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Article

A New Unnatural Amino Acid Derived from the Modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and Its Mixed-Ligand Complexes with Ruthenium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties

by
Konstantinos Ypsilantis
1,
Antonia Garypidou
1,
Andreas Gikas
1,
Alexandros Kiapekos
1,
John C. Plakatouras
1,2 and
Achilleas Garoufis
1,2,*
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
2
Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemistry 2023, 5(1), 151-163; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5010012
Submission received: 12 December 2022 / Revised: 4 January 2023 / Accepted: 13 January 2023 / Published: 15 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coordination Chemistry: Current Developments and Future Perspectives — A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Spyros P. Perlepes on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday)
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Abstract

:
The modification of the methyl group of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine produced the novel unnatural amino acid 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid (phet). Mononuclear heteroleptic ruthenium complexes of the general formulae [Ru(L1)(L2)](PF6)2 (L1 = 2-acetylamino-2-(4-[2,2′:6′,2″]terpyridine-4′-yl-benzyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester, (phem), 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, (phet), and L2 = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy), 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ptpy), 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (mptpy)), as well as the homoleptic [Ru(phem)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2, were synthesized and characterized by means of NMR spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties of the synthesized complexes were also studied.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) are amino acids which are not involved in the protein synthesis process in the cell. They are also called non-proteogenic amino acids. Even though several UAAs frequently occur in nature [1], most of them are chemically synthesized [2,3]. UAAs are promising therapeutic substances as single amino acids [4,5] and scaffolds for peptidomimetics [4,5], precursors in organic synthesis [6], antibody–drug conjugates [7], smart materials [8], and fluorescent probes for biomedical applications [9,10]. Among the various types of UAAs, α-amino acids analogous are very important motifs for pharmaceutical compounds [11,12,13,14]. Phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives are unambiguously the most studied unnatural α-amino acids as they are already in clinical use [15,16,17]. Several synthetic procedures based on transition metal catalysts to modify the phenylalanine in a highly selective manner have been investigated [18,19].
On the other hand, 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridines can act as tridentate chelating ligands forming very stable metal complexes. These complexes have attracted research interest due to their unique properties as photoluminescence compounds, DNA binders, sensors, tumour inhibitors and photosensitizers in PDT [20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Despite that, Ru-bis-terpyridine complexes have rarely been investigated as photosensitizers since they do not acquire the appropriate photophysical requirements for PDT [27,28]. However, 4′-substituted terpyridines with proper units may improve the photophysical properties of Ru-bis-terpyridine complexes [29]. Moreover, properly 4′-substituted terpyridines can be used as effective building blocks to form polynuclear metal complexes [30,31,32]. Thus, Ru-bis-terpyridine mononuclear complexes are linked to each other by various linkers and with various types of bonds [30] in order to form polymeric structures. The most common types of bonds are: (a) carbon–carbon bonds, as in the cases of phenylene-linked [33] or alkyne-linked complexes [34] and (b) amide bonds that are formed between heteroleptic Ru-bis-terpyridine complexes containing a 4′-carboxyl group-substituted tpy from one side and a 4΄-amino group one from the other [35,36,37]. Additionally, tpy units are incorporated as side chains in polymeric materials producing various interesting structures such as those recently reported by Wang et al. [38]. The synthesized polymer is a novel white-light-emitting fluorescent material. Inspired by the above, we designed and synthesized the UAA 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid (phet) through the modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, so it can be potentially used as a building block in the formation of polynuclear metal complexes or polymeric materials (Scheme 1).
Herein, we also report on the synthesis and characterization of the heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes containing phet and its precursor phem, with the general formula [Ru(L1)(L2)](PF6)2 (L1 = 2-acetylamino-2-(4-[2,2′:6′,2″]terpyridine-4′-yl-benzyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester, (phem), 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, (phet), and L2 = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy), 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ptpy), 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (mptpy)), as well as the homoleptic [Ru(phem)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2. Additionally, we investigated some photophysical properties of the synthesized complexes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All solvents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine 98%, 2-acetylpyridine 98%, benzaldehyde 99%, p-tolualdehyde 97%, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) 99%, benzoyl peroxide 70%, and diethyl acetamidomalonate 98% were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Alfa Aesar. Hydrated ruthenium trichloride, RuCl3·3H2O, was purchased from Pressure Chemical Company (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Deuterated solvents for NMR spectroscopy were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The compounds 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ptpy) [39], 4′-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (mptpy) [40,41], 4′-[4-bromomethyl-phenyl)- 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine [40], [Ru(tpy)Cl3] [42], [Ru(ptpy)Cl3] [42], and [Ru(mptpy)Cl3] [42] were synthesized according to the literature methods.

