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Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2023) | Viewed by 22981

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Dr. Jeong-Hwan Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
Interests: naval architecture; numerical analysis; finite element method; LNG; sloshing; artificial intelligence

Dr. Jeong-Hyeon Kim

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

Hydrogen Ship Technology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Interests: alternative fuel storage materials; advanced materials; cryogenics; hydrogen embrittlement; fire; explosion; gas-based fuel storage; liquefied natural gas (LNG); liquid hydrogen (LH2)
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

In this Special Issue, we aim to focus on the recent developments in design loads and reliability assessment of ship structures. The evaluation of structural response is critical in ship design, and, for this, appropriate design loads must be determined. Experimental or analytical methods have been applied to determine the design loads from the past, and, recently, with the development of computers, the motion of the ship is predicted through various numerical methods, and the loads for the design are determined. In addition, despite continued efforts, failures in ship structures are occurring worldwide. Ship structures are typical dynamic systems, and their safety and reliability must be evaluated in combination, including collision, explosion, grounding, etc. This Special Issue covers all topics related to ship design loads and reliability evaluation. Case studies for the novel engineering applications and review papers are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Jeong-hwan Kim
Prof. Dr. Jeong-Hyeon Kim
Guest Editors

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Keywords

ship structures
design load
reliability assessment
ship motion analysis
ship strength

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Related Special Issue

Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment (2nd Edition) in Applied Sciences (4 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

2 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment

by Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Seul-Kee Kim, Jeong-Dae Kim, Jae-Myung Lee and Jeong-Hwan Kim

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7633; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137633 - 28 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1062

Abstract

In order to operate, ships and offshore structures heavily rely on bunker oil and marine diesel oil [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 8817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Failure Causes of Oil Pump Based on Operating Conditions

by Jong-Jik Lee, Yongjin Kim, Taehyun Lee, Myung-Sung Kim, Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Hyun-Jin Tak, Jong-Won Park and Dongho Oh

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4308; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074308 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3717

Abstract

Pumps, as core pieces of equipment in ships, are installed in the engine room to supply refined oil to the engine. Pump failure causes critical problems for ship operations. Therefore, failure-monitoring-based diagnosis technology is an essential requirement in the shipbuilding industry. For this purpose, a database containing information about the failure states depending on the main cause of the failure cases of the pump needs to be developed. In the present study, failure causes of pumps based on actual accident records were quantitatively analyzed. Then, failure modes for the bearing, coupling, sealing, and screw, which are the core parts of the oil pump, were determined. Test infrastructures for the oil pump were developed to obtain normal and abnormal data considering diverse operating conditions. Based on the vibration data from the accelerometer installed on the test infrastructures, the frequency of failure was analyzed through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). In addition, more precise results were obtained by performing Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) for the FFT results that indicated severe failure. Finally, over 200 data entries were accumulated on the core parts of the oil pump, considering normal as well as abnormal operating conditions. The database constructed in this study is expected to help in investigating failure diagnosis and prediction of algorithm models for ship management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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16 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk-Based Hybrid Light-Weight Ship Structural Design Accounting for Carbon Footprint

by Yordan Garbatov, Giulia Palomba and Vincenzo Crupi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3583; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063583 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1877

Abstract

The study aims to develop an integrating risk-based formulation and cost-benefit analysis for identifying an optimal ship hull structural design solution where the steel cargo holds aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels to replace inner side shells. The risk of progressive structural failure includes hazards related to environmental pollution due to accidental fuel and oil spills, possible loss of cargo, crew members and ship during operations, and air pollution during shipyard construction and ship voyages. The structural failure incorporates progressive time-dependent structural degradation coupled with ship hull load-carrying capacity in predicting structural integrity during the service life. The ship hull structural failure and associated risk are estimated over the ship’s service life as a function of the design solution. The carbon footprint and cost to mitigate the impact for the entire steel and hybrid ship hull structural solution implemented as a sustainable life cycle solution are analysed where the steel ship hull structure is built through primary construction. The cost of structural measures accounts for redesigning the ship structure and implementing aluminium honeycomb composite panels instead of steel plates, reducing steel weight, environmental pollution and cost and increasing the transported cargo and corrosion degradation resistance. It has been found that design solutions AHS1 and AHS2, in which aluminium honeycomb panels replace the inner steel shell plates, enhance the corrosion degradation resistance, and reduce the ship hull’s lightweight, reflecting a better beta-reliability index at the time of the first repair with a lower repair cost and more transported cargo. The cost of the ship associated with the design solutions AHS1 and AHS2 is about 11% lower than the steel solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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17 pages, 6423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Predictions of Cryogenic Leakages in Welded Steel Plates

by Dong Hyuk Kang, Le Trong Dai, Ki-Beom Park, Young-Hwan Choi, Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Seul-Kee Kim and Jae-Myung Lee

