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2 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate

by Luis Avila and Nilda Roma-Burgos

Agriculture 2023, 13(6), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061116 - 25 May 2023

Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Herbicides are crucial tools for weed management in agriculture [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

Research

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19 pages, 2193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transgenerational Effect of Drought Stress and Sub-Lethal Doses of Quizalofop-p-ethyl: Decreasing Sensitivity to Herbicide and Biochemical Adjustment in Eragrostis plana

by Marcus Vinícius Fipke, Anderson da Rosa Feijó, Natália Silva Garcia, Tamara Heck, Vívian Ebeling Viana, Franck Emmanuel Dayan, Dirceu Agostinetto, Fabiane Pinto Lamego, Gustavo Maia Souza, Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo and Luis Antonio de Avila

Agriculture 2022, 12(3), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030396 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3239

Abstract

(1) Background: Eragrostis plana Ness is a invasive C₄ perennial grass in South America and very adaptable to environmental stresses. Our hypothesis is that there is a transgenerational cross-talk between environmental stresses and weed response to herbicides. This study’s objectives were to: [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Eragrostis plana Ness is a invasive C₄ perennial grass in South America and very adaptable to environmental stresses. Our hypothesis is that there is a transgenerational cross-talk between environmental stresses and weed response to herbicides. This study’s objectives were to: (1) evaluate if E. plana primed by drought stress (DRY), a sub-lethal dose of quizalofop-p-ethyl (QPE), or a combination of both drought and herbicide stresses (DRY × QPE), produce a progeny with decreased sensitivity to quizalofop and (2) investigate the potential mechanisms involved in this adaptation; (2) Methods: A population of E. plana was isolatedly submitted to treatments for drought, quizalofop or drought plus quizalofop for two generations. The progenies were analyzed for sensitivity to the herbicide quizalofop and performed biochemical, chromatographic and molecular analyses.; (3) Results: In the G₂ generation, the quizalofop-treated CHK population had reduced stomatal conductance and increased hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, there was no change in stomatal conductance, hydrogen peroxide level, and lipid peroxidation in the quizalofop-treated DRY population. In addition, this population had increased antioxidant enzyme activity and upregulated CYP72A31 and CYP81A12 expression, which was accompanied by reduced quizalofop-p-ethyl concentrations; (4) Conclusions: E. plana demonstrated a capacity for transgenerational adaptation to abiotic stresses, with the population exposed to drought stress (DRY) becoming less sensitive to quizalofop-p-ethyl treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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11 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Transpiration Responses of Herbicide-Resistant and -Susceptible Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.) to Progressively Drying Soil

by Koffi Badou-Jeremie Kouame, Mary C. Savin, Gulab Rangani, Thomas R. Butts, Matthew B. Bertucci and Nilda Roma-Burgos

Agriculture 2022, 12(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030335 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2415

Abstract

Drought events are predicted to increase in the future. Evaluating the response of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed ecotypes to progressive drought can provide insights into whether resistance traits affect the fitness of resistant weed populations. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse between [...] Read more.

Drought events are predicted to increase in the future. Evaluating the response of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible weed ecotypes to progressive drought can provide insights into whether resistance traits affect the fitness of resistant weed populations. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse between January and May 2021 to evaluate drought tolerance differences between Palmer amaranth accessions resistant to S-metolachlor or glyphosate and their susceptible counterparts. The accessions used were S-metolachlor-resistant (17TUN-A), a susceptible standard (09CRW-A), and glyphosate-resistant (22–165 EPSPS copies) and glyphosate-susceptible (3–10 EPSPS copies) plants from accession 16CRW-D. Daily transpiration of each plant was measured. The daily transpiration rate was converted to normalized transpiration ratio (NTR) using a double-normalization procedure. The daily soil water content was expressed as a fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). The threshold FTSW (FTSWcr), after which NTR decreases linearly, was estimated using a two-segment linear regression analysis. The data showed differences between S-metolachlor-resistant and -susceptible accessions (p ≤ 0.05). The FTSW remaining in the soil at the breakpoint for the S-metolachlor-susceptible accession (09CRW-A) was 0.17 ± 0.007. The FTSW remaining in the soil at the breakpoint for the S-metolachlor-resistant accession (17TUN-A) was 0.23 ± 0.004. The FTSW remaining in the soil at the breakpoint for the glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-susceptible plants (16CRW-D) was 0.25 ± 0.007 and 0.25 ± 0.008, respectively. Although the mechanism endowing resistance to S-metolachlor might have contributed to increased drought tolerance, follow-up experiments are needed in order to verify this finding. Increased EPSPS copy numbers did not improve the drought tolerance of Palmer amaranth. As droughts are predicted to increase in frequency and severity, these results suggest that S-metolachlor-resistant and glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth populations will not be at a competitive disadvantage compared to susceptible genotypes. Alternative and diverse management strategies will be required for effective Palmer amaranth control, regardless of herbicide resistance status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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19 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl Selectivity to Rice