2.2. Methods

C, H, N determinations were performed on a PerkinElmer 2400 series II analyser. Electrospray mass spectra (ESI-MS) were obtained on an Agilent Technology LC/MSD trap SL instrument and Thermo Scientific, LTQ Orbitrap XL™ high-resolution system. Absorption spectra were measured in a Jasco V-650 spectrophotometer in a 1 cm path length cell for the region 900–220 nm. NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance spectrometers operating at proton frequencies of 400.13 and 500.13 MHz and were processed using Topspin 4.07 (Bruker Analytik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany). Two-dimensional COSY and TOCSY spectra were recorded using the standard Brucker procedures.

2.3. Fluorescence Emission Studies

The fluorescence emission study was carried out using a Jasco FP-8300 fluorometer equipped with a xenon lamp source. The photoluminescence quantum yields of the solutions were calculated by the equation Qs = Qr(Ar/As) (Es/Er) (ns/nr)2, using [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 in degassed water as a reference standard (Qr = 0.04). ‘A’ represents the absorbance of the solution, ‘E’ the integrated fluorescence intensity of the emitted light, ‘n’ is the refractive index of the solvents and subscripts ‘r’ and ‘s’ correspond to the reference and the sample, respectively. By the equation Q = S2/S0 − S1 the quantum yield of solid state of the complexes were calculated. S2 denotes the integrated emission intensity of the sample and S0, S1 stand for the excitation intensities of the standard and the sample, respectively.

