Physics

28 pages, 7293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of p-Type PdPc and n-Type SnZnO into Hybrid Nanofibers Using Simple Chemical Route for Enhancement of Schottky Diode Efficiency

by A. Al-Sayed, Miad Ali Siddiq and Elsayed Elgazzar

Physics 2025, 7(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7010004 - 23 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Palladium phthalocyanine (PdPc) and palladium phthalocyanine integrated with tin–zinc oxide (PdPc:SnZnO) were prepared using a simple chemical approach, and their structural and morphological properties were identified using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The PdPc:SnZnO nanohybrid revealed a polycrystalline structure combining n-type metal oxide SnZnO nanoparticles with p-type organic PdPc molecules. The surface morphology exhibited wrinkled nanofibers decorated with tiny spheres and had a large aspect ratio. The thin film revealed significant optical absorption within the ultraviolet and visible spectra, with narrow band gaps measured at 1.52 eV and 2.60 eV. The electronic characteristics of Al/n-Si/PdPc/Ag and Al/n-Si/PdPc:SnZnO/Ag Schottky diodes were investigated using the current–voltage dependence in both the dark conditions and under illumination. The photodiodes displayed non-ideal behavior with an ideality factor greater than unity. The hybrid diode showed considerably high rectification ratio of 899, quite a low potential barrier, substantial specific photodetectivity, and high enough quantum efficiency, found to be influenced by dopant atoms and the unique topological architecture of the nanohybrid. The capacitance/conductance–voltage dependence measurements revealed the influence of alternative current signals on trapped centers at the interface state, leading to an increase in charge carrier density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics)

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20 pages, 4250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Optoelectronic Properties and Solar Cell Performance of Cs₂SnI_6−xBr_x Lead-Free Double Perovskites: Combined DFT and SCAPS Simulation

by B. Rezini, T. Seddik, M. Batouche, H. Ben Abdallah, W. Ouerghui, Mostafa M. Salah, Muhammad Ahsan, Ahmed Shaker, Tahani I. Al-Muhimeed, Ahmed Saeed and Mohamed Mousa

Physics 2025, 7(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7010003 - 17 Jan 2025

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Abstract

This paper presents detailed results regarding the physical behavior of Cs₂SnI_6−xBr_x alloys for their potential use in photovoltaic applications. Numerical computations based on density functional theory (DFT) revealed that Br substitution at I sites significantly influenced the electronic structure of Cs₂SnI₆, resulting in an increase in bandgap values from 1.33 eV to 2.24 eV. Additionally, we analyzed the optical properties, including the absorption coefficient, which exhibited high values in the visible light region, highlighting the material’s excellent light-trapping abilities. Moreover, Cs₂SnI_6−xBr_x compounds were employed as absorber materials in an fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) TiO₂/Cs₂SnI₆/P3HT/Ag perovskite solar cell (PSC) to investigate its performance. The simulation process consisted of two interconnected steps: (i) the DFT calculations to derive the material properties and (ii) the SCAPS–1D (one-dimensional (1D) solar cell capacity simulator) simulation to model device performance. To ensure reliability, the SCAPS–1D simulation was calibrated against experimental data. Following this, Cs₂SnI_6−xBr_x compound with various ratios of Br content, ranging from 0 to 6, was investigated to propose an efficient solar cell design. Furthermore, the cell structure was optimized, resulting in a development in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 0.47% to 3.07%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics)

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22 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Josephson Junction Dynamics as a Ride on a Roller Coaster

by Ciro Nappi, Carlo Camerlingo and Roberto Cristiano

Physics 2025, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7010002 - 16 Jan 2025

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Abstract

We discuss the dynamics of a roller coaster cart driven by a constant force along the suspended track of a winding roller coaster. The track is assumed to be arbitrarily long and specially shaped. It is composed of semicircular track portions, in the form of valleys and hills, standing vertically in the same plane. This is a mechanical analog of Josephson junction electrodynamics. To demonstrate the explanatory potential of this analogy, we focus particularly on the conditions of de-trapping of the cart from one of the valleys of the track. This mechanical process has its analog in non-noise-generated premature switching to the finite voltage state of a Josephson junction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics Education)

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17 pages, 854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Stationary Flow of a Viscous Incompressible Electrically Conductive Liquid on a Rotating Plate in the Presence of Media Injection (Suction), Considering Induction and Diffusion Effects

by Anatoly A. Gurchenkov and Ivan A. Matveev

Physics 2025, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics7010001 - 10 Jan 2025

Viewed by 450

Abstract

The branch of physics known as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) emerged in the middle of the 20th century. MHD models, being substantially nonlinear, are quite challenging for theoretical study and allow nontrivial consideration only in particular limited cases. Thus, due to the exceptional growth of calculation power, research on MHD is now primarily concentrated on numerical modeling. The achievements are considerable; however, there is a possibility of overlooking some phenomena or missing an optimal approach to modeling and calculating that could be identified with theoretical guidance. The paper presents a theoretical study of a particular class of boundary and initial conditions. The flow of a viscous, electrically conductive fluid on a rotating plate in the presence of a magnetic field is considered. The fluid and the bounding plate rotate together with a constant angular velocity around an axis that is not perpendicular to the plane. The flow is induced by sudden longitudinal vibrations of the plate, injection (suction) of the medium through the plate, and an applied magnetic field directed normal to the plate. The full equation of magnetic induction is used, taking into account both the induction effect and energy dissipation due to the flow of electric currents. An analytical solution of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics equations in a half-space bounded by a plate is presented. The solution is given in the form of a superposition of plane waves propagating with certain wave numbers along the y-coordinate axis. For certain regions of system parameters, the vibration of the bounding plate does not cause waves in the media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Classical Physics)

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