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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (23 August 2021) | Viewed by 17519

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Sien Chi

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Guest Editor

Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Interests: fiber optic communications; ECG and EEG signal analyses

Prof. Dr. Gong-Ru Lin

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Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
Interests: fiber lasers; nanophotonics; semiconductor lasers; optical communications; laser diode white-lighting; semiconductor photonics; microwave photonics; ultrafast optics; optoelectronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Chun-Ting Lin

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Institute of Photonic System, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Interests: microwave phtonics; fiber communications; microwave/milliter-wave/thz communication; digital signal processing; optical wireless/wired access network; 5G system

Prof. Dr. Chia-Chien Wei

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Guest Editor

Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Interests: optical and electrical signal processing; advanced modulation formats; optical access networks; radio-over-fiber systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical fiber is currently the main means for ultrahigh-rate transmission in communication networks, which can support the needed bandwidth and requirements for future broadband applications. Meanwhile, the broadband-needed applications such as FTTx construction, 4G/5G wireless network construction, IoT, big data, cloud computing, and data center have attracted a lot of attentions in optical fiber communications and photonic networking systems. The purpose of this special Issue is to provide an overview of recent advances in optical fiber communications, photonic networking systems, and their devices and appications. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

DWDM-PON,
New Network Architectures,
New Data Formats,
Active and Passive Devices,
Data Center Applications,
Silicon Photonic Platform,
Optical interconnect,
Heterogeneous network Coverage,
Wired and Wireless Photonic Networks,
Up- and down-conversion,
Spectral modification,
Space Division Multiplexing in Fibers…

Prof. Sien Chi
Prof. Gong-Ru Lin
Prof. Chun-Ting Lin
Prof. Chia-Chien Wei
Guest Editors

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Keywords

DWDM-PON;
New Network Architectures;
New Data Formats;
Active and Passive Devices;
Data Center Applications;
Silicon Photonic Platform;
Optical interconnect;
Heterogeneous network Coverage;
Wired and Wireless Photonic Networks;
Up- and down-conversion;
Spectral modification;
Space Division Multiplexing in Fibers…

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Dimensional Routing, Wavelength, and Timeslot Allocation (RWTA) in Quantum Key Distribution Optical Networks (QKD-ON)

by Xiaosong Yu, Xian Ning, Qingcheng Zhu, Jiaqi Lv, Yongli Zhao, Huibin Zhang and Jie Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010348 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Currently, with the continuous advancement of network and communication technology, the amount of data carried by the optical network is very huge. The security of high-speed and large-capacity information in optical networks has attracted more and more attention. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security based on the laws of quantum mechanics. Introducing QKD into an optical network can greatly improve the security of the optical network. In order to reduce the cost of deployment on QKD infrastructure, quantum signals in QKD and classical signals in optical networks are multiplexed in the same fiber by wavelength-division manner. Moreover, due to the limited wavelength resources in an optical fiber, time-division technology is adopted to construct different kinds of channels in QKD system for efficient utilization of wavelength resources. Under such situation, how to satisfy the security requirements of service requests and complete the efficient scheduling of multi-dimensional resources, i.e., wavelengths and timeslots, is a challenging problem. This paper addresses this problem by considering multi-dimensional routing, wavelength, and timeslot allocation (RWTA) in short-distance quantum key distribution optical networks (QKD-ON), in which any two nodes can directly establish a quantum channel, and the maximum distance between any two nodes is less than the distance that can carry out point-to-point quantum key distribution process. While accommodating services with security requirements in QKD optical networks, to avoid the wavelength time-slot fragmentation caused by the constraints of wavelength consistency and time-slot continuity, we propose a time-window-based security orchestration strategy as well as relative-loss of time continuous compactness based RWTA strategy. We conducted the simulations under various scenarios, e.g., different key updating periods and different distributions on wavelength resources, etc., and the results show that the proposed strategy can achieve better performance compared with the baselines in terms of key success rate, key-updating delay, and blocking probability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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12 pages, 3662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polarization-Discriminated RSOA–EAM for Colorless Transmitter in WDM–PON

by Chengliang Zuo and Xun Li

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9049; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249049 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