2.4. Synthesis of the Compounds and the Ruthenium Complexes

2-acetylamino-2-(4-[2,2′:6′,2″]terpyridine-4′-yl-benzyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester, (1), (phem): In a single-neck 250 mL round-bottom flask, 100 mL of MeCN, 402 mg (1 mmol) of 4′-[4-bromomethyl-phenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, 217 mg (1 mmol) of diethyl acetamidomalonate, 276 mg (2 mmol) of K2CO3, and 166 mg (1 mmol) of KI were added in this order. The mixture was refluxed for 12 h, cooled at ambient temperature, filtered from the unreacted materials, and the orange solution was evaporated to dryness, under reduced pressure. The crude red-brown solid was dissolved in 100 mL of CH2Cl2 and washed three times with 100 mL of distilled water. The organic phase was collected carefully, dried with MgSO4, and evaporated almost to dryness. The microcrystalline pale-yellow product was collected with filtration, washed with toluene, and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 80% (430 mg). C31H30N4O5 (538.2): Calc. C, 69.13; H, 5.61; N, 10.40. Found C, 68.82; H, 5.83; N, 10.52. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz) H3H3″ = 8.77 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4H4″ = 8.05 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H5H5″ = 7.54 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.4); H6H6″ = 8.77 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.3); H2‴H6‴ = 7.87 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H3‴H5‴= 7.20 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H3′H5′ = 8.71 (s, 2H); NH = 8.17 (s, 1H); βCH2- = 3.53 (s, 2H); CH3-[acetylamide] = 2.00 (s, 3H); CH3-[ethylester] = 1.21 (t, 6H, 3J = 6.2); CH2-[ethylester] = 4.20 (q, 4H, 3J = 7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 539.2280; calculated for [C31H30N4O5 + H]+, m/z = 539.2289, assigned to [(1)H]+.
(R, S)-3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid (2), (phet): In a single-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask, 50 mL of 6M aqueous HCl and 430 mg (0.8 mmol) of (1) were added. The mixture was refluxed for 48 hours, cooled at ambient temperature, filtered from the impurities, and evaporated to dryness. The solid product was dissolved in 50 mL of distilled water and the pH was adjusted to 4.5–5. After 24 h in the fridge, a microcrystalline solid appeared, and was collected with filtration, washed two times with 5 mL of H2O and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 75% (300 mg). C24H20N4O2 (396.2): Calc. C, 72.71; H, 5.08; N, 14.13. Found C, 72.52; H, 5.13; N, 14.08. 1H NMR (DCl, pH = 2, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz) H3H3″ = 7.87 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H4H4″ = 8.69 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H5H5″ = 8.08 (t, 2H, 3J = 6.9); H6H6″ = 8.89 (d, 2H, 3J = 6.0); H3′H5′ = 8.71 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.80 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H3‴H5‴ = 7.44 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); αCH- = 4.32 (t, 1H, 3J = 6.2); βCH2- = 3.27, 3.30 (m, 2H, 3JHαHβ1/HαHβ2 = 6.3/7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 397.1644, z = 1; calculated for [C24H20N4O2]+, m/z = 397.1659, assigned to [phet]+. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 400 MHz). [phet]: H3′H5′ = 8.71 (s, 4H); H3H3″ = 8.68 (d, 4H); H4H4″ = 8.04 (t, 4H); H5H5″ = 7.53 (t, 4H); H6H6″ = 8.77 (d, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 7.86 (d, 4H); H3‴H5‴ = 7.49 (d, 4H); αCH- = 3.44 (m, 1H); βCH2- = 3.30, 3.32 (m, 2H).
Ru(phem)Cl3, (3): In a solution of 50 mL MeOH containing 130 mg (0.5 mmol) of RuCl3·3H2O, 270 mg (0.5 mmol) of phem was added under continuous stirring. After 1 h at ambient temperature, a dark-red precipitate appeared, which was filtered off, washed two times with 5 mL cold MeOH, and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 90% (340 mg). C31H30Cl3N4O5Ru (746): Calc. C, 49.91; H, 4.05; N, 7.51. Found C, 49.63; H, 4.22; N, 7.38.
[Ru(tpy)(phem)](PF6)2 (4): In a double-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask, 15 mL of ethylene glycol, 45 mg (0.1 mmol) of Ru(tpy)Cl3, and 54 mg (0.1 mmol) of phem were added. The mixture was heated at reflux under a stream of argon for 12 hours and cooled slowly at ambient temperature, and 20 mL of distilled water was added. To the resulting red solution, about 20 mg (0.1 mmol) of KPF6 was added under continuous stirring and the mixture was kept overnight in the fridge. The dark-red precipitate was collected through filtration and purified chromatographically as follows: The crude product was dissolved in 2 mL of MeCN:H2O 6:1, saturated with KNO3, loaded on a column of silica (30 cm × 2 cm), and eluted with the same solvent. The first red-coloured band was collected and evaporated to dryness. The resulting solid was dissolved in saturated aqueous solution of KPF6 where the complex (4) was precipitated, collected through filtration, and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 65% (75 mg). C46H41F12N7O5P2Ru (1162.9): Calc. C, 47.51; H, 3.55; N, 8 [tpy]: H3H3″ = 9.09 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4H4″ = 8.06 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.8); H5H5″ = 7.28 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.0); H6H6″ = 7.43 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.7); H3′H5′ = 8.84 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H4′ = 8.54 (t, 1H, 3JH3′H4′ = 8.1). [phem]: H3H3″ = 9.11 (d, 2H, 3JH3H4 = 7.9); H4H4″ = 8.04 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H5H5″ = 7.26 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.5); H6H6″ = 7.51 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.2); H3′H5′ = 9.45 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.38 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H3‴H5‴ = 7.36 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); NH = 8.19 (s, 1H); βCH2- = 3.66 (s, 2H); CH3-[acetylamide] = 2.02 (s, 3H); CH3-[ethylester] = 1.23 (t, 6H, 3J = 6.3); CH2-[ethylester] = 4.22(q, 4H, 3J = 7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 436.6112, z = 2; calculated for [C46H41N7O5Ru]2+, m/z = 436.6101, assigned to [Ru(tpy)(phem)]2+.
[Ru(ptpy)(phem)](PF6)2 (5): In a double-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask, 10 mL of ethylene glycol, 53 mg (0.1 mmol) of Ru(ptpy)Cl3, and 54 mg (0.1 mmol) of phem were added. The mixture was heated at reflux under a stream of argon for 24 h, cooled slowly at ambient temperature, and 20 mL of distilled water was added. To the resulting red solution, about 20 mg (0.1 mmol) of KPF6 was added under continuous stirring and the mixture was kept overnight in the fridge. The dark-red precipitate was collected through filtration and purified chromatographically as in the case of (1). The resulting solid was dissolved in saturated aqueous solution of KPF6 where the complex (5) was precipitated, collected by filtration, and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 65% (82 mg). C52H45F12N7O5P2Ru (1239): Calc. C, 50.41; H, 3.66; N, 7.91. Found C, 50.63; H, 3.82; N, 7.96. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz). [ptpy]: H3H3″ = 9.11 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H4H4″ = 8.06 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H5H5″ = 7.28 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H6H6″ = 7.53 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.5); H3′H5′ = 9.46 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.44 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H3‴H5‴ = 7.77 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H4‴ = 7.69 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.1); [phem]: H3H3″ = 9.11 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H4H4″ = 8.06 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H5H5″ = 7.27 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H6H6″ = 7.53 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.5); H3′H5′ = 9.47 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.44 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H3‴H5‴ = 7.37 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); NH = 8.19 (s, 1H); βCH2- = 3.66 (s, 2H); CH3-[acetylamide] = 2.04 (s, 3H); CH3[ethylester] = 1.25 (t, 6H, 3J = 6.3); CH2[ethylester] = 4.22 (q, 4H, 3J = 7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 474.6272, z = 2; calculated for [C52H45N7O5Ru]2+, m/z = 474.6257, assigned to [Ru(ptpy)(phem)]2+.