by Juan Camilo Velásquez, Angela Das Cas Bundt, Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo, André Andres, Vívian Ebeling Viana, Verónica Hoyos, Guido Plaza and Luis Antonio de Avila

Agriculture 2021, 11(12), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121270 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4843

Abstract

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB) is a new class of auxinic herbicide developed for selective weed control in rice. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions, P450 inhibitors, rice cultivar response, and gene expression on FPB selectivity in rice. Field experiments established in [...] Read more.

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB) is a new class of auxinic herbicide developed for selective weed control in rice. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions, P450 inhibitors, rice cultivar response, and gene expression on FPB selectivity in rice. Field experiments established in a randomized block design showed that rice plant injury due to two FPB rates (30 and 60 g ai ha⁻¹) was affected by planting time and rice stage at herbicide application. The injury was higher at the earliest planting season and more in younger plants (V₂) than larger (V₆ and R₀). However, no yield reduction was detected. Under greenhouse conditions, two dose-response experiments in a randomized block design showed that spraying malathion (1 kg ha⁻¹) before FPB application did not reduce herbicide selectivity. The addition of two P450 inhibitors (dietholate and piperonyl butoxide, 10 g a.i. seed-kg⁻¹ and 4.2 kg ai ha⁻¹, respectively) decreased the doses to cause 50% of plant injury (ED₅₀) and growth reduction (GR₅₀). However, it seems not to compromise crop selectivity. BRS Pampeira cultivar showed lower ED₅₀ and GR₅₀ than IRGA 424 RI. A growth chamber experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the gene expression of rice plants sprayed with FPB (30 and 60 g ai ha⁻¹). Results showed downregulation of OsWAKL21.2, an esterase probably related to bio-activation of FPB-ester. However, no effect was detected on CYP71A21 monooxygenase and OsGSTL transferase, enzymes probably related to FPB degradation. Further research should focus on understanding FBP bio-activation as the selective mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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17 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Joint Action of Some Broadleaf Herbicides on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Weeds and Photosynthetic Performance of Potato

by Elham Samadi Kalkhoran, Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim, Hamid Reza Mohammaddust Chamn Abad, Jens Carl Streibig, Akbar Ghavidel and Te-Ming Paul Tseng

Agriculture 2021, 11(11), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111103 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

Herbicide mixtures are a modern weed management practice as they reduce herbicide application. This study aimes to evaluate the effect of metribuzin, halosulfuron and flumioxazin applied individually and as mixtures (metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin) on Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, and potatoes on biomass [...] Read more.

Herbicide mixtures are a modern weed management practice as they reduce herbicide application. This study aimes to evaluate the effect of metribuzin, halosulfuron and flumioxazin applied individually and as mixtures (metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin) on Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, and potatoes on biomass and chlorophyll-a fluorescence in 21 experiments. The individual herbicide experimental design was a randomized completely block design with seven doses and three replications. The factorial experiments were performed on the basis of randomized completely block design in three replications for binary mixture experiments. Flumioxazin was very potent in controlling C. album, A. retroflexus, and injured potatoes with a 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) of 1.21, 0.54, and 12.23 g ai·ha⁻¹, respectively. Both mixtures of metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin generally showed an antagonistic effect on both weeds and potato in 12 independent experiments. Metribuzin, halosulfuron, and flumioxazin significantly decreased photosystem II activity by decreasing the maximum quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m). The metribuzin:halosulfuron mixtures almost followed the Additive Dose Model for F_v/F_m, whilst there was an antagonistic effect for the metribuzin:flumioxazin that was closely related to biomass. The results indicated that mixtures were generally antagonistic, and the endpoint choice is pivotal when assessing the joint action of mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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12 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Clomazone Formulations Combined with Sulfentrazone in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Straw

by Leandro Tropaldi, Caio A. Carbonari, Ivana Paula F. S. de Brito, Ana Karollyna A. de Matos, Carolina P. de Moraes and Edivaldo D. Velini

Agriculture 2021, 11(9), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090854 - 7 Sep 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

Herbicide formulations can alter the herbicide performance, affecting the application safety and weed control efficiency. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the dynamics of clomazone herbicide applied single and combined with sulfentrazone on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw. Laminated polypropylene [...] Read more.

