Quality Control Analysis in the Production of Decorative Resin Lamps Using the Six Sigma and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Methods ^†

Abstract

A creative industry company producing resin-based decorative lamps is facing quality issues due to production defects. This study applied the Six Sigma and FMEA methods to identify controls, analyze causes, and propose improvements. Six Sigma reduces defects using the DMAIC approach, while FMEA assesses risks through the Risk Priority Number (RPN). The analysis showed a DPMO of 14,587.89 and a sigma level of 3.7, aligning with industry standards in Indonesia. Key defects included bubbles (57%), uneven surfaces (24%), and cracks (19%). Suggested improvements included training, production evaluations, rotary casting tools, safety measures, and enhanced cleanliness in the sanding area.

1. Introduction

The creative industry in Indonesia is highly admired by consumers worldwide for its quality, as Indonesia has the resources to create unique products that are infused with cultural elements from each region, thereby enhancing the product’s value and ensuring the highest quality [1]. The development of the creative industry in Indonesia is paving the way for growth across various sectors. This progress is supported by contributions from multiple areas that positively impact the advancement of the national economy. The creative industry’s role is crucial for economic development, both on a global scale, at the macroeconomic level, and for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) [2]. The resin craft industry is currently experiencing growth, making it a potential business sector, as the use of resin materials in the craft industry offers advantages in terms of product strength and durability while also facilitating the creation of more detailed products [3].

In the manufacturing industry, production process activities are undeniably crucial, as the production process involves the transformation from raw materials in the warehouse to finished goods [4]. When encountering issues or errors during the production process, these can lead to company losses, whether in the form of defective products or material wastage [5]. A company must enhance its competitiveness to effectively vie for the existing market shares [6]. One way to gain a competitive edge is through the continuous improvement of production quality [7]. Companies must maintain the quality of their products or services, as failure to do so can result in negative consequences such as a decrease in loyal customers, costs related to the recall of defective products, and other issues [8]. Therefore, effective quality control and improvement in the production process are necessary to ensure that the products meet quality standards and customer expectations [9].

At PT XYZ, which operates in the home accessories industry with products like decorative lamps, sculptures, cabinets, tables, and chairs made from resin, the company has received various awards for its home accessories and has exported its products to other countries while establishing partnerships. However, despite a high demand from both national and international customers, there are issues in production. The involvement of human labor in the creative industry affects the product quality, as humans are prone to making mistakes [10].

Based on production data and product defects from January to December 2023 in Figure 1, the graph shows an average defect rate of 4.7% per year for each production batch. One challenge that is faced by the resin craft company is the occurrence of product defects during the production process, which can lead to losses for the company due to suboptimal production efficiency and raw material costs, as repair or correction processes are rarely feasible, resulting in significant quality decreases. To address this issue, it is essential to control the product quality to prevent defects and continuously improve the product quality to meet customer expectations. Therefore, a method for quality control needs to be implemented by the company. Common defects include breakage or cracking during product removal from molds and color inconsistencies that do not meet the desired criteria.

The Six Sigma method was employed to enhance product quality. This method is a quality control approach used by many organizations to achieve near-perfection in production [11]. Six Sigma focuses on defects and variations in a product. This approach begins with identifying the critical quality elements (Critical-to-Quality attributes) of a process and progresses to recommending improvements to address defects. One method for reducing product defects involves systematic steps: defining, measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling [12,13,14]. The DMAIC method is a fundamental problem-solving framework within Six Sigma, encompassing a series of crucial improvement stages to achieve the desired results [15].

The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method is an effective tool for managing potential product failures (failure modes), identifying the effects of these failures, and assessing the criticality of the failure effects on the product [16,17]. FMEA identifies and prioritizes the likelihood of failures. In FMEA calculations, indicators defined as severity, occurrence, and detection of failures are used [18]. The integration of the FMEA and Six Sigma methods involves identifying the causes of product defects, where Six Sigma calculates the rate of defects, and FMEA is used to identify failure causes to enable improvements based on priority rankings. Based on the described issues, the use of FMEA within Six Sigma can enhance quality improvement through a series of analyses by applying the DMAIC stages and identifying the severity, occurrence, and detection, thereby addressing quality issues within the company.