[Ru(mptpy)(phem)](PF6)2 (6): In a double-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask, 10 mL of ethylene glycol, 55 mg (0.1 mmol) of Ru(mptpy)Cl3, and 54 mg (0.1 mmol) phem were added. The mixture was heated at reflux under a stream of argon for 24 h, cooled slowly at ambient temperature, and 10 mL of distilled water were added. To the resulting red solution, about 20 mg (0.1 mmol) of KPF6 was added under continuous stirring and the mixture was kept overnight in the fridge. The dark-red precipitate was collected through filtration and purified chromatographically as in the case of (1). The resulting solid was dissolved in saturated aqueous solution of KPF6 where the complex (6) was precipitated, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 70% (89 mg). C53H47F12N7O5P2Ru (1253): Calc. C, 50.80; H, 3.78; N, 7.83. Found C, 50.68; H, 3.85; N, 7.68. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz) [mptpy]: H3′H5′ = 9.47 (s, 2H); H3H3″ = 9.11 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4H4″ = 8.07 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.8); H5H5″ = 7.27 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H6H6″ = 7.54 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.5); H2‴H6‴ = 8.38 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H3‴H5‴ = 7.58 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); βCH3 = 3.05 (s, 3H). [phem]: H3H3″ = 9.11 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4H4″ = 8.07 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H5H5″ = 7.27 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H6H6″ = 7.54 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.5); H3′H5′ = 9.47 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.42 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.5); H3‴H5‴ = 7.37 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.5); NH = 8.18 (s, 1H); βCH2- = 3.67 (s, 2H); CH3-[acetylamide] = 2.05 (s, 3H); CH3-[ethylester] = 1.26 (t, 6H, 3J = 6.3); CH2-[ethylester] = 4.23 (q, 4H, 3J = 7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 481.6337, z = 2; calculated for [C53H47N7O5Ru]2+, m/z = 481.6336, assigned to [Ru(mptpy)(phem)]2+.
[Ru(phem)2](PF6)2 (7): In a double-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask, 15 mL of ethylene glycol, 76 mg (0.1 mmol) of Ru(phem)Cl3, and 54 mg (0.1 mmol) phem were added. The mixture was heated at reflux under a stream of argon for 24 hours, cooled slowly at ambient temperature, and 20 mL of distilled water was added. To the resulting red solution, about 20 mg (0.1 mmol) of KPF6 was added and the mixture was kept overnight in the fridge. The red precipitate was collected through filtration and purified chromatographically as in the case of complex (1). The resulting solid was dissolved in saturated aqueous solution of KPF6 where the complex (7) was precipitated, collected by filtration, and dried under vacuum over CaCl2. Yield 50% (73 mg). C62H60F12N8O10P2Ru (1468.2): Calc. C, 50.72; H, 4.12; N, 7.63. Found C, 50.41; H, 4.23; N, 7.68. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz). [phem]: H3H3″ = 9.12 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4H4″ = 8.06 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H5H5″ = 7.27 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.5); H6H6″ = 7.52 (d, 2H, 3J = 6.0); H3′H5′ = 9.47 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.39 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H3‴H5‴ = 7.36 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); NH = 8.22 (s, 1H); βCH2- = 3.65(s, 2H); CH3-[acetylamide] = 2.04 (s, 3H); CH3[ethylester] = 1.24 (t, 6H, 3J = 6.3); CH2 [ethylester] = 4.23(q, 4H, 3J = 7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 589.1754, z = 2; calculated for [C62H60N8O10Ru]2+, m/z = 589.1732, assigned to [Ru(phem)2]2+.
The complexes, [Ru(tpy)(phet)](PF6)2 (8), [Ru(ptpy)(phet)](PF6)2 (9), [Ru(mptpy)(phet)](PF6)2 (10) and [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2 (11) were prepared similarly. In a typical experiment, 50 mg of the corresponding parent complex (4)–(7) was transferred in a single-neck 100 mL round-bottom flask and 10 mL of aqueous 3M HCl was added. The suspension was heated at reflux for 72 h under N2 and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The red solid was then dissolved in 50 mL of distillate water and 50 mg of KPF6 was added under continuous stirring. A dark-red microcrystalline product appeared after cooling the solution overnight in the fridge, was washed several times with cold H2O, and was dried under vacuum over CaCl2. The yield ranged from 75 to 85% depending on the complex.
[Ru(tpy)(phet)](PF6)2 (8): Yield 80%. C39H31F12N7O2P2Ru (1020.7): Calc. C, 45.89; H, 3.06; N, 9.61. Found C, 46.12; H, 3.23; N, 9.52. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz). [tpy]: H4′ = 8.53 (t, 1H, 3J = 8.1); H3′H5′ = 8.85 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H3H3″ = 9.15 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H4H4″ = 8.03 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H5H5″ = 7.27 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H6H6″ = 7.52 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.0). [phet]: H3H3″ = 9.11 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H4H4″ = 8.05 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H5H5″ = 7.28 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H6H6″ = 7.52 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.0); H3′H5′ = 9.49 (s, 2H); H2‴H6‴ = 8.46 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H3‴H5‴ = 7.68 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); αCH = 3.68 (t, 1H, 3JHαHβ = 6.1); βCH2 = 3.32, 3.38 (m, 2H, 3JHαHβ1/HαHβ2 = 6.1/7.3). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 365.5789, z = 2; calculated for [C39H31N7O2Ru]2+, m/z = 365.5786, assigned to [Ru(tpy)(phet)]2+.
[Ru(ptpy)(phet)](PF6)2 (9): Yield 75%. C45H35F12N7O2P2Ru (1096.8): Calc. C, 49.28; H, 3.22; N, 8.94. Found C, 49.72; H, 3.39; N, 8.79. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz). [ptpy]: H3′H5′ = 9.48 (s, 2H); H3H3″ = 9.12 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H4H4″ = 8.08 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H5H5″ = 7.27 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.6); H6H6″ = 7.53 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.1); H2‴H6‴ = 8.43 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H3‴H5‴ = 7.77 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4‴ = 7.68 (t, 1H, 3J = 7.6); [phet]: H3′H5′ = 9.48 (s, 2H); H3H3″ = 9.12 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H4H4″ = 8.08 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.2); H5H5″ = 7.28 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H6H6″ = 7.53 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.1); H2‴H6‴ = 8.45 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H3‴H5‴ = 7.66 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); αCH = 3.60 (t, 1H, 3J = 6.0); βCH2 = 3.32, 3.38 (m, 2H, 3JHαHβ1/HαHβ2 = 6.1/7.2). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 403.5938, z = 2; calculated for [C45H35N7O2Ru]2+, m/z = 403.5942, assigned to [Ru(ptpy)(phet)]2+.
[Ru(mptpy)(phet)](PF6)2 (10): Yield 80%. C46H37F12N7O2P2Ru (1110.8): Calc. C, 49.74; H, 3.36; N, 8.83. Found C, 50.02; H, 3.44; N, 8.72. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 3J in Hz, 400 MHz). [mptpy]: H3′H5′ = 9.48 (s, 2H); H3H3″ = 9.11(d, 2H, 3J = 8.1); H4H4″ = 8.06 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H5H5″ = 7.27 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.6); H6H6″= 7.56 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.0); H2‴H6‴ = 8.38, (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H3‴H5‴ = 7.58 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); phCH3 = 3.05 (s, 3H). [phet]: H3′H5′ = 9.46 (s, 2H); H3H3″ = 9.11(d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H4H4″ = 8.07 (t, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H5H5″ = 7.28 (t, 2H, 3J = 7.9); H6H6″ = 7.56(d, 2H, 3J = 5.0); H2‴H6‴ = 8.45 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); H3‴H5‴ = 7.66 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.0); αCH = 3.57 (t, 1H, 3J = 6.0); βCH2 = 3.29, 3.37 (m, 2H, 3JHαHβ1/HαHβ2 = 6.0/7.0). HR-ESI-MS: m/z = 410.6013, z = 2; calculated for [C46H37N7O2Ru]2+, m/z = 410.6021, assigned to [Ru(mptpy)(phet)]2+.
[Ru(phet)2](PF6)2 (11): Yield 85%. C48H40F12N8O4P2Ru (1183.9): Calc. C, 48.70; H, 3.41; N, 9.46. Found C, 49.01; H, 3.50; N, 9.42. 1H NMR (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ in ppm, 400 MHz). [phet]: H3′H5′ = 9.47 (s, 4H); H3H3″ = 9.12 (d, 4H, 3J = 8.2); H4H4″ = 8.07 (t, 4H, 3J = 7.5); H5H5″ = 7.28 (t, 4H, 3J = 7.5); H6H6″ = 7.53 (d, 2H, 3J = 5.6); H2‴H6‴ = 8.40 (d, 4H, 3J = 7.8); H3‴H5‴ = 7.66 (d, 4H, 3J = 7.8); αCH- = 3.62 (t, 2H, 3J = 5.4); βCH2- = 3.29, 3.38 (m, 4H, 3JHαHβ1/HαHβ2 = 4.2/6.5). ESI-MS: m/z = 447.1119, z = 2; calculated for [C48H40N8O4Ru]2+, m/z = 447.1103, assigned to [Ru(phet)]2+.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis

The ligand phet was synthesized through the following steps: (i) the selective bromination of the -CH3 group of mptpy with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in CCl4 using benzoyl peroxide as a radical initiator, (ii) the addition of the diethyl acetamidomalonate anion on the bromo-derivative and isolation of phem (1) and (iii) the acidic hydrolysis of the amide, ester, and decarboxylation of (1) forming the hydrochloric salt phet∙HCl. Adjusting the pH between 4.5 and 5, the pure amino acid phet (2) precipitated. The synthetic procedure is summarized in Scheme 2.
With the aim to isolate the complexes of the general formula [Ru(L1)(phet)](PF6)2 (L1 = tpy, ptpy, mptpy), we initially synthesized the complexes [Ru(L1)(phem)]2+. The reason is that, in contrast to phem, the ligand phet possesses an active carboxyl and amino group, which may potentially coordinate with the ruthenium centre. Attempts to synthesize these complexes through the reaction between the ligand phet and the corresponding complexes Ru(tpy)Cl3, Ru(mtpy)Cl3, Ru(phem)Cl3 and Ru(phet)Cl3 were made; however, mixtures of several products were observed. Thus, initially, we prepared the complexes (4)–(7) through the reaction of phem with their corresponding complexes in ethylene glycol and isolated them as [PF6]− salts. From boiling ethylene glycol, the Ru(III) was reduced to Ru(II) while oxidation species such as glyoxal and glycolaldehyde were formed. The isolated complexes (4)–(7) were subjected to acetic hydrolysis of the amide and diethyl esters, as well as decarboxylation of the phem Cα, forming the complexes (8)–(11) (Scheme 3).