Herbicide formulations can alter the herbicide performance, affecting the application safety and weed control efficiency. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the dynamics of clomazone herbicide applied single and combined with sulfentrazone on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw. Laminated polypropylene containers filled with sugarcane straw (10 t ha⁻¹) were subjected to two clomazone formulations (microencapsulated and conventional formulations; 1200 g ha⁻¹) applied single or combined with sulfentrazone (600 g ha⁻¹) with four replications, and the experiment was duplicated. The application was performed indoors with an automated sprayer. After application, accumulated rainfall depths (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mm) on the treated containers were simulated soon after the herbicide applications, and the percolated waters were subsequently collected for herbicide quantification by chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The microencapsulated formulation of clomazone applied single or combined with sulfentrazone enabled the recovery of higher quantity of clomazone (>80%), with the advantage that a large percentage remained encapsulated (>70%), thus decreasing losses and increasing the product efficiency. The 30 mm simulated rainfall efficiently carried the clomazone herbicide when its microencapsulated formulation was applied, whereas its conventional formulation required higher rainfall depths (60 mm). Sulfentrazone was easily carried through the sugarcane straw by the rainfall depths when it was combined with clomazone, regardless of the clomazone formulation. The clomazone formulation affect the percolation dynamics of this herbicide through the sugarcane straw. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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13 pages, 16756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PPO2 Mutations in Amaranthus palmeri: Implications on Cross-Resistance

by Pâmela Carvalho-Moore, Gulab Rangani, James Heiser, Douglas Findley, Steven J. Bowe and Nilda Roma-Burgos

Agriculture 2021, 11(8), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080760 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3482

Abstract

In Arkansas, resistance to protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides in Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. is mainly due to target site mutations. Although A. palmeri PPO-mutations are well investigated, the cross-resistance that each ppo mutant endows to weed populations is not yet well understood. [...] Read more.

In Arkansas, resistance to protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides in Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. is mainly due to target site mutations. Although A. palmeri PPO-mutations are well investigated, the cross-resistance that each ppo mutant endows to weed populations is not yet well understood. We aimed to evaluate the response of PPO-resistant A. palmeri accessions, harboring the ppo2 mutations ΔG210 and G399A, to multiple PPO-inhibiting herbicides. Six resistant and one susceptible field accessions were subjected to a dose–response assay with fomesafen, and selected survivors from different fomesafen doses were genotyped to characterize the mutation profile. The level of resistance to fomesafen was determined and a cross-resistance assay was conducted with 1 and 2 times the labeled doses of selected PPO herbicides. The accession with higher predicted dose to control 50% of the population (ED50) had a higher frequency of ΔG210-homozygous survivors. Survivors harboring both mutations, and those that were ΔG210-homozygous, incurred less injury at the highest fomesafen rate tested (1120 g ai ha⁻¹). The populations with a high frequency of ΔG210-homozygous survivors, and those with individuals harboring ΔG210 + G399A mutations, exhibited high potential for cross-resistance to other PPO herbicides. The new PPO–herbicide chemistries (saflufenacil, trifludimoxazin) generally controlled the PPO-resistant populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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15 pages, 1852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Activity of 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate Synthase (EPSPS) Enzyme Describe the Natural Tolerance of Vulpia myuros to Glyphosate in Comparison with Apera spica-venti

by Muhammad Javaid Akhter, Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen, Zelalem Eshetu Bekalu, Henrik Brinch-Pedersen and Per Kudsk

Agriculture 2021, 11(8), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080725 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.) is a self-pollinating winter annual grassy weed of winter annual crops. The problems with V. myuros are mostly associated with no-till cropping systems where glyphosate application before sowing or emergence of the crop is the [...] Read more.

Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.) is a self-pollinating winter annual grassy weed of winter annual crops. The problems with V. myuros are mostly associated with no-till cropping systems where glyphosate application before sowing or emergence of the crop is the most important control measure. Ineffective V. myuros control has been reported following glyphosate applications. Experiments were performed to study the effectiveness of glyphosate on V. myuros, and determine the causes of the lower performance of glyphosate on V. myuros compared to other grass weeds. Estimated GR₅₀ values demonstrated that V. myuros was less susceptible to glyphosate than Apera spica-venti regardless of the growth stage. Within each species, glyphosate efficacy at different growth stages was closely related to spray retention. However, the low susceptibility to glyphosate in V. myuros was not caused by lower retention as previously suggested. A significantly lower shikimic acid accumulation in V. myuros compared to A. spica-venti was associated with a higher activity of the EPSPS enzyme in V. myuros. Nevertheless, the relative responses in EPSPS activity to different glyphosate concentrations were similar in the two grass species, which indicate that EPSPS from V. myuros is as susceptible to glyphosate as EPSPS from A. spica-venti suggesting no alternation in the binding site of EPSPS. The results from the current study indicate that V. myuros is less susceptible to glyphosate compared to A. spica-venti, and the low susceptibility of V. myuros is caused by an increased EPSPS enzyme activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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16 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Effect of Application of the Herbicide S-Metolachlor on the Activity of Some Enzymes Found in Soil

by Marioara Nicoleta Filimon, Diana Larisa Roman, Ion Valeriu Caraba and Adriana Isvoran

Agriculture 2021, 11(6), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060469 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3043

Abstract

Herbicides are being used more and more to increase productivity in agriculture, but their excessive has been shown to lead to adverse effects on the environment, especially on the soil. Within this study the effect of the herbicide S-metolachlor on the activity of [...] Read more.

Herbicides are being used more and more to increase productivity in agriculture, but their excessive has been shown to lead to adverse effects on the environment, especially on the soil. Within this study the effect of the herbicide S-metolachlor on the activity of several enzymes (dehydrogenase, protease, phosphatase and urease) found in the loamy-clayey soil has been analyzed. There were seven experimental variants corresponding to the untreated soil and to the application of six distinct doses of S-metolachlor on soil samples maintained in laboratory conditions. Biochemical analyzes have been performed to assess the activities of the investigated enzymes at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively, and several physiochemical parameters of the soil have been also monitored during these experiments. The data obtained in the experimental determinations were subjected to statistical analysis such as to evaluate if the changes in the activities of enzymes are significant and to establish if there are correlations between the evolution of analyzed enzymatic activities and the physicochemical parameters of the soil. Molecular docking approach has been also used to assess the interactions between the herbicide and investigated enzymes. The activities of studied enzymes decreased in a dose-dependent manner when the herbicide was applied. More than 21 days were necessary to recover the activities of dehydrogenase and protease in the soil treated with S-metolachlor, the activity of protease was recovered after 14 days and the activity of urease was recuperated after 7 days of incubation. This study also emphasized significant correlations between the enzymatic activities and some physicochemical parameters of the soil: pH, moisture, organic matter, nitrogen level and available phosphorus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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12 pages, 1513 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Different Mutations Providing Target Site Resistance to ALS- and ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Echinochloa spp. from Rice Fields

by Ignacio Amaro-Blanco, Yolanda Romano, Jose Antonio Palmerin, Raquel Gordo, Candelario Palma-Bautista, Rafael De Prado and María Dolores Osuna

Agriculture 2021, 11(5), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050382 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4406

Abstract

Echinochloa spp. is one of the most invasive weeds in rice fields worldwide. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides are two of the most widely used rice herbicides. However, overuse has led to the resistance evolution of Echinochloa spp. to [...] Read more.

