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State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials
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State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2025 | Viewed by 8886

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Francesco Puleio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, 98100 Messina, Italy
Interests: endodontic instrument; digital dentistry; augmented reality applications; restorative dentistry; prosthetic dentistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Roberto Lo Giudice

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Human Pathology of adults and developmental age, Messina University, 98100 Messina, Italy
Interests: intraoral scanner; digital dentistry; oral surgery; dental materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a privilege to invite you to submit your paper and present your research in the upcoming Special Issue “State of the Art of Dental Materials”, which will be considered for publication in Applied Sciences.

Dental materials have undergone a revolution in recent decades, improving the quality of dental therapies and allowing the resolution of previously unsolvable clinical problems. This Special Issue is concerned with all aspects of dental specialties dealing with this topic.

Dr. Francesco Puleio
Dr. Roberto Lo Giudice
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • material properties
  • microstructure
  • dental materials
  • biomaterials
  • dental polymers
  • mechanical properties

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 13856 KiB  
Article
Comparative Effects of Different Abrasives on Surface Roughness of Dental Materials: An In Vitro Study
by Francesco Saverio Ludovichetti, Patrizia Lucchi, Marta Bernardelle, Anna Giulia Signoriello, Luca Pezzato, Rachele Bertolini, Matteo Gallo and Sergio Mazzoleni
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8956; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198956 - 4 Oct 2024
Viewed by 807
Abstract
Surface roughness is a critical factor in restorative dentistry, as it influences both the esthetic and functional outcomes of dental materials. The choice of abrasive powders used during the air polishing of dental restorations can significantly impact the surface roughness, potentially affecting the [...] Read more.
Surface roughness is a critical factor in restorative dentistry, as it influences both the esthetic and functional outcomes of dental materials. The choice of abrasive powders used during the air polishing of dental restorations can significantly impact the surface roughness, potentially affecting the longevity and performance of the restoration. This study aimed to compare the effects of three different air-polishing powders—sodium bicarbonate, erythritol, and glycine—on the surface roughness of a 3M Filtek™ Supreme XTE (3M St. Paul, Minnesota 55144-1000) United States composite resin and a Fuji™ IX glass ionomer cement. This study also examined how different application times (5 and 10 s) influenced these outcomes. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was conducted using standardized blocks of 3M Filtek™ Supreme XTE composite resin and Fuji™ IX glass ionomer cement. Each material was treated with sodium bicarbonate, erythritol, and glycine at two different exposure times (5 s and 10 s) using a professional air-polishing device. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured before and after the treatments using a contact profilometer. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test to compare the mean roughness values among the different groups, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The results showed significant differences in surface roughness between the materials, powders, and application times. The composite resin exhibited lower roughness and variability compared with the Fuji™ IX, indicating a more uniform and predictable surface. Sodium bicarbonate produced the highest roughness values, particularly after 10 s of application, while glycine resulted in the lowest roughness with greater variability. Erythritol produced intermediate roughness with moderate variability. For the Fuji™ IX, sodium bicarbonate caused the greatest variability in roughness, while glycine produced the smoothest surfaces. The ANOVA results confirmed significant differences in mean roughness among the abrasive groups, with Tukey’s post hoc test showing that glycine had significantly lower roughness than sodium bicarbonate, and erythritol had higher roughness than glycine but was lower than sodium bicarbonate. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the choice of air-polishing powder and application time significantly affected the surface roughness of both 3M Filtek™ Supreme XTE composite resin and Fuji™ IX glass ionomer cement. Glycine consistently produced the smoothest surfaces, making it a preferable option for clinical scenarios where minimal surface roughness is desired. Sodium bicarbonate, while effective in cleaning, resulted in rougher surfaces, particularly after longer exposure times. These findings suggest that careful selection of polishing powders can enhance the esthetic and functional outcomes of dental restorations, contributing to their longevity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials)
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15 pages, 2426 KiB  
Article
Depth of Cure, Surface Characteristics, Hardness, and Brushing Wear of 4 Direct Restorative Materials in Paediatric Dentistry
by Francesco Saverio Ludovichetti, Angela Guariso, Roberta Gaia Parcianello, Luca Pezzato, Rachele Bertolini, Patrizia Lucchi and Sergio Mazzoleni
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8783; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198783 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3331
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed to compare the depth of cure, hardness, surface roughness, and wear resistance of four restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry: FUJI IX GP FAST, RivaSilver, SDR flow+, and Vertise Flow. Materials and Methods: The depth of cure was measured [...] Read more.
Aim: The study aimed to compare the depth of cure, hardness, surface roughness, and wear resistance of four restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry: FUJI IX GP FAST, RivaSilver, SDR flow+, and Vertise Flow. Materials and Methods: The depth of cure was measured per ISO 4049 standards using a digital caliper, with 15 samples of each material. Hardness was evaluated using a Vickers indenter under a 10 N load for 20 s. Surface roughness was assessed before and after acid exposure using an optical profilometer according to ISO 4288. Brushing wear resistance was analyzed by subjecting samples to 20 and 60 min of brushing, followed by roughness measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using independent sample t-tests to determine the significance of differences between the materials, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant. Results: SDR flow+ exhibited the highest depth of cure with an average of 3.5 mm (±0.2 mm), significantly higher than Vertise Flow at 2.8 mm (±0.3 mm) (p < 0.001). Hardness testing revealed SDR flow+ had the highest average hardness (85 HV ± 4 HV), while Vertise Flow had the lowest (72 HV ± 5 HV) (p < 0.001). Surface roughness increased significantly after acid exposure for RivaSilver (from 1.2 μm ± 0.12 μm to 1.6 μm ± 0.15 μm, p = 0.007) and for SDR flow+ (from 0.85 μm ± 0.08 μm to 1.3 μm ± 0.14 μm, p = 0.001). Brushing wear resistance was highest in RivaSilver (Ra increase from 1.2 μm to 1.4 μm ± 0.11 μm) and lowest in FUJI IX GP FAST (Ra increase from 1.5 μm to 1.9 μm ± 0.15 μm, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study demonstrates significant differences in performance among the tested materials. SDR flow+ showed a superior depth of cure and hardness, making it suitable for high-stress applications. However, all materials displayed increased surface roughness following acid exposure and brushing, with FUJI IX GP FAST showing the highest wear. These findings highlight the need to select restorative materials based on the specific clinical demands of pediatric patients, considering both their mechanical properties and resistance to wear and acid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials)
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10 pages, 3953 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Sliding Resistance of Metallic, Composite and In-House 3D-Printed Brackets: An In Vitro Study
by Luca Brucculeri, Federica Pellitteri, Mario Palone and Luca Lombardo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6303; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146303 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the differences in frictional resistance between in-house 3D-printed resin brackets (IH3DBs) and two types of commercially available brackets in combination with three different archwires. Methods: Friction tests were performed using a dynamometer and a millimetre sled to simulate first premolar [...] Read more.
Objective: To evaluate the differences in frictional resistance between in-house 3D-printed resin brackets (IH3DBs) and two types of commercially available brackets in combination with three different archwires. Methods: Friction tests were performed using a dynamometer and a millimetre sled to simulate first premolar post-extraction space closure. Three different brackets, namely PRIMO metallic brackets, Crystal composite brackets and in-house 3D-printed brackets, were tested in combination with three different archwires (0.016-inch NiTi, 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi and 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS). Statistical analysis was performed to verify the differences in friction among the bracket and archwire combinations. For all the tests, the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: There were significant differences among the three brackets tested with both the 0.016-inch NiTi and 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS archwires (p = 0.026 and p = 0.017, respectively). Only tests with the 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi archwire yielded no statistically significant differences between the groups. The composite bracket generated clinically and statistically more friction than both the IH3DB and metallic bracket, with no differences between the latter two. Conclusions: The IH3DBs demonstrated comparable frictional resistance properties to the metal brackets and better than the composite brackets with all the archwires tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials)
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Review