2. Methods

This research was conducted at PT XYZ, a company operating in the creative industry. The focus of the research was on the production process of decorative lamps. Data were collected from January to December 2023. This study utilized both primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation and interviews with production line employees, including one QC audit and two supervisors at the research site, who were interviewed about the causes and consequences of failures and to determine the severity, occurrence, and detection values. Secondary data were sourced from existing materials such as journals, books, production reports, defect statistics, and other relevant sources [19].

For the data processing and analysis, we used the Six Sigma method with the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) stages and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). The stages in the data processing are described below.

2.1. Define

In this initial stage, the identification of issues that may lead to production failures in the research object is conducted. This stage outlines the product quality standards or Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) characteristics based on the specifications provided by the customers, plans the necessary actions based on observation and research analysis, and sets the research targets and objectives for quality improvement based on these observations.

2.2. Measure

In the second stage, data processing for products experiencing defects during the production process is carried out. The previously determined Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) characteristics are assigned sigma values and Defect Per Million Opportunities (DPMOs). This stage involves calculations using control charts (P-Charts) to illustrate the control limits of a product. The P-Chart includes the Center Line (CL), upper control limit (UCL), and lower control limit (LCL), allowing for the determination of whether the product is within the control limits. The following are the formula steps for the control chart (P-Chart) [20,21,22]:

$$\mathrm{P}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{p}}{\mathrm{n}}}$$

(1)

$$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}={\displaystyle \frac{\sum \mathrm{n}\mathrm{p}}{\sum \mathrm{n}}}$$

(2)

$$\mathrm{U}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}=\mathrm{P}+3{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}(1-\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L})}}{\mathrm{n}}}$$

(3)

$$\mathrm{L}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}=\mathrm{P}-3{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L}(1-\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L})}}{\mathrm{n}}}$$

(4)

$$\mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{U}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l} \mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{f} \mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}}$$

(5)

$$\mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{O}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l} \mathrm{D}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{f} \mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\times \mathrm{C}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{Q}}}$$

(6)

DPMO = DPO × 1,000,000

(7)

$$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a} \mathrm{V}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{e}=\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}.\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}\left(1-\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{O}}{\mathrm{1,000,000}}}\right)\right)+1.5$$

(8)

Description:

P: Proportion;

∑n: Total Production;

np: Number of defective products;

P: Average Proportion of Defects;

n: Number of samples;

∑np: Total Number of Defects.

2.3. Analyze

The third stage involves identifying the causes of quality issues in the production process using fishbone diagrams, Pareto charts, and FMEA. A fishbone diagram is used to identify and analyze potential causes of problems. A Pareto chart helps recognize dominant issues based on the principle that 80% of problems are caused by 20% of the causes. FMEA is employed to reduce the risk of product or process failures by preventing predictable errors. This stage focuses on gaining a deep understanding of the causes of quality issues and taking appropriate steps to address them. The steps in using FMEA are as follows [23]:

• Identify the production process flow;
• Identify potential failure modes in the production process;
• Identify potential impacts of production failures;
• Identify the causes of production process failures;
• Detect failure modes in the production process;
• Assign ratings for severity, occurrence, and detection;
• Calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPN) = severity (S) × occurrence (O) × detection (D);
• Propose improvements based on the calculated potential failures.

2.4. Improve

In the fourth stage, improvement proposals based on the previous analysis are developed. In this stage, ideas are generated for solving quality issues in production, where measurements can be made by assessing potential outcomes and providing recommendations for improvements, which can then be implemented as quality enhancement actions.

2.5. Control

In the final stage, the improvement proposals that were developed during the “Improve” phase should be disseminated to all relevant employees or departments and implemented promptly to prevent the recurrence of issues. Additionally, the production supervisor should oversee the implementation to ensure that the improvements are maintained consistently.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Define

The Define stage is the initial phase in the Six Sigma methodology, undertaken to identify the production stages. This phase aims to map out the company’s business process from the supplier through to the final delivery to customers in Figure 2.

3.2. Measure

The Measure phase is the second phase in the application of the Six Sigma methodology. This phase involves defining key characteristics or Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) attributes and analyzing them using Six Sigma processes, including calculating the DPMOs (Defects Per Million Opportunities), sigma levels, Pareto analysis, and fishbone diagrams. During this phase, data were obtained from production records from January 2023 to December 2023 in

Table 1. Product defects.

