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3 pages, 203 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Flavor Chemistry and Technology: The Challenges of Working with Flavors in the Food Industry

by Alessandro Genovese

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12402; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212402 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

The term “flavor” refers to the overall sensory experience of a food or beverage, including olfaction (the perception of smell and aroma), gustation (the perception of taste), and trigeminal sensations, which combine the perception of texture, mouthfeel, temperature, and chemesthesis (i [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

Research

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24 pages, 2364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Cantal and Salers Protected Designation of Origin Cheeses Based on Sensory Analysis, Physicochemical Characteristics and Volatile Compounds

by Cécile Bord, Louis Lenoir, Julie Benoit, Delphine Guérinon, Gilles Dechambre, Christophe Chassard and Christian Coelho

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020961 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 573

Abstract

In this work, the aim was to characterize and differentiate two Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) semi-hard French cheese categories (Salers and Cantal cheeses) by focusing on their sensory, biochemical and volatile characteristics. A total of twelve cheeses, including six Cantal and six [...] Read more.

In this work, the aim was to characterize and differentiate two Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) semi-hard French cheese categories (Salers and Cantal cheeses) by focusing on their sensory, biochemical and volatile characteristics. A total of twelve cheeses, including six Cantal and six Salers cheeses, were analyzed. The provenance of milk from two dairy cow breeds (Salers and non-Salers) was discussed sensorially and chemically for each cheese sample and for each cheese category. Despite very few significant differences in biochemical parameters, differences were observed concerning the volatile composition and sensory profiles between each cheese category. Salers cheeses were clearly differentiated by their appearance and their more intense aromatic characteristics compared to Cantal cheeses. A large number of volatile compounds (VOCs) belonging to acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters were detected in each cheese category (n = 78). The relative quantity of each compound varied depending on the cheese category but was lowly impacted by the origin of the breed’s milk. The results suggest that the provenance of milk (Salers vs. non-Salers) have a low impact on the chemical and sensory differentiation of cheeses regardless of the PDO cheese category. However, the PDO cheese categories (Salers vs. Cantal) were clearly differentiated by their volatile and sensory characteristics. The PDO Salers cheeses presented the highest flavor variability compared to the PDO Cantal cheeses due to compounds belonging to alcohols, acids, aldehydes and ester conferring ammonia, vegetal and animal flavors compared to the PDO Cantal cheeses that were perceived as more pungent and bitter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

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13 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Enriching Tea Infusion with Fruit Additives on Their Antioxidant Properties and the Profile of Bioactive Compounds

by Barbara Chilczuk, Małgorzata Materska, Monika Staszowska-Karkut and Marzena Pabich

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010316 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 522

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of fruit additives on the health-promoting properties of tea infusions. Black and white tea infusions enriched with fruit additives (lemon, quince, strawberry, and sweet pepper) were investigated. To assess the effect of the [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of fruit additives on the health-promoting properties of tea infusions. Black and white tea infusions enriched with fruit additives (lemon, quince, strawberry, and sweet pepper) were investigated. To assess the effect of the additives on the properties of the infusions, the content of phenols, antiradical activity, and reducing properties were analysed. The LC-QTOF-MS method facilitated the identification of catechins and the determination of their content. The principal component analysis was used to define the relationship between catechins and the health-promoting properties of the beverages. The research proved that the strawberry and sweet pepper additives improved the quality of the black tea, where the highest antiradical and antioxidant activity was noted. In turn, the additives used for the enrichment of the white tea had a negative effect on its health-promoting properties. The statistical analyses revealed that epicatechin gallate and epicatechin had the greatest impact on the antioxidant properties of the black tea and the white tea, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

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12 pages, 1729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Component Composition, Retronasal Aroma Release Profile, and Sensory Characteristics of Non-Centrifugal Cane Sugar Obtained at Different Evaporation Temperatures

by Yonathan Asikin, Yuki Nakaza, Moena Oe, Hirotaka Kaneda, Goki Maeda, Kensaku Takara and Koji Wada

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11617; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411617 - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is prepared by evaporating sugarcane syrup to form a solidified, dehydrated brown sugar with a distinct flavor. This study investigated the effect of final evaporation temperatures (120–140 °C) on the volatile components, retronasal aroma profile, and sensory characteristics of [...] Read more.

Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is prepared by evaporating sugarcane syrup to form a solidified, dehydrated brown sugar with a distinct flavor. This study investigated the effect of final evaporation temperatures (120–140 °C) on the volatile components, retronasal aroma profile, and sensory characteristics of NCS. Solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that the concentration of most volatiles, including pyrazines, furans, and furanones, in the NCS significantly increased as the evaporation temperature increased (p < 0.05). The evaporation temperature affected the aroma release from NCS, as shown in proton transfer reaction time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, with the intensity of volatile compounds detected from panelists’ noses or mouths significantly increasing after consuming NCS obtained at higher temperatures. Moreover, the intensity of aroma release in the mouth was greater than that in the nose; the most prevalent released substance, m/z 87.10, which could be derived from dihydro-2(3H)-furanone and 2,3-butanedione, rapidly decreased over seven breath cycles compared to other ions, suggesting its importance as a top-note aroma substance in NCS. In addition, the perceived roasted aroma and bitterness of the NCS obtained at higher temperatures were intensified. These findings underscore the importance of modifying the evaporation temperature on the volatile component composition, aroma release, and sensory characteristics of NCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

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35 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Saccharomyces paradoxus Fermentation on White Wine Composition: Insights from Integrated Standard and Metabolomics Approaches

by Igor Lukić, Doris Delač Salopek, Ivana Horvat, Igor Pasković, Ana Hranilović, Ivana Rajnović, Tanja Vojvoda Zeljko, Silvia Carlin and Urska Vrhovsek

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11362; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311362 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 875

Abstract

Despite its promising potential, the capabilities of Saccharomyces paradoxus in commercial winemaking are still unutilized and require further investigation. In this study, the effects of fermentation by a S. paradoxus strain P01-161 on the composition of Malvazija istarska white wine in two harvest [...] Read more.

Despite its promising potential, the capabilities of Saccharomyces paradoxus in commercial winemaking are still unutilized and require further investigation. In this study, the effects of fermentation by a S. paradoxus strain P01-161 on the composition of Malvazija istarska white wine in two harvest years were investigated. A range of complementary standard and metabolomics analysis approaches were applied, including OIV methods for basic parameters; HPLC-DAD-RI for organic acids, glycerol, and proteins; UPLC/MS/MS for phenolic compounds; and GC/FID, GC/MS, and GC × GC/TOF-MS for volatile compounds. The harvest year exhibited a significant impact, but many distinctive traits of S. paradoxus versus S. cerevisiae control wines were consistent across the seasons. These included reductions in malic acid and certain phenols and pathogenesis-related proteins. Saccharomyces paradoxus fermentation yielded higher levels of glycerol, volatile acidity, and specific thaumatin-like proteins. Among a total of 474 identified volatile compounds, S. paradoxus exhibited lower concentrations of several odoriferous alcohols, acids, and esters, as well as higher concentrations of β-damascenone, acetaldehyde, isobutyric acid, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, various esters of succinic and lactic acids, accompanied by numerous minor compounds, when compared to S. cerevisiae. These differences suggest the potential for distinct sensory profiles produced by the two yeasts, indicating that S. paradoxus could be a promising alternative for white wine production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

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15 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Apple Juice Type on Fermentation Process and Volatile Compounds of Hard Apple Cider

by Kristina Habschied, Ivana Ivić, Vinko Krstanović, Dragan Kovačević, Andreja Kovačević and Krešimir Mastanjević

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11210; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311210 - 2 Dec 2024

Viewed by 742

Abstract

Fermented apple cider is a refreshing alcoholic drink known since ancient times, and it is obtained by fermenting apple fruit juice. Using the standards of alcohol concentration (up to 8%) and carbonation, it belongs to drinks similar to beer. It can be produced [...] Read more.

Fermented apple cider is a refreshing alcoholic drink known since ancient times, and it is obtained by fermenting apple fruit juice. Using the standards of alcohol concentration (up to 8%) and carbonation, it belongs to drinks similar to beer. It can be produced using wild yeasts, but currently a fermentation starter can be purchased. This work aims to produce fermented cider using commercial pasteurized juices: clear apple juice and organic cloudy juice using commercial yeast for cider production. After fermentation, the physico-chemical characteristics of the drink were determined, alongside volatile compounds of the freshly produced ciders, as well after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of maturation. Acids, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, terpenes, esters, and volatile phenols were determined using headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The results show that the fermentation was slower (14 days) in the cloudy juice in contrast to the sample produced from clear apple juice (10 days). Also, the volatile compounds related to aroma were abundantly found in the cider produced from cloudy apple juice compared to the cider produced from the clear apple juice. The conducted sensory analysis was in favor of cloudy juice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

