Optimization of Knitted Structures for E-Textiles Applications †
School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 3rd International Conference on the Challenges, Opportunities, Innovations and Applications in Electronic Textiles (E-Textiles 2021), Manchester, UK, 3–4 November 2021.
Eng. Proc. 2022, 15(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022015018
Published: 20 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Conference on the Challenges, Opportunities, Innovations and Applications in Electronic Textiles)
Abstract
:The findings of this research attempt to evaluate the electrical and compression features of electrically conductive yarns (ECY) as well as the structure of sensor systems, such as single jersey and double jersey knit designs, for healthcare applications and wearing technologies. The tensile properties and electrical properties of conductive yarns were optimized basis of the findings. Owing to the knit-tuck stitches arrangement, which gives density to the fabric, the double lacoste, popcorn, and milano ribs were proven to have adequate compressive resilience. The developed knitted structures kinds of sensors were noticed and may easily be applied to global smart socks manufacture as well as other technologies.
Published: 20 May 2022
1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
The conductive yarns 280D-FDY and SPFX25070-FX were selected based on the results shown in Figure 1a, and the electrical characteristics of the conductive yarns were seen in Figure 1b. The Kawabata evaluation system (KES FB-03) had been used to test pressure sensors such as double lacoste, popcorn, and milano rib compression properties, with the findings reported in Table 1. Figure 2 and Table 2 show the pressure electrical resistance curve for an optimized knitted structure. The decrease in electrical resistance when subjected to varying loads indicates well for the insertion of such designs into socks for counting calories and other health-related applications in the field of e-textiles. Furthermore, the sensors utilized in health monitoring systems are extremely adaptable, allowing for a natural interface with the human body [3].
3. Conclusions
Based on their compressional properties, this research work sought to select/optimize the best practicable knitted structures from both single and double jersey knitted structures. Double lacoste and popcorn were reported to have better compressional behavior in case of single jersey knitted structures. The only structure in a double jersey is the milano rib, which offers a higher compressive value due to the structure design and the best pressure sensing properties. Smart textiles are seen as the industry’s future, with numerous new items being developed in various stages of life in response to demand [4]. Miniaturization of health monitoring systems is progressing to manage complicated computing and efficient information sensing [5]. Several studies [6,7] have been done to improve the sensing characteristics of textile constructions made from electrically conductive yarns.
Author Contributions
S.U. contributed to original draft preparation, methodology and investigation. K.S. helped in supervision and formal analysis. S.T.A.H. contributed to conceptualization supervision, project administration and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, grant number TDF-03/056.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
This study was conducted to measure the calories burnt during human activities like running, jumping, walking etc., and to get the actual quantities consumed. The purpose of this study was to manufacture a textile-based structure for E-Textiles applications along with good features of comfortability and breathability.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Zhao, J.; Fu, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Dong, Y.; Wang, X.; Lin, L. A Naturally Integrated Smart Textile for Wearable Electronics Applications. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020, 5, 1900781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoppa, M.; Chiolerio, A. Wearable electronics and smart textiles: A critical review. Sensors 2014, 14, 11957–11992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gao, W.; Ota, H.; Kiriya, D.; Takei, K.; Javey, A. Flexible Electronics Toward Wearable Sensing. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 523–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Syduzzaman, M.D.; Patwary, S.U.; Farhana, K.; Ahmed, S. Smart Textiles and Nano-Technology: A General Overview. J. Text. Sci. Eng. 2015, 5, 1000181. [Google Scholar]
- Mahmud, M.S.; Wang, H.; Esfar-E-Alam, A.M.; Fang, H. A Wireless Health Monitoring System Using Mobile Phone Accessories. IEEE Internet Things J. 2017, 4, 2009–2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, B.G.; Hannawald, J.; Brameshuber, W. Electrical resistance measurement for damage analysis of carbon yarns. Mater. Struct. 2011, 44, 1113–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldfeld, Y.; Perry, G. Electrical characterization of smart sensory system using carbon based textile reinforced concrete for leakage detection. Mater. Struct. 2018, 51, 170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
(a) Tenacity-strain curve for conductive yarns; (b) electrical resistance (Ω) of conductive yarns.