No	Month	Production Quantity (Units)	Type of Defect (Unit)			Number of Defects (Unit)
			Bubble	Uneven Surface	Crack
1	Jan	610	2	3	5	10
2	Feb	723	2	11	6	19
3	Mar	916	7	13	6	26
4	Apr	968	8	26	4	38
5	May	900	8	31	5	44
6	Jun	1136	12	52	18	82
7	Jul	957	3	34	9	46
8	Aug	759	7	11	11	29
9	Sep	802	7	21	5	33
10	Oct	822	7	15	5	27
11	Nov	1653	42	47	13	102
12	Dec	1084	24	40	14	78
Total		11,330	129	304	101	534

.

3.2.1. Establishing Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) Attributes

Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) attributes are to key characteristics of a product that significantly impact the ability to meet customer needs or achieve customer satisfaction. Based on the collected data, there are three CTQ attributes for decorative lighting products that could affect customer satisfaction: uneven surfaces, bubbling, and cracks or breakage.

3.2.2. Analysis Using P-Chart

A control chart was employed to analyze the proportion or percentage of defects or failures in a product. Measurements were taken from the final products that were manufactured between January 2023 and December 2023, encompassing various types of decorative lighting. A total of 11,330 units were produced over the year, with 534 units exhibiting defects across three categories: uneven surfaces, bubbling, and cracks or breakage. The overall results from the P-Chart calculations are presented in

Table 2. P-chart calculation.

Month	n	np	P	UCL	CL	LCL
Jan	610	10	0.0164	0.0729	0.0471	0.0214
Feb	723	19	0.0263	0.0708	0.0471	0.0235
Mar	916	26	0.0284	0.0681	0.0471	0.0261
Apr	968	38	0.0393	0.0676	0.0471	0.0267
May	900	44	0.0489	0.0683	0.0471	0.0259
Jun	1136	82	0.0722	0.0660	0.0471	0.0283
Jul	957	46	0.0481	0.0677	0.0471	0.0266
Aug	759	29	0.0382	0.0702	0.0471	0.0241
Sep	802	33	0.0411	0.0696	0.0471	0.0247
Oct	822	27	0.0328	0.0693	0.0471	0.0250
Nov	1653	102	0.0617	0.0628	0.0471	0.0315
Dec	1084	78	0.0720	0.0664	0.0471	0.0278

, which displays the P-Chart computations.

Based on the calculations in Table 2, the P-Chart analysis can be represented graphically, as shown in Figure 3. This chart illustrates the control chart for the period from January 2023 to December 2023.

The control chart reveals several percentages of defects exceeding both the upper and lower control limits. This indicates the need to identify causes and implement corrective actions in the production process of decorative lighting. The proportion of products exceeding the control limits was 1.6% in January, 7.2% in June, 6.17% in November, and 7.2% in December. The high number of defect proportions can be attributed to factors affecting product outcomes, as evidenced by the chart lines exceeding the normal limits. Lines within the control limits suggest that the process is stable or controlled. Therefore, corrective actions are necessary for January, June, November, and December, where the number of defects exceeded the control limits, to restore the process to within normal limits. Continuous monitoring is required to maintain the stability of the production process.

3.2.3. Calculate the Defect per Million Opportunities (DPMOs) Value and Sigma Level

The Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMOs) value measures the defect or failure rate within a production process, quantifying the number of defects per one million production opportunities. The overall results of the DPMO calculations and sigma levels are shown in

Table 3. DPMO and sigma level calculation.

Month	Production Quantity (Units)	Number of Defective Products (Units)	DPO	DPU	DPMOs	Sigma Level
Jan	610	10	0.005	0.016	5464.48	4.04
Feb	723	19	0.009	0.026	8759.8	3.88
Mar	916	26	0.009	0.028	9461.43	3.85
Apr	968	38	0.013	0.039	13,085.4	3.72
May	900	44	0.016	0.049	16,296.3	3.64
Jun	1136	82	0.024	0.072	24,061.03	3.48
Jul	957	46	0.016	0.048	16,022.29	3.64
Aug	759	29	0.013	0.038	12,736.06	3.73
Sep	802	33	0.014	0.041	13,715.71	3.71
Oct	822	27	0.011	0.033	10,938.91	3.79
Nov	1653	102	0.021	0.062	20,568.7	3.54
Dec	1084	78	0.024	0.072	23,985.2	3.48

.

Based on the calculations in Table 3, the DPMO and sigma level results can be graphically represented, as shown in Figure 4 for the DPMO chart and Figure 5 for the sigma level chart, covering the period from January 2023 to December 2023.

