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Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering
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Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 41052

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Joseph Mizrahi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
Interests: orthopedic and rehabilitation biomechanics; muscle/bone interactions; joint mechanics; functional electrical stimulation of muscles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Oron Levin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Interests: motor control; movement neuroscience; aging; peripheral nerve stimulation and electromyography (EMG); transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); neuroimaging and MR spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rehabilitation Engineering and Orthopaedic Engineering are diverse fields and include, among others, multi-scale studies on the mechanical function of the musculoskeletal system under normal and pathological conditions. These studies may combine in vivo measurements with novel biomechanical modelling. Of special interest is the implementation of the results obtained in the field of rehabilitation for improved diagnostics, monitoring of functional progress, and indications for therapy. Additional aspects are related to Biomechatronics, which deal with intelligent electromechanical systems to support affected motor functions of the human body.

Contributions may, though not exclusively, include the following topics:

  1. Motion biomechanics and human postural stability throughout normal development and aging and in various pathological conditions;
  2. Restoration or augmentation of function in handicapped muscles by means of functional electrical stimulation (FES);
  3. Musculoskeletal interactions in able-bodied and disabled human individuals; effects of fatigue (central or peripheral) on the ability of the musculoskeletal system to protect the bones and joints from impact loading; EMG signals;
  4. Neuromuscular redundancies and mechanical indeterminacies in the human body and their implications in the fields of rehabilitation and orthopaedic medicine;
  5. Optimization of load distribution in artificial joints and orthopaedic implants.

Prof. Dr. Joseph Mizrahi
Dr. Oron Levin
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomechatronics
  • human motion and posture
  • mechanical indeterminacies
  • multi-scale musculoskeletal biomechanics
  • neuromuscular redundancies
  • rehabilitation engineering

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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11 pages, 218 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering”
by Joseph Mizrahi and Oron Levin
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3556; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103556 - 21 May 2020
Viewed by 2036
Abstract
This paper serves as an editorial preface to a Special Issue on Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering. The fields of Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering encompass a variety of topics. Perspectives on a variety of topics in these fields are presented, followed by a brief [...] Read more.
This paper serves as an editorial preface to a Special Issue on Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering. The fields of Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering encompass a variety of topics. Perspectives on a variety of topics in these fields are presented, followed by a brief description of the contributions comprised in this Special Issue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)

