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New Frontiers in Natural Hazards and New Techniques

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 8552

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pierdomenico Del Gaudio

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Guest Editor

Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 87036 Rende, Italy
Interests: geology; volcanology; rheology; natural hazard

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Physical phenomena occurring on Earth are associated to hazards. These are caused by slow and rapid events that can have geophysical (earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, and tsunamis), hydrological (floods, extreme precipitations, and avalanches), meteorological (cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes, and storms), and climatological (extreme temperatures, drought, sea level rise, lightning, and wildfires) origins. The natural disasters caused by all these phenomena are responsible of thousands of deaths, displacements of people, and a consistent economic loss each year around the world. Some events have low frequency but high impact, and can be combined; an example are earthquakes and tsunamis: two phenomena not preventable, but with high losses in terms of human life and economic loss. Usually, tsunamis are a consequence of earthquakes. The study of a single-hazard and/or the simple sum of multiple distinct hazards could underestimate the effective risk. Approaches that consider multiple hazards (Multihazard) and their potential interactions are more difficult to analyze, but they are more representative of the actual environment.

We are pleased to invite you to propose your study on new frontiers in natural hazards and new techniques.

This Special Issue aims to collect original applied and experimental research contributions and reviews focused on advanced methodologies, technologies, expertise, and capabilities to detect, characterize, monitor, and model natural hazards as well as multihazards and assess the associated risks in Earth science areas. The areas include: physical geography, volcanology, geophysics and geodesy, soil science, environmental science, statistics and probability, hydrology, oceanography, meteorology, urban monitoring and planning, decision making science, disaster management, and agricultural sciences. Studies promoting new technologies and frontiers on natural hazards and multihazards are welcome; case of early warning studies are also encouraged.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Pierdomenico Del Gaudio
Guest Editor

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Keywords

natural hazard
multihazard
earthquake
tsunami
volcano
disaster management
monitoring
early warning

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidisciplinary Study of Mud Emissions Following the 2016 Norcia Earthquake

by Pierdomenico Del Gaudio, Valeria Misiti, Barbara Cantucci, Marcello Liotta, Guido Ventura, Tullio Ricci, Alessandra Sciarra, Deborah Di Naccio, Sara Amoroso and Paola Monaco

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 6968; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13126968 - 9 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1177

Abstract

We report composition, grain size, and rheological data related to the mud emitted as a consequence of the maximum moment magnitude (M_{w max} = 6.5) on 30 October 2016, commonly referred to as the Norcia earthquake (central Italy), and on the activity of pre-existent mud volcanoes affected by the central Italy seismic sequence started on 24 August 2016. The emission sites were located at Monteleone di Fermo and Santa Vittoria in Matenano, two municipalities near the town of Fermo (Marche Region, Italy). We sampled, measured, and analyzed the products of mud emissions 3 days after the mainshock to characterize the mud by geochemical, mineralogical, and rheological analyses. The muds’ geochemical composition and low electrical conductivity suggest a continental origin, likely belonging to the Colombacci Formation. The collected muds are silt–sand–water-rich suspensions characterized by a Bigham rheology with viscosity values between 6.3∙10⁷ and 6.9∙10⁵ Pa∙s. The calculated minimum fluidization velocity of the mud suspensions is between 0.05 m/s (grain size of 2 μm) and 0.74 m/s (grain size of 8 μm). Water-rich mud suspensions flowing on a slope move faster as the water content increases up to 30 wt.%. At higher values, the velocity remains almost constant due to the disaggregation of bonds among the solid particles in the mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Natural Hazards and New Techniques)

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17 pages, 8772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of the EPIC Earthquake Early Warning System in the Bursa Province (Türkiye) and Its Surroundings

by Süleyman Tunç, Berna Tunç, Emrah Budakoğlu, Deniz Çaka, Ran Novitsky Nof and Şerif Barış

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4985; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084985 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

Earthquake early warning systems aim to reduce the potential danger by providing a warning in the seconds before strong ground shaking occurs. In this study, we implemented EPIC, an early warning algorithm for Bursa province and its surroundings, which is a seismically active region. We replayed 104 earthquakes of M ≥ 3.5, which occurred in and around the study area between 2012 and 2021. We derived period and amplitude-based magnitude-scaling relationships using peak displacement amplitude (

P d

) and predominant period (

T_{p}^{m a x}

) parameters of the first 4 s of P-wave arrivals. We investigated the performance of magnitude-scaling relationships through testing with real-time data. We observed an improvement when comparing the magnitude estimates made with the newly developed equations with the default equations used for California. We have also found that magnitude estimation with

P d

gives better results than

T_{p}^{m a x}

for estimating the accurate final magnitude. We aim to adapt the EPIC early warning system, implemented for Bursa province and its surroundings, specifically for each region of Türkiye where the earthquake risk is high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Natural Hazards and New Techniques)

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19 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Statistical, Displacement and Damage Analyses to Study Slow-Moving Landslides Interacting with Roads: Two Case Studies in Southern Italy

by Gaetano Pecoraro, Gianfranco Nicodemo, Rosa Menichini, Davide Luongo, Dario Peduto and Michele Calvello

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053368 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

Slow-moving landslides are widespread natural hazards that can affect social and economic activities, causing damage to structures and infrastructures. This paper aims at proposing a procedure to analyze road damage induced by slow-moving landslides based on the joint use of landslide susceptibility maps, a road-damage database developed using Google Street View images and ground-displacement measurements derived from the interferometric processing of satellite SAR images. The procedure is applied to the municipalities of Vaglio Basilicata and Trivigno in the Basilicata region (southern Italy) following a matrix-based approach. First, a susceptibility analysis is carried out at the municipal scale, using data from landslide inventories and thematic information available over the entire municipalities. Then, the susceptibility index, the class of movement and the level of damage are calculated for the territorial units corresponding to the road corridors under investigation. Finally, the road networks are divided into stretches, each one characterized by a specific level of risk (or attention required) following the aggregation of the information provided by the performed analyses. The results highlight the importance of integrating all of these different approaches and data for obtaining quantitative information on the spatial and temporal behavior of slow-moving landslides affecting road networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Natural Hazards and New Techniques)

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13 pages, 9817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Low Frequency Seismicity at Mt. Vesuvius Based on Coherence and Statistical Moments of Seismic Signals

by Danilo Galluzzo, Roberto Manzo, Mario La Rocca, Lucia Nardone and Rosa Di Maio

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010194 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1587

Abstract

Mt. Vesuvius is a high-hazard active volcano surrounded by a densely populated area. Since human activities generate high levels of seismic noise, recognizing low-amplitude seismic events in the signals recorded by the local seismic monitoring network operating at Vesuvius is very difficult. Here, we describe an automatic procedure applied to continuous data with the aim of finding low-amplitude–low-frequency events hidden in the recorded signals. The methodology is based on the computation of two spectral parameters, central frequency Ω and shape factor ẟ, at selected sites, and the coherence of the seismic signal among different sites. The proposed procedure is applied to 28 months of recordings from 2019 to 2021, tuning the search parameters in order to find low-frequency signals similar to those occasionally observed in the past at the same volcano. The results allowed us to identify 80 seismic events that have the spectral features of low-frequency earthquakes or tremor. Among these, 12 events characterized by sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio have been classified as deep low-frequency earthquakes, most of which are not reported in the catalog. The remaining events (more than 60) are characterized by similar spectral features but with an extremely low amplitude that prevents any reliable location of the source and definitive classification. The results of this work demonstrate that the low-frequency endogenous activity at Mt. Vesuvius volcano is more frequent that previously thought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Natural Hazards and New Techniques)

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