Figure 1.
(a) Tenacity-strain curve for conductive yarns; (b) electrical resistance (Ω) of conductive yarns.
Figure 2.
Pressure-electrical resistance curve for an optimized knitted pressure sensor.
Table 1.
Compression results for optimized knitted pressure sensors.
| Compression Characteristics | Double Lacoste | Popcorn | Milano Rib |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linearity of compression (LC) | 0.560 ± 0.036 | 0.570 ± 0.026 | 0.550 ± 0.050 |
| Work of compression (WC) gf. cm/cm2 | 1.467 ± 0.108 | 1.850 ± 0.050 | 2.157 ± 0.137 |
| The resilience of compression (RC) % | 44.000 ± 1.375 | 45.557 ± 0.407 | 49.55 ± 0.918 |
| Thickness at the max load (To) mm | 3. 550 ± 0.050 | 3.490 ± 0.066 | 4.666 ± 0.015 |
| Thickness at the pressure 0.5 g. f/cm2 (Tm) mm | 2.447 ± 0.186 | 1.550 ± 0.050 | 1.550 ± 0.05 |
Table 2.
Electrical resistance measurement for the selected knitted structures to identify the pressure sensing properties.
Table 2.
Electrical resistance measurement for the selected knitted structures to identify the pressure sensing properties.
| Sr. #. | Pressure (Grams) | Double Lacoste Resistance (Ω) | Popcorn Resistance (Ω) | Milano Rib Resistance (Ω) | Spacer Resistance (Ω) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 9.20 ± 0.21 | 9.31 ± 0.32 | 8.89 ± 0.39 | 9.40 ± 0.41 |
| 2 | 25 | 9.06 ± 0.23 | 9.22 ± 0. 29 | 8.81 ± 0.32 | 9.38 ± 0.41 |
| 3 | 53 | 8.92 ± 0.23 | 9.21 ± 0.22 | 8.80 ± 0.29 | 9.31 ± 0.29 |
| 4 | 81 | 8.91 ± 0.25 | 9.11 ± 0.22 | 8.72 ± 0.31 | 9.29 ± 0.28 |
| 5 | 131 | 8.89 ± 0.28 | 9.06 ± 0.19 | 8.71 ± 0.29 | 9.16 ± 0.31 |
| 6 | 199 | 8.84 ± 0.22 | 9.01 ± 0.23 | 8.65 ± 0.33 | 9.15 ± 0.33 |
| 7 | 311 | 8.79 ± 0.23 | 8.98 ± 0.28 | 8.59 ± 0.35 | 9.14 ± 0.41 |
| 8 | 424 | 8.77 ± 0.25 | 8.97 ± 0.26 | 8.52 ± 0.41 | 9.11 ± 0.39 |
| 9 | 540 | 8.75 ± 0.22 | 8.89 ± 0.33 | 8.51 ± 0.29 | 9.09 ± 0.36 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Ullah, S.; Shaker, K.; Hamdani, S.T.A. Optimization of Knitted Structures for E-Textiles Applications. Eng. Proc. 2022, 15, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022015018
AMA Style
Ullah S, Shaker K, Hamdani STA. Optimization of Knitted Structures for E-Textiles Applications. Engineering Proceedings. 2022; 15(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022015018
Chicago/Turabian StyleUllah, Sultan, Khubab Shaker, and Syed Talha Ali Hamdani. 2022. "Optimization of Knitted Structures for E-Textiles Applications" Engineering Proceedings 15, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022015018
APA StyleUllah, S., Shaker, K., & Hamdani, S. T. A. (2022). Optimization of Knitted Structures for E-Textiles Applications. Engineering Proceedings, 15(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022015018