Echinochloa spp. is one of the most invasive weeds in rice fields worldwide. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides are two of the most widely used rice herbicides. However, overuse has led to the resistance evolution of Echinochloa spp. to penoxsulam (ALS-inhibitor) and cyhalofop-methyl (ACCase-inhibitor). In this work, 137 different Echinochloa spp. populations were collected in different rice fields in Extremadura (western Spain) where lack of control was detected. Target-site based resistance (by sequencing ALS and ACCase gene) and characterization of Echinochloa species at the molecular level (based on PCR-RFLP analyses) were carried out in those populations. Most of the populations studied (111 of 137) belong to the E. oryzicola/E. oryzoides group. Three-point mutations were identified in ALS genes: Pro197Ser, Pro197Thr, and Ser653Asn, the first being the most frequent substitution in resistant plants. In the ACCase gene, the Ile1781Leu substitution was found. In both ALS and ACCase sequencing, evidence of heterozygosity was also observed. To assess whether cross-resistance patterns differed between mutations, two populations belonging to the E. oryzicola/E. oryzoides group had its most frequent mutations (Pro197Ser, population ech3-14 and Ile1781Leu, population ech114-10) chosen to be carried out in a dose-response assay. It was confirmed that Pro197Ser conferred resistance to triazolopyrimidine, imidazolinone, sulfonylurea, and pyrimidinyl benzoate families. On the other hand, the Ile1781Leu change gave resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione families. Of the authorized herbicides in rice in Spain, more that 80% belong to these families. It is therefore important that farmers carry out an integrated control system that combines both chemical and non-chemical tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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12 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recurrent Selection with Low Herbicide Rates and Salt Stress Decrease Sensitivity of Echinochloa colona to Imidazolinone

by Lariza Benedetti, Vívian Ebeling Viana, Pâmela Carvalho-Moore, Vinicios Rafael Gehrke, Gustavo Maia Souza, Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo, Luis Antonio de Avila and Nilda Roma-Burgos

Agriculture 2021, 11(3), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030187 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2653

Abstract

Weeds represent an increasing challenge for crop systems since they have evolved adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, such as salinity stress. Herbicide effectiveness can be altered by the quality of water in which the weed is growing. This research aimed to study the [...] Read more.

Weeds represent an increasing challenge for crop systems since they have evolved adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, such as salinity stress. Herbicide effectiveness can be altered by the quality of water in which the weed is growing. This research aimed to study the combined effect of salt stress and recurrent selection with a sublethal dose of imidazolinone herbicides in the shifting of the sensitivity of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (junglerice) to imidazolinone herbicides. This study was divided into two experiments; in experiment I, three recurrent selection cycles were conducted in Pelotas/RS/Brazil with imazapic + imazapyr at 0.125× the field rate; and in experiment II, three recurrent selection cycles were conducted in Fayetteville/AR/USA with imazethapyr, at 0.125× the recommended dose. Salt stress was implemented by irrigation with 120 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The effective dose for 50% control of the population (ED₅₀) values increased from the field population to the second generation (G2) after recurrent selection with a sublethal dose of imidazolinone combined with salt stress, supporting the hypothesis of reduced susceptibility by the combination of these abiotic factors. Recurrent exposure to a sublethal dose of imazapic + imazapyr or imazethapyr, combined with salt stress, reduced susceptibility of Echinochloa colona (L.) plants to imidazolinone herbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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11 pages, 2367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of Flufenacet and Prosulfocarb on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) Control

by Christian Andreasen, Kasper Lund Høgh and Signe Marie Jensen

Agriculture 2020, 10(11), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110552 - 17 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3969

Abstract

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be a troublesome weed that may causes high yield losses to several crops. Ryegrass resistance to the typically used acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides complicates the control. As an alternative, we evaluated [...] Read more.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be a troublesome weed that may causes high yield losses to several crops. Ryegrass resistance to the typically used acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides complicates the control. As an alternative, we evaluated and compared the effects of two soil-acting herbicides, flufenacet and prosulfocarb, on susceptible L. multiflorum. The herbicides were applied in two doses in three different methods of applications: (1) soil and foliar application (2) foliar application, and (3) soil application only. Two greenhouse experiments separated in time showed that both herbicides reduced root and foliar biomass significantly as compared to the nontreated plants. In experiment 1, both herbicides resulted in lower efficacy when they only were applied to the leaves compared to the nontreated plants. Especially the foliar effect of flufenacet was small. The highest dose of prosulfocarb (4200 g ai ha⁻¹) reduced the fresh foliar weight by 61% in experiment 1 and by 95% in experiment 2. The lowest dose of prosulfocarb (2100 g ai ha⁻¹) reduced the weights by 73% (experiment 1) and 98% (experiment 2), respectively. For both herbicides the soil and foliar application applied postemergence were effective in reducing growth of L. multiflorum significantly in both experiments. Foliar application showed inconsistent results, showing that soil absorption plays an important role on herbicide efficacy even when the herbicides are applied postemergence. Postemergence application of prosulfocarb and flufenacet were effective to reduce L. multiflorum growth having apparently good root and leaf absorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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10 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatilization of Standalone Dicamba and Dicamba Plus Glyphosate as Function of Volatility Reducer and Different Surfaces

by Caio A. Carbonari, Renato N. Costa, Natalia C. Bevilaqua, Vinicius G. C. Pereira, Bruno F. Giovanelli, Ramiro F. Lopez Ovejero, Matheus Palhano, Henrique Barbosa and Edivaldo D. Velini