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053132 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1863

Abstract

This study presented experimental and numerical research to investigate the effect of cryogenic leakage on a plate structure of AH36-grade steel containing welded joints. To simulate the cryogenic leakage conditions, the welded plate was exposed to a temperature of −196 °C by supplying liquid nitrogen (LN₂) to the center of the steel plate. The time-dependent temperature history and strain variation were measured by using thermocouples and strain gauges attached to the plate surface. Additionally, the residual stress of the middle surface section before and after the cryogenic leakage process was measured by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). A three-dimensional finite element model was created with the use of a commercial finite element analysis (FEA) program to simulate the flux-cored arc welding process and cryogenic leakage process. The steel surface temperature dropped sharply and reached approximately −196 °C at 160 s after LN₂ supplement. After the first 650 s of the LN₂ leakage experiment, the outside of the trough reached approximately −75 °C and −25 °C, depending on the location of the thermal couples. Although there was a relative difference in the results, the experiment and numerical simulation results for temperature and stress distribution showed good agreement. The results could be utilized in the ship design stage adopting welded structures as a basic database. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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24 pages, 15144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Applicability of Triangular Impulse Response Function for Ultimate Strength of LNG Cargo Containment Systems under Sloshing Impact Loads

by Young IL Park, Seung Ha Lee and Jeong-Hwan Kim

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052883 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

The LNG cargo containment system used in membrane-type LNG cargo tanks must have sufficient dynamic strength to withstand the impact of sloshing loads. However, performing direct dynamic nonlinear transient finite element assessments against design sloshing impact loads with different design specifications can be complicated and time-consuming. To address this, it is effective to use linear superposition methods, such as the triangular impulse response function (TIRF) method, to conduct dynamic transient FE assessments of LNG cargo containment systems. However, as LNG cargo containment systems have a high level of nonlinearities in terms of geometry, material, and boundary effects, it is necessary to evaluate the applicability of the TIRF method in advance. This study investigates the dynamic responses of an LNG cargo containment system using the TIRF method and compares the ultimate value of the structural responses and impulses with that obtained using direct dynamic nonlinear transient assessments. Based on a comparison of a series of FE analyses, the study proposes a design for the partial safety factors for calculating the ultimate bending and shear capacities of an LNG cargo containment system, taking into consideration the dynamic impact of sloshing loads using the TIRF method. Finally, the ultimate shear and bending capacities are calculated using the proposed method and compared with those obtained through direct dynamic nonlinear transient assessments. The results show that the proposed method provides conservative estimates against direct nonlinear finite element simulations, with a difference of around 10% for the mean minus two standard deviations. This approach can be practically applied for early basic design purposes in the shipbuilding industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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17 pages, 10616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on the Sagging Damage of the Simplified Hull Girder Subjected to Underwater Explosion Bubble

by Yuxiang Gong, Wenpeng Zhang, Zhipeng Du and Yinghao Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2318; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042318 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

The pulsation of the bubbles resulting from underwater explosions can lead to severe damage to the structure of the ship’s hull, and even to its sinking. To study the damage mechanism of a simplified hull girder (SHG) subjected to near-field underwater explosion bubble, the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method based on verifications of the calculation accuracy was used to simulate 11 SHG structures. The sagging bend mechanism of SHGs was analyzed from the perspective of plastic hinge lines. Moreover, the length formula of the potential bend zone was studied through the assumed plastic hinge lines. The influence of transverse bulkheads on bending mode and total longitudinal strength was investigated. The results show that SHGs’ sagging damage is composed of regular plastic hinge lines, mainly depending on side plates’ folding—W-shaped in this paper. When facing the near-field underwater explosion bubble, the distant transverse bulkheads influence the total longitudinal strength and do not always play a positive role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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15 pages, 5619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Performance of Polymer Materials for Low-Temperature Applications

by Yongjin Kim, Myung-Sung Kim, Hyeon-Jong Jeon, Jeong-Hyeon Kim and Kang Woo Chun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12251; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312251 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3512