The integrated reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) and electro-absorption modulator (EAM) is viewed as an appealing solution to the colorless transmitter on the optical network unit (ONU) side of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) passive optical networks (PONs), for its broad modulation bandwidth and high optical gain. However, the conventional RSOA–EAM usually exhibits a poor upstream signal eye-diagram because it can hardly simultaneously saturate the downstream signal and boost the upstream signal as required. By exploiting the polarization-depended RSOA gain, we propose a polarization-discriminated RSOA–EAM to improve the quality of the upstream signal eye-diagram. In this device, the transverse electric polarized downstream signal is saturated by the high gain in the RSOA active region made of compressively strained multiple quantum wells, whereas the upstream signal is linearly amplified after polarization rotation. We find that, as the quality of the upstream signal eye-diagram improves with an increased polarization rotation angle, its power drops, which indicates that there exists an optimized rotation angle to reach a compromise between the upstream signal integrity and power. Simulation results show that the dynamic extinction ratio and output power of the upstream signal can reach 8.3 dB and 11 dBm, respectively, through the proposed device with its rotation angle set at an optimum value (80°), which exceeds the specification (6 dB and 4 dBm) of the upstream transmitter as required by the next-generation PON stage two. The quality of the upstream signal eye-diagram measured in Q-factor is improved by 10 dB compared to the conventional RSOA–EAM design without polarization rotation introduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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16 pages, 5958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Model for Evaluating the Performance of Mach-Zehnder-Based Silicon Photonic Switch Fabrics in Large Scale

by Marouan Kouissi, Benoit Charbonnier and Catherine Algani

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8688; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238688 - 4 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

Building a large-scale Mach-Zehnder-based silicon photonic switch circuit (LS-MZS) requires an appropriate choice of architecture. In this work, we propose, for the first time to our knowledge, a single metric that can be used to compare different topologies. We propose an accurate analytical model of the signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SCR) that highlights the performance limitations of the main building blocks: Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) and waveguide crossings. It is based on the cumulative crosstalk and total insertion loss of the LS-MZS. Four different architectures: Beneš, dilated Beneš, switch and select, double-layer network were studied for the reason that they are mainly referenced in the literature. We compared them using our developed SCR indicator. With reference to the state-of-the-art technology, the analysis of the four architectures using SCR showed that, on a large scale, a high number of waveguide crossings significantly affects the performance of the switch matrix. Moreover, better performance was reached using the double-layer-network architecture. Then, we presented a 2 × 2 MZI using two electro-optic phase shifters and a waveguide crossing realized in LETI’s silicon photonics technology. Measured performances were quite good: the switch circuit had a crosstalk of −31.3 dB and an insertion loss estimated to be less than 1.31 dB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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12 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Spatial-Mode (De)Multiplexer for Few-Mode Fibers Based on a Cyclically Used Michelson-Like Interferometer

by Xesús Prieto-Blanco, Carlos Montero-Orille, Vicente Moreno de Las Cuevas, María C. Nistal, Dolores Mouriz and Jesús Liñares

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8584; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238584 - 30 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1779

Abstract

Few mode optical fibers are a promising way to continue increasing the data rate in optical communications. However, an efficient method to launch and extract separately each mode is essential. The design of a interferometric spatial mode (de)multiplexer for few mode optical fibers is presented. It is based on a single Michelson-like interferometer which consists of standard optical elements and has a reflective image inverter in one arm. Particular care has been taken in its design so that both polarizations behave the same. Moreover, this interferometer can process several pairs of modes simultaneously. The multiplexer also consists of: a phase plate, focusing optics at both ports of the interferometer and elliptical core fibers to recirculate some outputs. It can multiplex ten spatial and polarization modes and it presents low losses and no intrinsic crosstalk between modes. Additionally, it is polarization insensitive, achromatic, compact and inexpensive. The same system can work as a demultiplexer when used in reverse. In this case, both the losses and the crosstalk remain very low. Similar designs that perform other functions, like an add-drop mode multiplexing, are also suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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10 pages, 3705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Level Buffering Services Based on Optical Packet Encoding of Composite Maximal-Length Sequences in a GMPLS Network

by Kai-Sheng Chen and Wien Hong

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030730 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1870

