ft (1200 m) |
Transmission power | +8 dBm (maximum power) or 6.3 mW |
Receiver sensitivity | −103 dBm |
Serial communications | UART, I2C |
Supply voltage | 2.6 VDC–3.6 VDC |
Antenna | On-board chip antenna |
Operating temperature | −40 to 85 °C (industrial) |
Operating current (transmit, typical) | 40 mA, @ +3.3 V, +8 dBm |
Operating current (receive, typical) | 17 mA |
Power-down current, typical | 2 µA @ 25 °C |
Number of channels | 16 direct sequence channels Channels 11 to 26 |
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Share and Cite
Booranawong, A.; Hirunkitrangsri, P.; Buranapanichkit, D.; Pochaiya, C.; Jindapetch, N.; Saito, H. A 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Multi-Hop Network for Mountainous Forest and Watercourse Environments: Sensor Node Deployment and Performance Evaluation. Signals 2024, 5, 774-793. https://doi.org/10.3390/signals5040043
Booranawong A, Hirunkitrangsri P, Buranapanichkit D, Pochaiya C, Jindapetch N, Saito H. A 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Multi-Hop Network for Mountainous Forest and Watercourse Environments: Sensor Node Deployment and Performance Evaluation. Signals. 2024; 5(4):774-793. https://doi.org/10.3390/signals5040043
Chicago/Turabian StyleBooranawong, Apidet, Puwasit Hirunkitrangsri, Dujdow Buranapanichkit, Charernkiat Pochaiya, Nattha Jindapetch, and Hiroshi Saito. 2024. "A 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Multi-Hop Network for Mountainous Forest and Watercourse Environments: Sensor Node Deployment and Performance Evaluation" Signals 5, no. 4: 774-793. https://doi.org/10.3390/signals5040043
APA StyleBooranawong, A., Hirunkitrangsri, P., Buranapanichkit, D., Pochaiya, C., Jindapetch, N., & Saito, H. (2024). A 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Multi-Hop Network for Mountainous Forest and Watercourse Environments: Sensor Node Deployment and Performance Evaluation. Signals, 5(4), 774-793. https://doi.org/10.3390/signals5040043