Abstract

The present study investigates the strain-rate-dependent mechanical performances of three different kinds of polymers in low-temperature applications, including plastic piping systems. Recently, lightweight constructions have been increasingly used in ship and offshore structures because using low-density materials reduces the structural weight of products. However, most of the existing research outcomes have not focused on low-temperature applications. In the present study, the mechanical and failure characteristics of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which are the most widely used in ship and offshore industries, were tested under low-temperature conditions. The quasistatic tensile stress–strain responses of the polymers were observed at rates of 10⁻², 10⁻³, and 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. As the temperature decreased, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of tested polymers increased. The fracture strain and modulus of toughness of ABS were considerably lower than those of PE and PVDF at room and low temperatures. When compared with mechanical properties, PVDF displayed superior capability, and each polymer showed different fracture surface characteristics, such as ductility and brittleness. The quantitative material properties tested at various temperatures and strain-rates can be used as material information for the finite element (FE) analysis and material parameters for the development of advanced constitutive models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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15 pages, 8565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing the True Dynamic Bending Moment of Propeller Shaft Using a Single Bridge of Strain Gauge

by Quang Dao Vuong, Ji-woong Lee, Won-Ju Lee, Hyejin Choi, Kanghyun Seo, Youngmin Kim, Jin Hui Jeong, Myeong-ho Song and Jae-ung Lee

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9235; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189235 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

The measurement of shaft bending (whirling) moment can be performed via a telemetry system including strain gauges which can obtain the bending stress. By using a single bridge of strain gauge, it was possible to obtain only the nominal bending moment. However, in case of the propeller shaft vibration measurement, the true dynamic bending moment is needed to evaluate the effect of propeller forces on the stability of the bearings. To deal with this, typically two bridges of strain gauge at 90 degrees are needed. This research presents a novel reliability assessment method in establishing the true dynamic bending moment using only one bridge of strain gauge. This is achieved by using the actual bending stress measured by strain gauge combined with its own phase lag stress at an angle of 90 degrees. To validate this technique, the experiments were performed under the rapid turning transient states during a sea trial of a 50,000 DWT oil/chemical tanker. As a result, great fluctuations in propeller force were detected, resulting in a non-uniform oil film in the bearings. The displacement sensor was also installed and confirmed the established true dynamic bending moment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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15 pages, 4223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Plastic Deformation of Flat Plate for Slamming Impact by Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Method

by Young IL Park, Su-Hyun Park and Jeong-Hwan Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7270; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147270 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2241

Abstract

Ships and offshore structures are subjected to impact loads, such as slamming and sloshing. High impact pressures can cause permanent hull deformation by a single impact event. In addition, significant fatigue damage can be accumulated via repeated impact pressures. In this study, the plastic deformation behavior of flat plates under slamming impact is numerically investigated using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method. The dynamic impact pressure of the flat plates by weight and drop height is investigated under the assumption of viscous and compressible fluids. To evaluate the plastic deformation of the plate, contact between water and the plate is removed after a certain duration after dropping, and then the remaining deformation is measured. Optimized finite element models for drop simulations are selected via a mesh sensitivity study, and the simulation results are calibrated and compared with experimental data. Results of the simulation and the experiment show good agreement in general in terms of deflection range. However, because the initial condition of the plate is not reflected in the simulation, some discrepancy is observed in maximum deflections. Finally, a discussion is presented for a more accurate fluid impact analysis model based on the comparison results with the experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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16 pages, 2306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conceptual Design Study Based on Reliability Assessment of Secondary Energy Conversion Mechanical System in Movable Object Type Wave Power Generator

by Tae-Wook Kim, Ji-Yong Park, Jae-Won Oh, Kyong-Hwan Kim, Jung-Hee Lee and Hyung-Woo Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7117; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147117 - 14 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1725

Abstract

Movable object type wave power generators produce energy through the process of primary energy conversion, which converts the potential and kinetic energy of the waves into mechanical energy, secondary energy conversion that converts it into energy for generator operation using a mechanical system or hydraulic system, and final energy conversion, the last step in power generation. The secondary energy conversion system that transmits and amplifies energy according to the primary energy conversion needs to secure durability while power generation performance varies greatly depending on how the secondary energy conversion system is built. As a result, reliability assessment of systems based on system engineering are a very important issue. Therefore, in this study, for the conceptual design based on reliability assessment of the secondary energy conversion system, the system concept was established using the integrated computer-aided manufacturing (ICAM) definition for function modeling (IDEF0), a system analysis method, while necessary equipment and process flow diagrams (PFD) were derived. In addition, the database (DB) and formula of the secondary energy conversion system were constructed, and reliability assessment algorithms and programs were developed. Finally, the PFD and reliability assessment program were verified by applying them to a representative movable object type wave power generator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Structures: Design Loads and Reliability Assessment)

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