3.2. Characterization

The 1H NMR spectrum of phem in dmso-d6 (Figure 1) showed significant differences from the spectrum of the original compound mptpy. Specifically, a new signal at 8.17 ppm was assigned to the NH amide proton, while the new signals in the aliphatic part of the spectrum were assigned to the acetyl group (CH3-acetylamide 2.00 ppm) and the methyl (1.21 ppm) or ethyl (4.20 ppm) groups of malonate ethyl esters. In addition, a singlet at 3.53 ppm was assigned to the protons of the βCH2. The aromatic protons of the phenyl-terpyridine moiety of phem shifted marginally in the range of ± 0.05 ppm, compared to the mptpy. However, the H3‴H5‴ shifted downfield by 0.25 ppm, indicating that the modification in the Cβ affects the neighbouring protons.
After the hydrolysis and decarboxylation of phem, the unnatural amino acid phet was formed. The proton signals of the acetamide NH and -CH3, as well as the signals of the malonate ethyl esters, were absent, indicating that the hydrolysis of these groups was achieved. In addition, a signal at 4.61 ppm was assigned to αCH, while the signals at 2.94 and 2.96 were assigned to the non-equivalent protons βCHA and βCHB. Additionally, the neighboring phenyl group protons H3‴H5‴ shifted further downfield from phem by 0.29 ppm. Phet is very soluble in DCl (0.01 M) which is an appropriate solvent for further NMR studies. At this pH, phet is protonated in the pyridine rings of tpy and the amino group of αC. In the aliphatic part of the spectrum, only two signals appeared assignable to αCH (4.32) and βCHA and HB (3.25 and 3.29 ppm). Once again, the two protons of βC, HA and HB are chemically non-equivalent and coupled further with the HX of αC, forming an ABX spin-splitting pattern (Figure 2a).
Complex (3) is insoluble in most of the common organic solvents. In order to form the homoleptic complex [Ru(phem)2]2+, it was used without further characterization. In the aromatic part of the 1H NMR spectrum of (4), the signals of the ending pyridine rings of tpy and phem overlapped, apart from those of terpyridines H6H6″ and phemH6H6″ which, in the cases of (4) (7.52, 7.43 ppm) and (8) (7.68, 7.52 ppm), appeared separately (Figure S1). These signals shifted upfield by 1.22 and 1.34 ppm, respectively, despite being expected to shift downfield, due to the coordination of the neighboring nitrogen atoms to the ruthenium center. This effect was observed for all the complexes (4)–(11) and was attributed to the perpendicular orientation of H6H6″ towards the metal t2g electron density and the π electron cloud of the other terpyridine ligands (phem or tpy) [43,44]. On the other hand, the signals of the middle pyridine protons, H3′H5′ and phem H3′H5′or phet H3′H5′, shifted significantly downfield, as expected (e.g., for (4) tpy H3′H5′ = 0.39 and phem H3′H5′ = 0.74 ppm).
In the aliphatic part of the 1H NMR spectra of (8)–(11) (Figures S5–S11) only the proton signals of αCH and βCH2 appeared, as well as the methyl group in the case of (10). Compared to the free phet in dmso-d6, the signals of βCH shifted slightly downfield probably indicating a conformational change in the Cβ-Ca bonds, due to the coordination of the terpyridine moiety of phet to the ruthenium center. However, the αCH shifted downfield by 0.13–0.24 ppm depending on the nature of the coordinated terpyridine.

