Space Propulsion: Advances and Challenges (3rd Volume)

A special issue of Aerospace (ISSN 2226-4310). This special issue belongs to the section "Astronautics & Space Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 6017

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-741, Republic of Korea
Interests: space propulsion; satellite system; thermal engineering; CFD; inverse heat transfer analysis; rarefied flow
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A major function of space propulsion systems is to accelerate spacecraft by producing a propulsive force (thrust) or a change in velocity (delta-V) by ejecting propellant mass at a high speed into the air or space based on Newton’s laws of motion. This plays an important role in the acceleration, attitude control, drag make-up, and orbit transfer maneuvers of spacecraft. The various types of space propulsion systems can be defined depending on what kind of energy source is used and how the energy is generated to provide thrust. At present, chemical and electric propulsion systems are the preferred types of systems for various spacecrafts. Applications of space propulsion can be classified into three different categories: escape propulsion (from Earth’s surface to its orbit), in-space propulsion (in Earth’s orbit), and deep space propulsion (from Earth’s orbit to outer space).

Since Goddard‘s first successful flight of a liquid propellant rocket in 1926, the roles of space propulsion have become more important and complex for the successful completion of predefined mission goals, as recent demands on the function of space propulsion have diversified. Thus, various new and advanced concepts of space propulsion technologies are under investigation and development, especially for small-lift launch vehicles, reusable launch vehicles, Earth-orbiting satellites, deep space explorers, cubesats, and many other spacecraft applications.

This Special Issue invites contributions relating to recent advances and challenges for space propulsion technologies. Submissions are welcome from a whole range of space propulsion topics, including, but not limited to:

  • Concept, theory, and related science and engineering;
  • Design, modeling, simulation, and analysis;
  • Mission and application;
  • Launch and flight/orbit operation;
  • Experiment, test, and verification;
  • Propellant (solid, liquid, gas, non-toxic, gelled, etc.);
  • Thrust generation method and type (chemical, electric, hybrid, solar sail, nuclear, etc.);
  • Hardware (material, part, component, equipment, assembly, and system) and software;
  • Manufacturing, integration, and facility.

Prof. Dr. Kyun Ho Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Aerospace is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • space propulsion
  • chemical propulsion
  • electric propulsion
  • hybrid propulsion
  • solar sail propulsion
  • nuclear propulsion
  • spacecraft
  • rocket
  • launch vehicle
  • satellite
  • cubesat
  • deep space explorer