Based on the calculations depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5, the DPMO values exhibited monthly fluctuations and did not consistently achieved sigma levels. The lowest DPMO value was recorded in January at 5464.48, while the highest was in June at 24,061. The sigma levels ranged from a low of 3.476 in June to a high of 4.04 in January. The average DPMO over the year was 14,587.89, indicating that there are approximately 14,587.89 defects per million opportunities in the production process. The average sigma level was 3.7, which corresponds to a defect rate of 66,807 defects per million at a sigma level of 3 and 6210 defects per million at a sigma level of 4. These figures highlight the need for improvements to enhance the production process.

3.3. Analyze

In the Analyze phase, the third stage in the Six Sigma implementation, the collected and calculated data are analyzed to understand the root causes of the issues that were identified in the previous stage. This phase involves three key steps: identifying issues using Pareto diagrams, fishbone diagrams, and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA).

3.3.1. Pareto Diagram

The Pareto diagram is an analytical tool used to identify the causes of defects and prioritize factors that have the most significant impact on the problems or outcomes observed. The Pareto principle, often referred to as the 80/20 rule, suggests that 80% of defects originate from 20% of the causes. The percentage of rejected product types is calculated, and these data can be represented in a Pareto diagram, as shown in Figure 6.

Based on the calculations of the percentages of defects, as shown in Figure 6, the Pareto diagram reveals that the most significant defect type was bubbling, accounting for 57%, while the least significant was cracking or breaking, at 19%. According to the 80/20 principle, improvements should focus on addressing the defects caused by bubbling and uneven surfaces, as these contribute most significantly to the overall defect rate.

3.3.2. Fishbone Diagram

The fishbone diagram is an analytical tool for identifying the root cause of a problem or the process by which a defective product occurs. In this technique, problem identification is carried out by dividing several factors such as humans, methods, materials and the environment for defect bubble in Figure 7, defect uneven surface in Figure 8, and defect crack/break in Figure 9. In collecting data using fishbone, interviews with production parties and brainstorming are required.

3.3.3. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a method that is used to identify potential failures in a product or process, analyze the effects of these failures, and propose improvements to prevent or reduce them in

Table 4. Bubble defects.

Factor	Mode of Failure Potential	Effect of Failure Potential	S	O	Cause of Failure	D	RPN	Rank
Man	Employees are too quick in stirring	Foaming resin dough	7	8	Chasing targets	4	224	4
	Resin dosage error	Resin not mixed properly	8	7	Employees lack skills	5	280	1
	Employees do not wear PPE in production	Employees experience eye pain and dizziness	7	7	Non-compliance with SOPs and lack of supervision	5	245	2
Material	Unclean molding	Dust contamination	6	5	Less checking	6	180	6
	Lack of mixing of resin materials	Mixing of materials causing bubbles	6	6	Imperfections in mixing	4	144	8
	Resin material is of poor quality	Resin color changes	8	7	Contaminated resin material	3	168	7
Method	Lack of understanding of resin stirring techniques	Resin dough hardens and bubbles	7	5	Inconsistent stirring speed and time	3	105	11
	Stirring using wooden sticks	Causes the potential for bubbles to occur due to contamination	7	6	Still using manual tools	2	84	12
	Measuring instruments that are no longer suitable	Errors in measurements	6	6	Mixed with previously used ingredients	3	108	10
Environment	UV exposure	The surface of the resin changes color and evaporates	8	8	Storage near a window	3	192	5
	Dust and dirt	Resin can be contaminated	8	6	Storage near the sanding process	5	240	3
	Room temperature too high	Resin bubbles easily	7	5	Suboptimal room temperature	4	140	9

for defect bubble,

Table 5. Uneven surface defects.

Factor	Mode of Failure Potential	Effect of Failure Potential	S	O	Cause of Failure	D	RPN	Rank
Man	Employees lack precision	Blisters	7	5	Pursuing production targets	3	105	12
	Sanding technique errors	Deeply eroded surface	7	6	Lack of understanding of sandpaper stages	3	126	10
	Resin mixing error	Wavy or pockmarked	6	5	Lack of understanding of sandpaper stages	4	120	11
	Errors in resin application	Wavy and rough	8	6	Lack of training on resin applications	4	192	8
Material	Unsuitable resin viscosity	Clumping surface	7	6	Improper type of resin	5	210	7
	Poor molding materials	Incomplete peeling of surface	8	6	Incompatibility of resin materials with molding materials	6	288	2
	Leaky mold manufacturing	Unsuitable surface	8	4	Bad mold material	7	224	6
	Mold surface contamination	Uneven or pockmark resin surface	6	5	Imperfect mold cleaning	3	90	13
Method	Uneven mixing of resins	Spotted and rough surface	7	7	Imperfect stirring	5	245	4
	Manufacturing by hand	Inconsistent resin surface coating	8	7	Pursuing production targets	6	336	1
	Improper molding maintenance	Wavy and spotted surfaces	8	6	Dusty storage	3	144	9
Environment	Room temperature instability	Surface wrinkles	8	6	Fluctuating changes in room temperature	5	240	5
	Dust-stained surfaces	Contamination by dust	7	8	Sanding site being adjacent to cladding site	5	280	3