Agriculture 2020, 10(11), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110495 - 23 Oct 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4198

Abstract

Dicamba is a herbicide with a moderate volatility profile. Such volatility behavior can be significantly diminished with formulation technology and volatilization reducers. The objective of this study was to quantify the volatility potential of dicamba diglycolamine salt (DGA) in a standalone application or [...] Read more.

Dicamba is a herbicide with a moderate volatility profile. Such volatility behavior can be significantly diminished with formulation technology and volatilization reducers. The objective of this study was to quantify the volatility potential of dicamba diglycolamine salt (DGA) in a standalone application or in tank mixture with glyphosate (potassium salt) (GK), with and without volatilization reducer (acetic acid—VaporGrip^®) from different surfaces. The combination of these products was applied on four different surfaces (glass slides, corn straw, and dry and moist sandy soil) with three replications, and the experiment was duplicated. The application was performed indoors with an automated sprayer. After application, targets were positioned in cartridges containing two filters in series. Cartridges were placed in a vapor collection system that consisted of a chromatographic oven with constant temperature of 40 °C attached to a vacuum pump for 24 h. After this period, liquid samples were obtained from an extraction procedure of filters and surfaces, which corresponded to the volatilized and deposited portions of the herbicides, respectively. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The use of this method provided a rapid and consistent evaluation, in which the treated surface exerts a direct influence on the amount of volatilized dicamba. The mixture of dicamba and glyphosate solutions exhibited different volatility profiles as a function of the treated surfaces. The DGA applied alone had the largest level of volatility when applied on moist soil and the lowest level of volatility in dry soil and straw. The DGA with GK had volatilities similar in dry soil, wet soil and straw. The volatility reducer in the tank mixture was effective in reducing DGA dicamba volatilization, regardless of the sprayed surface and the tank mixture, making the application of dicamba safer from the volatilization standpoint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

17 pages, 4735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Opportunities to Mitigate Carryover of Imidazolinone Herbicides in Lowland Rice

by Vinicios Rafael Gehrke, Marcus Vinicius Fipke, Luis Antonio de Avila and Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo

Agriculture 2021, 11(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040299 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4321

Abstract

(1) Background: The Clearfield™ system (CL) is currently the primary tool for selective weedy-rice management in irrigated rice. However, herbicide persistence in the soil may cause damage to successive crops. Thus, it is necessary to understand agricultural practices that can favor the dissipation [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The Clearfield™ system (CL) is currently the primary tool for selective weedy-rice management in irrigated rice. However, herbicide persistence in the soil may cause damage to successive crops. Thus, it is necessary to understand agricultural practices that can favor the dissipation of these herbicides. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the persistence of imidazolinones and to use this information to provide management strategies to mitigate carryover in lowland rice. (2) Methods: A literature review was performed, and the publications were selected using the soil half-life parameter. The data were summarized according to the biotic conditions, soil parameters, and environmental variables. (3) Results: Imidazolinone dissipation in soil occurs primarily through biodegradation. The herbicide biodegradation rate depends on environmental conditions such as temperature and bioavailability of the herbicide in the soil. Herbicide bioavailability is affected by soil conditions, with higher bioavailability in soil with higher pH, less clayey texture, moderate organic matter content, and higher soil moisture levels. Therefore, environmental conditions that favor biological activity, especially high temperatures, reduce the herbicide half-life in the soil. Strategies to mitigate carryover should focus on improving herbicide availability and enhancing biological activity in the soil, especially in the rice off-season, when low temperatures limit herbicide biodegradation. Cover and rotational crops, such as ryegrass and soybean, are recommended, with the potential to mitigate soil residues. (4) Conclusions: The establishment of crops other than rice would automatically enhance degradation rates as soil amendment practices such as pH correction and drainage practices would favor soil availability and biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicide Physiology and Environmental Fate)

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