Research

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14 pages, 3331 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Assessment of Vertebroplasty Combined with Cement-Augmented Screw Fixation for Lumbar Burst Fractures: A Finite Element Analysis
by Yueh-Ying Hsieh, Yi-Jie Kuo, Chia-Hsien Chen, Lien-Chen Wu, Chang-Jung Chiang and Chun-Li Lin
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10062133 - 21 Mar 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3352
Abstract
A hybrid fixation method, using a combination of vertebroplasty and cement-augmented screws, has been demonstrated as a useful technique for securing osteoporotic burst fractures. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the range of motion (ROM) and stress in the [...] Read more.
A hybrid fixation method, using a combination of vertebroplasty and cement-augmented screws, has been demonstrated as a useful technique for securing osteoporotic burst fractures. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the range of motion (ROM) and stress in the spine after treating a lumbar burst fracture with this hybrid method. Five finite element models were developed: (a) intact lumbar spine (INT), (b) INT with vertebroplasty at L3 (AwC), (c) two-segment fixation of AwC (AwC-TSF), (d) AwC-TSF model with cement-augmented screws (AwC-TSF-S), and (e) INT with an L3 burst fracture treated with two-segment fixation (TSF). After loading, the models were evaluated in terms of the ROM of each motion segment, stiffness of fusion segments, and stresses on the endplates and screws. The results showed that the TSF model has a larger ROM at the instrumented segments than both the AwC-TSF and AwC-TSF-S models. The stiffness at L2–L4 under extension and lateral bending in AwC-TSF, AwC-TSF-S and TSF was approximately nine times greater than the INT model. In conclusion, the hybrid fixation method (AwC-TSF-S) results in a stiffer construct and lower ROM at instrumented segments, which may also reduce the risk of fracture of adjacent vertebrae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)
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21 pages, 20511 KiB  
Article
Design and Control of a 1-DOF Robotic Lower-Limb System Driven by Novel Single Pneumatic Artificial Muscle
by Tsung-Chin Tsai and Mao-Hsiung Chiang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010043 - 19 Dec 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4057
Abstract
This study determines the practicality and feasibility of the application of pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) in a pneumatic therapy robotic system. The novel mechanism consists of a single actuated pneumatic artificial muscle (single-PAM) robotic lower limb that is driven by only one PAM [...] Read more.
This study determines the practicality and feasibility of the application of pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) in a pneumatic therapy robotic system. The novel mechanism consists of a single actuated pneumatic artificial muscle (single-PAM) robotic lower limb that is driven by only one PAM combined with a torsion spring. Unlike most of previous studies, which used dual-actuated pneumatic artificial muscles (dual-PAMs) to drive joints, this design aims to develop a novel single-PAM for a one degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) robotic lower-limb system with the advantage of a mechanism for developing a multi-axial therapy robotic system. The lower limb robotic assisting system uses the stretching/contraction characteristics of a single-PAM and the torsion spring designed by the mechanism to realize joint position control. The joint is driven by a single-PAM controlled by a proportional pressure valve, a designed 1-DOF lower-limb robotic system, and an experimental prototype system similar to human lower limbs are established. However, the non-linear behavior, high hysteresis, low damping and time-variant characteristics for a PAM with a torsion spring still limits its controllability. In order to control the system, a fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) is used to control the path tracking for the PAM for the first time. This control method prevents approximation errors, disturbances, un-modeled dynamics and ensures positioning performance for the whole system. Consequently, from the various experimental results, the control response designed by the joint torsion spring mechanism can also obtain the control response like the design of the double-PAMs mechanism, which proves that the innovative single-PAM with torsion spring mechanism design in this study can reduce the size of the overall aid mechanism and reduce the manufacturing cost, can also improve the portability and convenience required for the wearable accessory, and is more suitable for the portable rehabilitation aid system architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)
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22 pages, 10409 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Biomechanical Simulation Testing of Custom Fabricated Temporomandibular Joint Parts Made of Electron Beam Melted Titanium, Zirconia, and Poly-Methyl Methacrylate
by Mohammed Alkindi, Sundar Ramalingam, Khaja Moiduddin, Osama Alghamdi, Hisham Alkhalefah and Mohammed Badwelan
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(24), 5455; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245455 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2823
Abstract
Total alloplastic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) replacement has become common. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate wear response of custom-fabricated electron beam melted titanium (EBM-Ti), zirconia, and acrylic TMJ parts when subjected to biomechanical simulation testing. Eighteen prosthetic TMJ parts (condyle, glenoid fossa) [...] Read more.
Total alloplastic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) replacement has become common. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate wear response of custom-fabricated electron beam melted titanium (EBM-Ti), zirconia, and acrylic TMJ parts when subjected to biomechanical simulation testing. Eighteen prosthetic TMJ parts (condyle, glenoid fossa) were custom-fabricated using computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques based on patient’s radiographic images. Biomechanical simulation testing of TMJ parts (in different combinations) were done in a modified chewing simulator (108,000 cycles, 1 Hz frequency, 45–60 N compression, strokes-downward 0.15–0.25 s/horizontal, 0.4–0.5 s/upward, 0.25–0.45 s/displacement, 1.5–2.0 mm). Qualitative analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed wear facets on leading edges of vertical and horizontal simulation strokes. Measurement of pre-test and post-test weights of TMJ parts revealed non-significant reduction in weights due to wear. EBM-Ti and acrylic TMJ glenoid fossae articulating against zirconia condyles during simulation testing had significantly higher wear, evidenced by greater mean reduction in weights. Based on results of this preliminary study, custom-fabricated alloplastic prosthetic TMJ are a viable alternative to stock alloplastic joints. While EBM-Ti and acrylic are suitable biomaterials for custom-fabrication, use of zirconia results in greater wear and requires further studies to optimize their role in customized alloplastic TMJ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)
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14 pages, 2047 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination and MRI in the Most Common Knee Injuries
by Przemysław Krakowski, Adam Nogalski, Andrzej Jurkiewicz, Robert Karpiński, Ryszard Maciejewski and Józef Jonak
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 4102; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9194102 - 1 Oct 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10544
Abstract
Purpose: This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in knee injuries. Methods: Ninety-six patients at a regional hospital were included in the study. Each participant underwent a physical examination in which menisci and ACL were evaluated. [...] Read more.
Purpose: This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in knee injuries. Methods: Ninety-six patients at a regional hospital were included in the study. Each participant underwent a physical examination in which menisci and ACL were evaluated. Knee joint MRI was collected from each patient. Physical examination and MRI scans were then compared with knee arthroscopy findings as a golden standard for meniscal and ligamentous lesions. The data were analyzed and specificity and sensitivity were calculated and correlated on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Results: Knee arthroscopy diagnosed 32 total ACL ruptures, 45 medial meniscus and 17 lateral meniscus lesions. Three patients were diagnosed with bilateral meniscal lesions. The highest sensitivities were the McMurray test (87.5%) for medial meniscus (MM) and the Thessaly test (70%) for lateral meniscus (LM). The most sensitive ACL test was Lachman (84.5%), whereas, the pivot shift and Lelli tests were the most specific (98.5%). MRI was highly sensitive for MM (96%) with specificity of 52%. MRI showed lower sensitivity (70%) and higher specificity (85.5%) for LM. The specificity of MRI for ACL rupture was 92%, with sensitivity only 75%. Conclusion: McMurray and Apley tests for meniscal lesions seem the most appropriate in daily practice. A combination of lever signs, pivot shifts (PSs) and Lachman tests showed the best sensitivity and specificity in detecting ACL deficiency, and was superior to MRI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)
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Review