for defect uneven surface, and

Table 6. Crack/break defects.

Factor	Mode of Failure Potential	Effect of Failure Potential	S	O	Cause of Failure	D	RPN	Rank
Man	Errors in product drilling	Broken edges	7	5	Employees are not careful	5	175	4
	Fatigue	Inner cracked surface	7	4	Ingredient mixing errors	3	84	9
	Employees do not wear PPE	Cracked surface sanding	6	8	Non-compliance with SOPs and lack of supervision	4	192	3
Material	Incompatibility of resin with other materials	Joints between broken materials	6	5	The use of inappropriate resin types	5	150	6
	Poor resin quality	Crack	6	4	Improper resin storage	4	96	7
Method	Uneven mixing of resins	Cracks on surface of resin	7	6	Comparison of resin and catalyst is unbalanced	4	168	5
	Drying process is not suitable	Experiencing cracks	6	5	Drying temperature too hot	3	90	8
Environment	Failure of employees to focus	Damage to resin products	7	8	Dusty	4	224	2
	Dusty room	Employees are crowded and have eye pain	7	7	Not using PPE	5	245	1

for defect crack/break. For the FMEA data collection, interviews were conducted with one QC auditor to inquire about failure causes and with two supervisors to gain more detailed insights into the causes and to assess the severity, occurrence, and detection levels. The data obtained from these interviews are presented in the table below.

Based on the FMEA calculations, the RPN (Risk Priority Number) results for each type of defect were as follows: For bubbling defects, the highest-ranking issue was resin mixing errors, with an RPN of 280. This is due to employees’ lack of focus and insufficient skills in resin mixing, leading to improper mixing and the formation of air bubbles. For uneven surface defects, the highest-ranking issue was manual production processes, with an RPN of 336. This resulted from high consumer demands and production targets, causing inconsistencies in the resin surface layer. For cracking defects, the highest-ranking issue was a dusty environment, with an RPN of 245, leading to employee discomfort and headaches. Based on the identification of defects and their contributing factors, the highest-ranking issues were prioritized for corrective actions to minimize failure causes.

3.4. Improve

Improve is the fourth phase in the Six Sigma methodology, which focuses on proposing improvements based on the analysis conducted in the Measure phase. Based on the FMEA, suggestions were made to minimize the causes of product failure. The proposed improvements for each type of defect are summarized in

Table 7. Proposed improvements for “bubbles”.

Factor	Cause	Proposed Improvements
Man	Employees are too quick in stirring	Conduct training for employees, conduct briefings in the production process, and evaluate each production once a month
	Resin dosage error
	Employees do not wear PPE in production	Tightening SOPs in supervision and emphasis on employees
Material	Unclean molding	Performing an overall check when cleaning the molding before use and storing the molding to avoid dust particles
	Lack of mixing of resin materials	Briefing employees on determining the dosage and recording the measurement analysis based on the first printing process and evaluating each production
	Resin material is of poor quality	Placing resin materials to avoid direct sunlight exposure and store at room temperature of 15–25 °C
Method	Lack of understanding of resin casting techniques	Conduct training of employees and create guidance in resin casting
	Stirring using wooden sticks	Replace the mixer with plastic or metal and clean it after each use
	Measuring instruments that are no longer suitable	Replace measuring instruments when they become inaccurate and perform maintenance such as washing the instruments after use, storing them safely, and conducting accuracy tests on the measuring tools
Environment	Dust and dirt	Store the product before finishing and store the molding in different places to avoid them being contaminated by dust
	Room temperature too high	During the production process, an optimum temperature must be maintained, and this must also be the case during the storage of resin materials, because the temperature can affect the heating in the resin

for defect bubble,

Table 8. Proposed improvements for “uneven surfaces”.