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 6486 KiB  
Article
Fuel Ignition in HTP Hybrid Rockets at Very Low Mass Fluxes: Challenges and Pulsed Preheating Techniques Using Palladium-Coated Catalysts
by Sergio Cassese, Stefano Mungiguerra, Veniero Marco Capone, Riccardo Guida, Anselmo Cecere and Raffaele Savino
Aerospace 2024, 11(11), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11110884 - 26 Oct 2024
Viewed by 691
Abstract
In a worldwide scenario which sees an increasing number of small satellite launches, novel mission concepts may be unlocked providing the spacecrafts with the very precise and rapid maneuvering capability that electric thrusters cannot guarantee. In this context, chemical thrusters appear to be [...] Read more.
In a worldwide scenario which sees an increasing number of small satellite launches, novel mission concepts may be unlocked providing the spacecrafts with the very precise and rapid maneuvering capability that electric thrusters cannot guarantee. In this context, chemical thrusters appear to be a possible solution. This work aimed to experimentally study and solve the problem of ignition for 10 N hybrid rockets based on hydrogen peroxide. Firstly, the study analyzed the performance of a monopropellant engine capable of functioning as a hybrid injection system. In particular, the effects of the liquid mass injected, the initial temperature, and the supply pressure on the pulsed engine performance were experimentally investigated. The injected mass showed a greater impact on the performance with respect to the starting chamber temperature and injection pressure. This thruster also showed a good potential for space applications. In the second part of the work, the objective was to find an ignition procedure that reduced propellant consumption and eliminated the need for a glow plug. This is important because the electrical power consumption in real applications significantly affects other subsystems and is undesirable for chemical engines. Different ignition procedures were tested to emphasize their respective advantages and disadvantages, and the findings indicated that the concept of pulsed preheating is feasible with only a small amount of propellant consumption, while substantially decreasing the ignition duration from approximately 45 min to a maximum of just 3 min. Finally, similar ignition procedures were adopted using different fuels. The results showed that PVC and ABS, under the same operating conditions, ignite more easily than HDPE, which requires an oxidizer consumption approximately double that of the other two fuels. Considerations about the effect of chamber pressure and oxidizer mass flow rate on engine ignition were also included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Propulsion: Advances and Challenges (3rd Volume))
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20 pages, 4559 KiB  
Article
Turbopump Parametric Modelling and Reliability Assessment for Reusable Rocket Engine Applications
by Mateusz T. Gulczyński, Robson H. S. Hahn, Jan C. Deeken and Michael Oschwald
Aerospace 2024, 11(10), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11100808 - 2 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1087
Abstract
The development of modern reusable launchers, such as the Themis project with its LOX/LCH4 Prometheus engine, CALLISTO—a reusable VTVL-launcher first-stage demonstrator with a LOX/LH2 RSR2 engine, and SpaceX’s Falcon 9 with its Merlin 1D engine, underscores the need for advanced control algorithms to [...] Read more.
The development of modern reusable launchers, such as the Themis project with its LOX/LCH4 Prometheus engine, CALLISTO—a reusable VTVL-launcher first-stage demonstrator with a LOX/LH2 RSR2 engine, and SpaceX’s Falcon 9 with its Merlin 1D engine, underscores the need for advanced control algorithms to ensure reliable engine operation. The multi-restart capability of these engines imposes additional requirements for throttling, necessitating an extended controller-validity domain to safely achieve low thrust levels across various operating regimes. This capability also increases the risk of component failure, especially as engine parameters evolve with mission profiles. To address this, our study evaluates the dynamic reliability of reusable rocket engines (RREs) and their subcomponents under different failure modes using multi-physics system-level modelling and simulation, with a particular focus on turbopump components. Transient condition modelling and performance analysis, conducted using EcosimPro-ESPSS software (version 6.4.34), revealed that turbopump components maintain high reliability under nominal conditions, with turbine blades demonstrating significant fatigue life even under varying thermal and mechanical loads. Additionally, the proposed predictive model estimates the remaining useful life of critical components, offering valuable insights for improving the longevity and reliability of turbopumps in reusable rocket engines. This study employs deterministic, thermally dependent structural simulations, with key control objectives including end-state tracking of combustion chamber pressure and mixture ratios and the verification of operational constraints, exemplified by the LUMEN demonstrator engine and the LE-5B-2 engine class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Propulsion: Advances and Challenges (3rd Volume))
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31 pages, 19796 KiB  
Article
Effect of Multicoaxial Injectors on Nitrogen Film Cooling in a GCH4/GO2 Thrust Chamber for Small-Scale Methane Rocket Engines: A CFD Study
by Kanmaniraja Radhakrishnan, Dong Hwi Ha and Hyoung Jin Lee
Aerospace 2024, 11(9), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090744 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 514
Abstract
Improper film cooling design and positioning of an injector in the face plate cause thermal damage to the thrust chamber wall and lead to rocket engine failures. An experimental combustor with five shear coaxial injectors was damaged owing to inadequate film cooling distribution [...] Read more.
Improper film cooling design and positioning of an injector in the face plate cause thermal damage to the thrust chamber wall and lead to rocket engine failures. An experimental combustor with five shear coaxial injectors was damaged owing to inadequate film cooling distribution on the thrust chamber wall. The present study aimed to simulate the experimental test case and investigate the causes of the thermal damage. In the simulation, gaseous methane and oxygen were injected at the inner and outer inlets of the shear coaxial injectors and nitrogen, used as the coolant, was injected near the upstream of the chamber wall. The turbulent chemistry interaction was modeled using a reduced DRM-19 mechanism by incorporating the Eddy Dissipation Concept model. Numerical investigations were conducted to examine the cause of thermal damage. The temperature contours of the thrust chamber wall were compared with the experimental image of the damaged wall. Further, simulations of single-row (SR) and multi-row (MR) injector configurations were conducted to assess the effect on film cooling distribution. The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and specific impulse were determined for all simulated cases. The results showed that MR simulations with narrow injector angles had poor film cooling performance, while wider angles led to lower specific impulse. The face plate with an angle of 15 degrees between the injector positions showed better performance in terms of considering both the film cooling and specific impulse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Propulsion: Advances and Challenges (3rd Volume))
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Review

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50 pages, 10198 KiB  
Review
A Review of Recent Developments in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion and Its Applications
by Shih-Sin Wei, Meng-Che Li, Alfred Lai, Tzu-Hao Chou and Jong-Shinn Wu
Aerospace 2024, 11(9), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090739 - 9 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3562
Abstract
This paper extensively reviews hybrid rocket propulsion-related activities from combustion engine designs to launch tests. Starting with a brief review of rocket propulsion development history, a comparison among the three bi-propellant rocket propulsion approaches, and hybrid rocket engine design guidelines, a very thorough [...] Read more.
This paper extensively reviews hybrid rocket propulsion-related activities from combustion engine designs to launch tests. Starting with a brief review of rocket propulsion development history, a comparison among the three bi-propellant rocket propulsion approaches, and hybrid rocket engine design guidelines, a very thorough review related to hybrid rocket propulsion and its applications is presented in this paper. In addition to propellant choice, engine design also affects the hybrid rocket performance and, therefore, a variety of engine designs, considering, e.g., fuel geometry, swirl injection, ignition designs, and some innovative flow-channel designs are also explored. Furthermore, many fundamental studies on increasing hybrid rocket engine performances, such as regression rate enhancement, mixing enhancement, and combustion optimization, are also reviewed. Many problems that will be encountered for practical applications are also reviewed and discussed, including the O/F ratio shift, low-frequency instability, and scale-up methods. For hybrid rocket engine applications in the future, advanced capabilities and lightweight design of the hybrid rocket engine, such as throttling capability, thrust vectoring control concept, insulation materials, 3D-printing manufacturing technologies, and flight demonstrations, are also included. Finally, some active hybrid rocket research teams and their plans for flight activities are briefly introduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Propulsion: Advances and Challenges (3rd Volume))
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