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17 pages, 650 KiB  
Review
Palatal Graft Harvesting Site Healing and Pain Management: What Is the Best Choice? An Umbrella Review
by Francesco D’Ambrosio, Mario Caggiano, Andrea Chiacchio, Alfonso Acerra and Francesco Giordano
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5614; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135614 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1975
Abstract
The use of free gingival graft (FGG) and connective tissue graft (CTG) from the palate are among the most predictable periodontal and peri-implant plastic surgery procedures. However, palatal harvesting causes severe discomfort in the palatal area in patients undergoing harvesting. The aim of [...] Read more.
The use of free gingival graft (FGG) and connective tissue graft (CTG) from the palate are among the most predictable periodontal and peri-implant plastic surgery procedures. However, palatal harvesting causes severe discomfort in the palatal area in patients undergoing harvesting. The aim of this umbrella review is to evaluate which products or techniques can result in fewer side effects and less morbidity in patients. Systematic reviews, with meta-analysis or not, about postoperative pain and wound healing in patients undergoing surgery to remove a free gingival graft or connective tissue graft from the palatal region, published only in the English language, were electronically searched for on BioMed Central, Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, the Cochrane library databases, and PROSPERO register. Of 1153 titles, only 7 articles were included in this review. The reviews included suggest that the more effective interventions for patient-reported outcomes, particularly for pain management, are cyanoacrylate adhesives, platelet-rich fibrin, hyaluronic acid, and the use of palatal stents. Low-level laser therapy also demonstrated good results in palatal wound healing speed after FGG procedures. Also, topical agents were also described. Future studies and more high-quality randomized clinical trials are needed to provide clear descriptions and standardized procedures of interventions to obtain clear results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials)
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Other

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12 pages, 621 KiB  
Systematic Review
Apical Transportation of Apical Foramen by Different NiTi Alloy Systems: A Systematic Review
by Francesco Puleio, Ugo Bellezza, Alessandra Torre, Francesco Giordano and Giuseppe Lo Giudice
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10555; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910555 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Endodontic shaping can lead to canal and apical anatomical alterations, which may compromise the outcome of root canal treatment. The objective of this systematic literature review is to assess whether the use of martensitic endodontic instruments can result in less apical transportation compared [...] Read more.
Endodontic shaping can lead to canal and apical anatomical alterations, which may compromise the outcome of root canal treatment. The objective of this systematic literature review is to assess whether the use of martensitic endodontic instruments can result in less apical transportation compared to austenitic instruments during endodontic therapy. A search was conducted on PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and the Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were in vitro studies comparing apical transportation using endodontic instruments with austenitic or martensitic alloys. The search of the scientific databases yielded 592 results, of which only 10 were eligible for evaluation after screening. Based on the analysis of the selected articles, it can be concluded that martensitic endodontic instruments result in less apical transportation compared to austenitic instruments during the shaping phase of endodontic treatment. This behavior can be attributed to the increased flexibility of martensitic instruments. Further research is warranted to further explore this topic and provide additional evidence supporting the use of martensitic instruments in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art of Dental Materials)
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