Factor	Cause	Proposed Improvements
Human	Employees lack precision when sanding	Requiring employees to wear masks and goggles, as well as tightening the implementation of production SOPs
	Sanding technique errors	Conduct employee training and use visual controls such as standard operating charts and standard operating procedures
	Resin mixing errors
	Errors in resin application
Material	Unsuitable resin viscosity	Store resin and hardener materials at around 20–25 °C before use and avoid rooms that are too humid or hot
	Poor molding material or resin adhesion	Selection of the right material by adjusting the resin formula and taking care of the molding so that it cannot be contaminated by particles or dust
	Leaky mold manufacturing	Conducting trial and error using water to identify leaks and check molding at every corner
	Mold surface contamination	Store the molding in a designated area that is protected from particles or dust
Method	Uneven mixing of resins	Using a rotary casting tool to make the mold evenly distributed automatically
	Product manufacturing still uses manual labor
	Improper molding maintenance	Perform periodic maintenance and checks before use
Environment	Room temperature instability	Create a dedicated production room with a controlled temperature range of 20–25 °C
	Dust-stained surfaces	Use a dust extraction tool during the sanding process and ensure that no dust remains on the product before transferring it to the next production stage

for defect uneven surface, and

Table 9. Proposed improvements for “cracks/breaks”.

Factor	Cause	Proposed Improvements
Man	Errors in product drilling	Evaluate and check the drilling machine to avoid cracks during sanding
	Lack of thoroughness in carrying out work caused by fatigue	Setting an effective production schedule to avoid overtime and encourage employees to maintain their health with adequate rest
	Employees not wearing protective equipment	Requiring employees to implement production SOPs and inform employees about the impact of the long-term hazards of not wearing PPE
Material	Incompatibility of resin with other materials	Naming the resin type and making the process of combining the type of material suitable
	Poor resin quality	Label the type of resin according to the date and label the expired or cloudy resin
Metode	Errors in resin mixing	Conducting employee training and creating standard operating charts so that there are no repeated errors, as well as conducting production evaluations
	The drying process is not suitable	Perform a temperature test on the dryer to ensure that the temperature during drying is appropriate
Environment	Failure of employees to focus	Control the use of PPE by employees and clean the sanding process line to minimize the spread of dust after the sanding process.
	Dusty room

.

The following section provides an explanation of the use of a rotary casting design, including its benefits and advantages, that is specifically tailored for decorative lighting products. Rotary casting in Figure 10 is a technique that is used in the production of resin-based products. This process involves slowly rotating a mold while resin is poured into it. The machine is designed to ensure an even distribution of resin within the mold, resulting in a final product that is consistent in quality and texture. By using a rotary casting machine, manufacturers can create products with greater precision and smoother surfaces compared to traditional static molding methods, and the production process becomes more efficient.

3.5. Control

Control is the final phase in the Six Sigma methodology, focusing on ongoing supervision and monitoring to enhance the production quality and minimize defects based on the proposed improvements:

• Provide training for employees to develop skills in resin mixing according to SOPs and conduct monthly evaluations to assess their proficiency.
• Supervisors and production managers are responsible for improving the quality on the production line by overseeing operations and updating SOPs as guidelines for employees.
• Conduct briefings for each production line before starting production to prevent miscommunication among employees and ensure that the work results meet expectations.
• Enhance monitoring, inspection, and maintenance of molding and measuring equipment before use and perform cleaning after production to ensure that the equipment is not contaminated by dust particles.

4. Conclusions

Based on the quality control study at PT XYZ, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• From January 2023 to December 2023, PT XYZ produced a total of 11,330 units, with 534 units being identified as defective. The production process revealed three types of defects: bubbling (304 units), uneven surfaces (129 units), and cracking (101 units). The average number of Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMOs) was 14,587.89, and the average sigma level was 3.7, which aligns with the industry average in Indonesia.
• According to the FMEA calculations, the bubbling defect had the highest Risk Priority Number (RPN) of 280, attributed to resin mixing errors caused by insufficient employee focus and skill. Uneven surface defects had the highest RPN of 336, resulting from manual production processes that are driven by high consumer demands and production targets. The cracking defect had the highest RPN of 245, due to a dusty environment resulting from inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and insufficient supervision.
• Based on the FMEA findings, the following improvement measures are recommended: providing employee training, conducting pre-production briefings, evaluating each production run on a monthly basis, employing rotary casting equipment, enforcing PPE usage, and cleaning the production area after sanding.