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28 pages, 337 KiB  
Review
Support Vector Machine-Based EMG Signal Classification Techniques: A Review
by Diana C. Toledo-Pérez, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Roberto A. Gómez-Loenzo and J. C. Jauregui-Correa
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(20), 4402; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204402 - 17 Oct 2019
Cited by 134 | Viewed by 10725
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the different research works related to electromyographic signals (EMG) classification based on Support Vector Machines (SVM). The article summarizes the techniques used to make the classification in each reference. Furthermore, it includes the obtained accuracy, the number [...] Read more.
This paper gives an overview of the different research works related to electromyographic signals (EMG) classification based on Support Vector Machines (SVM). The article summarizes the techniques used to make the classification in each reference. Furthermore, it includes the obtained accuracy, the number of signals or channels used, the way the authors made the feature vector, and the type of kernels used. Hence, this article also includes a compilation about the bands used to filter signals, the number of signals recommended, the most commonly used sampling frequencies, and certain features that can create the characteristics of the vector. This research gathers articles related to different kinds of SVM-based classification and other tools for signal processing in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)
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17 pages, 832 KiB  
Review
NIRS-EMG for Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review
by Alessandro Scano, Marta Zanoletti, Ileana Pirovano, Lorenzo Spinelli, Davide Contini, Alessandro Torricelli and Rebecca Re
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(15), 2952; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9152952 - 24 Jul 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6882
Abstract
In this review, we present an overview of the applications and computed parameters of electromyography (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methods on patients in clinical practice. The eligible studies were those where both techniques were combined in order to assess muscle characteristics from [...] Read more.
In this review, we present an overview of the applications and computed parameters of electromyography (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methods on patients in clinical practice. The eligible studies were those where both techniques were combined in order to assess muscle characteristics from the electrical and hemodynamic points of view. With this aim, a comprehensive screening of the literature based on related keywords in the most-used scientific data bases allowed us to identify 17 papers which met the research criteria. We also present a brief overview of the devices designed specifically for muscular applications with EMG and NIRS sensors (a total of eight papers). A critical analysis of the results of the review suggests that the combined use of EMG and NIRS on muscle has been only partially exploited for assessment and evaluation in clinical practice and, thus, this field shows promises for future developments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering)
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