3.3. Photophysical Studies

The absorption spectra of the complexes (4)–(7) and (8)–(11) are presented in Figure 3, while their photophysical data are summarized in Table 1. In general, the spectra of (4)–(7) and (8)–(11) are similar to each other, displaying a typical spectrum of Ru(II)-bis-terpyridine complex [45]. In the UV spectrum of (1), two absorption bands were observed at 251 and 277 nm, assigned to π → π* intra-ligand transitions as expected [33,46]. Similarly, in the spectrum of (2), the initial bands were slightly shifted due to the hydrolysis of the malonate ester and the decarboxylation of Cα. In the cases of (4)–(7) and (8)–(11), these bands shifted at lower energy, ranging from 286 to 289 nm and from 305 to 313 nm, respectively, depending on the nature of the additionally coordinated terpyridine. Additionally, hyperchromic or hypochromic effects were observed, due to the different contribution of each ligand to the π → π* transition.
The absorption bands which were observed between 488 and 491 nm were assigned to metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) with molar coefficients (ε) varying from 9.2 to 14.2 × 103 M−1cm−1. In general, our results are consistent with the previous report of Maestri et al. that the substitution in the 4′ position of the terpyridine with electron donating or accepting groups significantly affects the maxima of their MLCT band [47]. Comparing the MLCT λmax of the homoleptic (7) and (11) with that of the similar [Ru(tpy)2](PF6)2 and Ru(ptpy)2](PF6)2 in acetonitrile, a gradient red shift of the MLCT maxima was observed. The low energy shift can be corelated to the electron donation of the tpy 4′-substituents following the order: [Ru(tpy)2](PF6)2, 474 nm < [Ru(ptpy)2](PF6)2, 488 nm < [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2, 491 nm < [Ru(phem)2](PF6)2, 493 nm.
The emission and excitation data of the synthesized complexes and the free ligands in degassed acetonitrile solution and in solid state are presented in Table 1. By exciting the ligands (1) and (2) in the solid state, with λexc 311 and 350 nm, respectively, a weak green emission at 550 nm with low photoluminescent quantum yield was observed only for (2), while (1) was practically non-emitting.
Upon the excitation of complexes (4)–(7), both in acetonitrile solution and in the solid state, practically no emission was observed. On the other hand, the complexes (8)–(11) in acetonitrile emitted similarly at about 637–648 nm with low quantum yields which were calculated at about 1 to 2% (Figure 4). This is expected for Ru(II) complexes with 4′-substituted terpyridines [46]. Similar results have been reported previously by Zhang et al. [48] where Ru(II) complexes with 4,4′ substituted 2,2′-bipyridine were applied as sensitive luminescence probes for detection of cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy). The reaction of the non-luminescent probe with Cys and Hcy was accompanied by a notable luminescence increase. In the solid state, the complexes had similar spectra, producing a green emission with low quantum yields in the range of 0.1 to 3% depending on the nature of the coordinated ligands. Complex (11) was the most emissive (Q~3.3%) while (9) marginally emitted. All spectra showed a vibronic structure with vibronic spacing about 1750 and 800 cm−1 due to the high energy vibrations of the ligands. In general, emission was derived from the triplet excited states, mixed with 3MLCT and 3IL [49,50].