Abstract

Generalized multi-protocol label-switching (GMPLS) provides packet-switching with multiple speeds and quality-of-services (QoSs). Packet buffering in GMPLS reduces packet loss by resolving the conflicts between packets requesting for a common channel. Presently, due to the diversity of multimedia applications, enabling multiple services in networks has become necessary. In this paper, a family of codes known as composite maximal-length sequence (CMLS) codes is introduced into an optical buffering scheme based on code-switching. A given number of available CMLS codes is divided into several code subsets. The buffer selects an unused CMLS code from a code subset and assigns it to the incoming packet. When all codes in a specific subset have been distributed to the queued packets, a free CMLS code in another subset is chosen for the new arrival. To achieve multi-level buffering services, the partition scenario with a lower subset number but with a higher number of codes in an individual subset is used as a code-assigning method for buffering high-QoS users. A two-level buffering system is demonstrated by examining the QoS of each class in terms of packet-dropping probability (PDP). The results show that different levels of PDPs can be effectively supported by a common buffer architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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13 pages, 6153 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

137 Gb/s PAM-4 Transmissions at 850 nm over 40 cm Optical Backplane with 25 G Devices with Improved Neural Network-Based Equalization

by Qianwu Zhang, Yuntong Jiang, Hai Zhou, Chuanlu Deng, Shuaihang Duan, Zicong Wang, Yingchun Li, Yingxiong Song, Jian Chen, Junjie Zhang, Yating Wu, Tingyun Wang and Min Wang

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5095; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235095 - 25 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2857

Abstract

An improved neural network-based equalization method is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The up-to-137 Gb/s transmission of four level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signals with 25 G class 850 nm optical devices is achieved over an in-house fabricated 40 cm optical backplane. An in-depth investigation is conducted regarding the impact of delayed taps and spans on equalization performance. A performance comparison of the proposed method with the traditional maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) and decision feedback equalization (DFE) is also undertaken. For the bit rate from 80 to 100 Gb/s, the proposed method achieves an adopted hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) requirement at a received optical power (RoP) of −9 and −8 dBm, while DFE and MLSE cannot meet the HD-FEC requirement. When the bit rate increases from 120 to 137 Gb/s, the proposed equalization method still successfully maintains the acceptable system performance at an RoP of −4 and −2.5 dBm. Furthermore, the specific bit error rate (BER) performances for varied maximum achievable bit rate under different RoPs by applying MLSE and the proposed method are also analyzed. This provides an important potential solution to realize the future data centers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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12 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Portable Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Monitoring Traffic Density

by Michael Fridrich, Marcel Fajkus, Pavel Mec, Jan Nedoma, Michal Kostelansky and Emil Bednar

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4796; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224796 - 9 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2507

Abstract

The paper examines the development of a portable sensor strip with fiber optic Bragg grating for monitoring urban traffic density up to 80 kph. It contains a 2.5-m-long and a 2-cm-high sensor created from a combination of silicone addition rubber (bicomponent addition silicone rubber) and Bragg grating placed inside a carbon tube. The design of the portable sensor permits traffic density and cars crossings to be monitored and detected in a single lane. The functionality of the sensor was verified in real traffic; the results of this study are based on the detection of 1518 vehicles of different types and sizes. According to the measurements, the sensor is characterized by a high detection rate of 98.946%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic Communication)

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