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Applied Sciences
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Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications
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Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2021) | Viewed by 15341

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Esther Perales

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Colour and Vision Group, University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
Interests: color technology; color science; gonioappearace; special-effect pigments; visual perception
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The hybrid and multi-scale management of materials and products is an interesting and very demanding topic, due to its increasing and functional usage in various industrial sectors. In this context, nanostructured hybrid pigments play an important role, due to their performance and functionality, for instance, in paints for thermosolar energy devices, or in colored bionanocomposites. Thus, by properly combining natural dyes and nanoclays with biopolymers, or in water-based paints, cosmetics, etc., this is an important milestone in securing the integral benefits in society of the bioeconomy and circular economy. On the other hand, 3D printing is another important challenge when considering the new technologies already on the market (UV-cured liquid resin, or powder). Therefore, there are many open questions to be considered: the development of materials with new advanced functionalities; the use of new raw materials (natural dyes; nanoclays) to obtain new filament with different performance; to evaluate the color reproduction performance and the translucency, gloss and surface texture of these materials.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to raise awareness of some of the advances of these topics:

  • Hybrid pigment feasibility for new bioeconomy and conventional applications;
  • Functional colored nanomaterials;
  • New biomaterials with innovative functionalities through 3D-printing;
  • Pigment synthesis and product performance optimization for 3D printing;
  • Color reproduction performance in 3D printing;
  • Color perception of 3D objects;
  • Statistical design of experiments (DoE) to define the factors affecting the total visual appearance (color, surface texture, gloss) in 3D printing;
  • Color difference evaluation between 3D Color Objects

Dr. Esther Perales
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hybrid pigments
  • nanomaterial
  • functional materials
  • 3D color reproduction
  • 3D color perception