12 pages, 2212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical, Carotenoid, Metabolite, and Volatile Organic Compound Profiling of Okinawan Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) and Calamansi (C. microcarpa Bunge)

by Moena Oe, Yonathan Asikin, Fumimasa Mitsube, Yasuyo Sekiyama, Kensaku Takara and Koji Wada

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6746; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156746 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1375

Abstract

Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) and calamansi (C. microcarpa Bunge) are distinct citrus species with a strong sour taste that grow naturally in Okinawa, Japan. The present study aimed to characterize the physicochemical traits, total carotenoid content, and taste/nutrient-related metabolite and volatile [...] Read more.

Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) and calamansi (C. microcarpa Bunge) are distinct citrus species with a strong sour taste that grow naturally in Okinawa, Japan. The present study aimed to characterize the physicochemical traits, total carotenoid content, and taste/nutrient-related metabolite and volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of the mature fruits from three shiikuwasha cultivation lines (“Izumi kugani”, “Izumi kugani-like”, and “Ogimi kugani”) and calamansi. The shiikuwasha lines had higher ratios of soluble solids/titratable acidity but a lower total carotenoid content than calamansi. There were positive statistical correlations between total carotenoids with red, yellow, and orange indices (a*, b*, and a*/b* color spaces, respectively). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that shiikuwasha had higher sucrose and choline contents, while calamansi was richer in sourness-related metabolites such as citrate and malate. PCA plots displayed differences in the VOCs between the two citrus cultivars, wherein volatile accumulation was much richer in juices prepared from the whole fruits than in juices from the edible flesh parts. The plots also showed that monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes differentiated the VOC profiles of shiikuwasha and calamansi. This study reveals differences in the flavor components of the two citrus cultivars and highlights the potential uses of each in local and regional agro-business. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

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15 pages, 6665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Apple Vinegar Addition on the Quality and Shelf Life of Cooked Sausage during Chilling Storage

by Anna Okoń, Dorota Zielińska, Piotr Szymański, Anna Łepecka, Urszula Siekierko, Katarzyna Neffe-Skocińska, Monika Trząskowska, Katarzyna Kajak-Siemaszko, Barbara Sionek, Marcelina Karbowiak, Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska and Zbigniew J. Dolatowski

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4027; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104027 - 9 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

As more and more consumers are becoming conscious of the safety and taste of meat products, the use of natural additives and innovative processing techniques has gained significant attention. Naturally fermented fruit vinegar is rich in organic acids and antioxidant phenolic compounds. In [...] Read more.

As more and more consumers are becoming conscious of the safety and taste of meat products, the use of natural additives and innovative processing techniques has gained significant attention. Naturally fermented fruit vinegar is rich in organic acids and antioxidant phenolic compounds. In addition, it contains amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and provitamin beta-carotene, and the presence of acetic acid bacteria may have a positive effect on consumer health. The study aimed to assess the impact of different concentrations of apple vinegar addition on the quality of cooked sausage, focusing on physicochemical parameters, including fatty acid profile and oxidative stability, as well as microbiological quality and sensory changes after production and during chilling storage. Four variants of sausage were prepared: C—sausage without apple vinegar; V1—sausage with 1% of apple vinegar; V3—sausage with 3% of apple vinegar; and V5—sausage with 5% of apple vinegar. All of the tests were carried out after production, as well as after 7 and 14 days of refrigeration storage. The addition of apple vinegar decreased the pH value and increased the oxidation-reduction potential and lipid oxidation in the samples V1, V3, and V5. The sausage with the 5% addition of apple vinegar (V5) was characterized by significantly more intensive brightness (parameter L* = 54.67) in comparison to the C sample (parameter L* = 52.78). The sausages that were tested showed good microbiological quality concerning the total number of microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, and the absence of pathogenic bacteria. The addition of apple vinegar contributed to the reduction in the intensity of the cured meat flavor and the fatty flavor. Therefore, according to the results presented in this work, it can be concluded that 3% of vinegar is the optimal addition, which may be used in the next step of investigation, taking into account color formation abilities as well as microbiological quality and lipid oxidation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

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