4. Conclusions

The synthesis of the novel UAA 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid (phet) through the modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine was achieved. Mononuclear heteroleptic ruthenium complexes of the general formulae [Ru(L1)(L2)](PF6)2, as well as the homoleptic [Ru(phem)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2, were synthesized and characterized. These complexes can be potentially used as a building block in the formation of polynuclear ruthenium complexes linked through amide bonds of the phet amino and carboxyl group. The photophysical properties of the synthesized complexes show that the complexes (8)–(11) emit moderately, while the homoleptic (11) is the most emissive in the solid state and acetonitrile solution, with a photoluminescent quantum yield of 2–3%.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/chemistry5010012/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of (4) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. Figure S2: 1H NMR spectrum of (5) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. Figure S3: 1H NMR spectrum of (6) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. FIGURE S4: 1H NMR spectrum of (7) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. Figure S5: 1H NMR spectrum of (8) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. Figure S6: 1H NMR spectrum of (9) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. Figure S7: 1H NMR spectrum of (10) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. FIGURE S8: 1H NMR spectrum of (11) with proton assignments in dmso-d6 at 298 K. Figure S9: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (4). Figure S10: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (5). Inset, the calculated and the experimental (A) and the calculated (B) isotopic patterns of the cation. Figure S11: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (6). Figure S12: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (7). Inset, the calculated and the experimental (A) and the calculated (B) isotopic patterns of the cation. Figure S13: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (8). Inset, the calculated and the experimental (A) and the calculated (B) isotopic patterns of the cation. Figure S14: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (9). Inset, the calculated and the experimental (A) and the calculated (B) isotopic patterns of the cation. Figure S15: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (10). Figure S16: High-resolution ESI MS spectrum of (11). Figure S17. Normalized UV spectra of (1) and (2) in acetonitrile.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.Y. and A.G. (Achilleas Garoufis); methodology, K.Y. and A.G. (Antonia Garypidou); validation, K.Y.; investigation, A.G. (Antonia Garypidou), A.G. (Andreas Gikas) and A.K.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G. (Antonia Garypidou), J.C.P. and A.G. (Achilleas Garoufis); writing—review and editing, A.G. (Antonia Garypidou), J.C.P. and A.G. (Achilleas Garoufis); supervision, A.G. (Achilleas Garoufis). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Antonia Garypidou and Konstantinos Ypsilantis were financially supported by the project “Center For Research, Quality Analysis Of Cultural Heritage Materials and Communication Of Science” (MIS 5047233) implemented under the Action “Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”, funded by the Operational Program “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the Unit of Environmental, Organic and Biochemical high-resolution analysis-ORBITRAP-LC-MS and the NMR Centre of the University of Ioannina for providing access to the facilities.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Chemistry 05 00012 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Structures with numbering of ligands which were involved in this study.
Scheme 1. Structures with numbering of ligands which were involved in this study.
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Scheme 2. Reactions and conditions of the synthetic procedure of phet.
Scheme 2. Reactions and conditions of the synthetic procedure of phet.
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Scheme 3. The formation of the ruthenium complexes (3)–(11).
Scheme 3. The formation of the ruthenium complexes (3)–(11).
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Figure 1. (a) The 1H NMR spectrum (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ ppm) of phem with structure numbering and proton assignments. (b) The HR-ESI-MS of phem.
Figure 1. (a) The 1H NMR spectrum (dmso-d6, 298 K, δ ppm) of phem with structure numbering and proton assignments. (b) The HR-ESI-MS of phem.
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Figure 2. (a) The 1H NMR spectrum (DCl 0.01 M, 298 K, δ ppm) of phet with structure numbering and proton assignments. Inset, expansion of the aliphatic part of the spectrum showing the ABX proton spin system between αC and βC. (b) The HRESIMS of phem.
Figure 2. (a) The 1H NMR spectrum (DCl 0.01 M, 298 K, δ ppm) of phet with structure numbering and proton assignments. Inset, expansion of the aliphatic part of the spectrum showing the ABX proton spin system between αC and βC. (b) The HRESIMS of phem.
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Figure 3. Normalized UV-Vis spectra of the complexes (a), (4)–(7) and (b), (8)–(11) in acetonitrile.
Figure 3. Normalized UV-Vis spectra of the complexes (a), (4)–(7) and (b), (8)–(11) in acetonitrile.
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Figure 4. (a) Intensity-normalized emission and excitation spectra of (8)–(11) in acetonitrile at 298 K. (b) Intensity-normalized solid state emission spectra of (8)–(11) at 298 K.
Figure 4. (a) Intensity-normalized emission and excitation spectra of (8)–(11) in acetonitrile at 298 K. (b) Intensity-normalized solid state emission spectra of (8)–(11) at 298 K.
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Table
Table 1. Photophysical data for (1), (2) and (4)–(11) in solid state and in acetonitrile solution.
Table 1. Photophysical data for (1), (2) and (4)–(11) in solid state and in acetonitrile solution.
Absorption [298 K]Excitation 298 KEmission 298 K
λmax [nm], (ε × 103 M−1cm−1)Solid
λexc [nm]		Solution
λexc [nm]		Solid
λem [nm]		Q (%)Solution
λem [nm]		Q (%)
(1)251 (23.5), 277 (28.0), 306 sh------
(4)286 (33.7), 308 (46.5), 487 (15.5)------
(5)284 (56.8), 310 (54.0), 489 (19.7)------
(6)286 (50.8), 311 (51.6), 489 (19.8)------
(7)286 (51.2), 309 (53.2), 493 (20.5)------
(2)252 (19.6), 281 (23.0), 311 sh350280404, 5050.753550.97
(8)286 (30.0), 311 (39.3), 488 (15.1)466488502, 521, 5751.206370.95
(9)287 (28.4), 313 (36.3), 490 (15.1)466488503, 520, 5750.226460.11
(10)289 (33.9), 310 (36.0), 489 (14.2)470494501, 521, 5740.876480.76
(11)288 (21.6), 305 (20.2), 491 (9.2)470493500, 522, 5753.326451.81
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Ypsilantis, K.; Garypidou, A.; Gikas, A.; Kiapekos, A.; Plakatouras, J.C.; Garoufis, A. A New Unnatural Amino Acid Derived from the Modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and Its Mixed-Ligand Complexes with Ruthenium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2023, 5, 151-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5010012

AMA Style

Ypsilantis K, Garypidou A, Gikas A, Kiapekos A, Plakatouras JC, Garoufis A. A New Unnatural Amino Acid Derived from the Modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and Its Mixed-Ligand Complexes with Ruthenium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry. 2023; 5(1):151-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5010012

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ypsilantis, Konstantinos, Antonia Garypidou, Andreas Gikas, Alexandros Kiapekos, John C. Plakatouras, and Achilleas Garoufis. 2023. "A New Unnatural Amino Acid Derived from the Modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and Its Mixed-Ligand Complexes with Ruthenium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties" Chemistry 5, no. 1: 151-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5010012

APA Style

Ypsilantis, K., Garypidou, A., Gikas, A., Kiapekos, A., Plakatouras, J. C., & Garoufis, A. (2023). A New Unnatural Amino Acid Derived from the Modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and Its Mixed-Ligand Complexes with Ruthenium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry, 5(1), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5010012

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