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 119327 KiB  
Article
The Amber Project: A Survey of Methods and Inks for the Reproduction of the Color of Translucent Objects
by Abigail Trujillo-Vazquez, Harrie Fuller, Susanne Klein and Carinna Parraman
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020793 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2525
Abstract
Unlike regular pigments based on selective light absorption, the so-called “effect pigments″ are based on the phenomena of structural color, or selective reflectance. Structural color has appealing aesthetic qualities, such as angle-dependent hue, and is able to produce lightfast colors. When used as [...] Read more.
Unlike regular pigments based on selective light absorption, the so-called “effect pigments″ are based on the phenomena of structural color, or selective reflectance. Structural color has appealing aesthetic qualities, such as angle-dependent hue, and is able to produce lightfast colors. When used as a pigment, however, the gamut of the print is more limited, the color is difficult to measure, and therefore color management and preprint process become challenging. The aim of this paper is to compare the behavior of effect pigments in the processes of lithographic and screen printing with standard pigments used in so-called process inks, and to analyze their optical properties when used on their own or in combination with absorption pigments. An image of amber beads was printed as screen prints and lithographs. Three sets of inks were used: Set one: Standard process inks in the colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK); set two: RGB inks formulated with Merck Spectraval™ pearlescent pigments which allow additive red, green, blue printing on a black substrate; and set three: golden inks formulated with pigments from the Merck Iriodin™ and Pyrisma™ effect pigment range. The image was printed on white and black paper. The optical appearance was assessed visually, and spectra and color coordinates were measured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications)
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23 pages, 45013 KiB  
Article
Using Laminar Nanoclays for Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin Stabilization as New Natural Hybrid Pigments from Microalgae Extraction
by Bàrbara Micó-Vicent, Esther Perales Romero, Ruperto Bermejo, Jorge Jordán-Núñez, Valentín Viqueira and Jorge Pérez
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11992; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411992 - 16 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2865
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (PC) and B-phycoerythrin (PE) are light-harvesting water-soluble phycobiliproteins from microalgae that belong mainly to the cyanobaceria and rhodhophytes families. Different methods have been developed for PC and PE extraction and purification from microalgae, and offer a high potential for their use as [...] Read more.
C-Phycocyanin (PC) and B-phycoerythrin (PE) are light-harvesting water-soluble phycobiliproteins from microalgae that belong mainly to the cyanobaceria and rhodhophytes families. Different methods have been developed for PC and PE extraction and purification from microalgae, and offer a high potential for their use as additives in sectors such as food and cosmetics. However, the main limitations of using these dyes are the sensitivity of their environmental factors, such as light fastness, temperature, and pH. We successfully employed safe lamellar nanoclays such as montmorillonite (M) and Laponite (L) for phycobiliproteins stabilization, as we did before with other natural dyes. We obtained a wide color gamut from blues to pink by combining four different factors under synthesis conditions: three dye concentrations; two laminar nanoclay sizes; a two nanoclay surface modifiers combination with cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and a coupling agent (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. The experimental conditions were defined according to a multilevel factorial design of experiment (DOE) to study the factors interacting in the final hybrid pigment characteristics. In both M and L, the d001 distance (nm) increased due to PC and PE adsorption. The best conditions to increase the basal space depend on the nanoclay structure, and it is better to use the surfactant for M, and silane modification for L. In addition, optical and thermal PE and PC properties significantly improved. We show the optimal synthesis conditions to increase PC and PE adsorption using the high dye concentration, with surfactant and silane depending on the nanoclay. The hybrid pigments from these phycobiliproteins offer the opportunity to perform several industrial applications, including in polymer additives, cosmetics, and packaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications)
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16 pages, 6031 KiB  
Article
Halloysite and Laponite Hybrid Pigments Synthesis with Copper Chlorophyll
by Bàrbara Micó-Vicent, Esther Perales Romero, Jorge Jordán-Núñez and Valentín Viqueira
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5568; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125568 - 16 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2219
Abstract
Sustainable and green materials have been studied in dye and pigment productions to reduce their environment impacts from being produced and applied. Although natural dyes are an excellent choice to move from agrowaste, some improvements must be made before they are applied given [...] Read more.
Sustainable and green materials have been studied in dye and pigment productions to reduce their environment impacts from being produced and applied. Although natural dyes are an excellent choice to move from agrowaste, some improvements must be made before they are applied given their poor fastness. One way of improving natural dye properties is their adsorption into nanoclay structures to give hybrid pigments. This work used tubular halloysite and laminar laponite to adsorb and stabilize natural copper chlorophyll. With a statistical design of experiments, we observed interactions between synthesis factors, such as pH, ionic strength, and surfactant or silane modification. Cool hybrid pigments with high TSR (%) values and a wide color range were obtained by using dispersions with only distilled water at room temperature. Successful chlorophyll adsorption on both nanoclay surfaces took place by XRD and DTA analyses. The maximum natural dye absorption for both nanoclay types took place under acid conditions, pH 3–4, and in the presence of mordant. The TSR (%) improved by the silane pH interaction, and halloysite hybrid pigments obtained higher TSR values than the laponite ones. Finally, a wide chromatic green color range was obtained with the surfactant modification in both nanoclays, and the color fastening was also improved in the hybrid pigments application. The samples generated with 10% of hybrid pigments from both nanoclays and an Epoxy bioresin, show higher colorfastness than the sample with the natural chlorophyll, due to the nanoclays–dye interaction and protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications)
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12 pages, 1658 KiB  
Article
Development of Candelilla Wax Oleogels as a Medium of Controlled Release of Phosphorus in an In Vitro Model
by Genaro Olmos-Oropeza, Mayra Aguilar-Zárate, María Zenaida Saavedra-Leos, Luis Gerardo Martínez-Juárez, Jorge Fernando Toro-Vazquez, Armando Sánchez-Macías and Laura Araceli López-Martínez
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3815; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093815 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2431
Abstract
Candelilla wax (CW) oleogels were developed as an alternative bolus material for delivering phosphorus into the rumen of goats. The systems were studied at three CW concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) in vegetable oil. Each oleogel was added with a specific amount of [...] Read more.
Candelilla wax (CW) oleogels were developed as an alternative bolus material for delivering phosphorus into the rumen of goats. The systems were studied at three CW concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) in vegetable oil. Each oleogel was added with a specific amount of calcium orthophosphate as a phosphorus source. The thermomechanical properties of the oleogels were characterized by DSC and rheology, and the viability of phosphorus delivery was evaluated using a laboratory model in two mediums (one aqueous and another with ruminal fluid). The results showed that the oleogels had a higher melting point (~52.8 °C) than the temperature of the ruminal environment and greater G′ values (1.6 × 106 Pa in 20% CW oleogel with phosphorus). Such characteristics guaranteed the integrity of the materials during the process in the model systems studied. It was demonstrated that when using the 20% CW oleogel, the phosphorus was slowly released for 84 h, completing a maximum of 83.3–98% of the total amount of phosphorus added to the bolus (in the aqueous and ruminal fluid models, respectively). These results enable us to propose this material as a delivery system for phosphorus supplementation in goats. Its effectivity in goats will be evaluated in future in vivo investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications)
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12 pages, 1561 KiB  
Article
Weibull S-N Fatigue Strength Curve Analysis for A572 Gr. 50 Steel, Based on the True Stress—True Strain Approach
by Alejandro Molina, Manuel R. Piña-Monarrez and Jesús M. Barraza-Contreras
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5725; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165725 - 18 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4522
Abstract
In this paper a Weibull methodology to determine the probabilistic percentiles for the S-N curve of the A572 Gr. 50 steel is formulated. The given Weibull/S-N formulation is based on the true stress and true strain values, which are both determined from the [...] Read more.
In this paper a Weibull methodology to determine the probabilistic percentiles for the S-N curve of the A572 Gr. 50 steel is formulated. The given Weibull/S-N formulation is based on the true stress and true strain values, which are both determined from the stress-strain analysis. For the analysis, the Weibull β and η parameters are both determined directly from the maximum and minimum addressed stresses values. The S-N curve parameters are determined for 103 and 106 cycles. In the application, published experimental data for the CSA G40.21 Gr. 350W steel is used to derive the true stress and true strain parameters of the A572 Gr. 50 steel. Additionally, the application of the S-N curve, its probabilistic percentiles and the Weibull parameters that represent these percentiles are all determined step by step. Since the proposed method is flexible, then it can be applied to determine the probabilistic percentiles of any other material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Characterization of Materials for Different Industrial Applications)
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