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Polysaccharides from Marine Environments
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Polysaccharides from Marine Environments

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2020) | Viewed by 23109

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Philippe Michaud

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Interests: bioprocess; biopolymers; biorefinery; biosourced materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Guillaume Pierre

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602 Axe GePEB, Team 4Bio, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Aubière, France
Interests: polysaccharides from bacteria; algae and terrestrial plants; bioprocess; enzymes; chromatography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cédric Delattre

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
2. Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Interests: biomaterials; polymers; polysaccharides; nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Seas and oceans cover around 71 % of Earth and hold 96.5 % of the planet’s water. Even if marine organisms represent more than 25% of Earth’s species, they are one of the most underutilized biological resources. Indeed, macroalgae, microalgae, bacteria, and animals from this environment are known to produce large quantities of polysaccharides, making them very attractive for bioprospecting and potential exploitation as commercial sources of these biopolymers. Polysaccharides exhibit a large variety of biochemical structures based on combinations of up to 40 different monosaccharides. This extreme diversity of glycosidically-linked structures provides an extensive group of biopolymers, with complex architectures associated with specific biological or rheological properties. Moreover, some marine polysaccharides harbor specific structural features such as sulfates groups or a cationic character, making them very attractive for industrial applications. Success stories involving new marine polysaccharides in the field of pharmaceutic, nutraceutic, cosmetic, and biosourced materials, and others, have recently been reported. All these successes are a consequence of the increasing knowledge in the identification of marine polysaccharide producers, the characterization of these macromolecules, the development of processes for their extraction, and the analysis of their properties. This Special Issue provides recent reviews and research articles in the field of marine polysaccharides.

Prof. Philippe Michaud
Dr. Guillaume Pierre
Dr. Cedric Delattre
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • polysaccharides
  • microalgae
  • macroalgae
  • bacteria
  • marine environment

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2143 KiB  
Article
Radical Depolymerization of Alginate Extracted from Moroccan Brown Seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata
by Bouissil Soukaina, EL Alaoui-Talibi Zainab, Pierre Guillaume, Rchid Halima, Michaud Philippe, El Modafar Cherkaoui and Delattre Cédric
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4166; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124166 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3664
Abstract
The degradation of alginate extracted from Moroccan Bifurcaria bifurcata has not been fully established to date. In this work, we report the extraction and the characterization of alginate (ASBB) from the brown algae B. bifurcata, as well as the production of oligo-alginates [...] Read more.
The degradation of alginate extracted from Moroccan Bifurcaria bifurcata has not been fully established to date. In this work, we report the extraction and the characterization of alginate (ASBB) from the brown algae B. bifurcata, as well as the production of oligo-alginates (OGABs) by using a green chemistry process. The depolymerization of ASBB was carried out by controlled radical hydrolysis through our green chemistry process using a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) catalyst. The molecular weight (Mw) and degree of polymerization (DP) distribution of oligo-alginates (OGABs) obtained were then characterized by HPLC size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Structural characterization revealed that after 6 h of depolymerization of ASBB, we obtained OGABs with Mw ≤ 5.5 kDa and 2 ≤ DP ≤ 24. These results highlight the effectiveness of the controlled radical hydrolysis of alginate to produce good yields of alginate fractions with controlled Mw with a known polymerization degree (DP) and without altering properties of oligo-alginates. Bifurcaria bifurcata can be a potential source of alginate and oligo-alginates given its abundance on the northwest Atlantic coast. The production and characterization of oligo-alginates promote their exploitation in the cosmetic, pharmaceutic, and agriculture fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides from Marine Environments)
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17 pages, 3562 KiB  
Article
Marine Microalgae Biomolecules and Their Adhesion Capacity to Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium
by Tatiane Winkler Marques Machado, Jenifer Mota Rodrigues, Tatiana Rojo Moro, Maria Eugênia Rabello Duarte and Miguel Daniel Noseda
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072239 - 25 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
Different molecules have been tested as analog receptors due to their capacity to bind bacteria and prevent cell adhesion. By using in vitro assays, the present study characterized the aqueous and alkaline extracts from microalgae Pavlova lutheri and Pavlova gyrans and evaluated the [...] Read more.
Different molecules have been tested as analog receptors due to their capacity to bind bacteria and prevent cell adhesion. By using in vitro assays, the present study characterized the aqueous and alkaline extracts from microalgae Pavlova lutheri and Pavlova gyrans and evaluated the capacity of these extracts to adhere to enterobacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium). The aqueous and alkaline extracts of both species were fractionated via freeze-thawing, giving rise to soluble and insoluble (precipitate) fractions in cold water. The obtained fractions were studied using thermogravimetric, methylation analyses, and using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The cold-water-soluble fractions obtained from the aqueous extracts were mainly composed of highly branched (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucans, whereas the cold-water-precipitate fractions were constituted by (1→3)-β-glucans. The alkaline extract fractions showed similar compositions with a high protein content, and the presence of glycosides (sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQG), digalactosylglycerol (DGG)), and free fatty acids. The linear (1→3)-β-glucans and the alkaline extract fractions showed an adhesion capacity toward Salmonella. The chemical composition of the active fractions suggested that the presence of three-linked β-glucose units, as well as microalgal proteins and glycosides, could be important in the adhesion process. Therefore, these microalgal species possess a high potential to serve as a source of anti-adhesive compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides from Marine Environments)
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20 pages, 3647 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Biofilm Extracts from Two Marine Bacteria
by Delphine Passerini, Florian Fécamp, Laetitia Marchand, Laetitia Kolypczuk, Sandrine Bonnetot, Corinne Sinquin, Véronique Verrez-Bagnis, Dominique Hervio-Heath, Sylvia Colliec-Jouault and Christine Delbarre-Ladrat
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4971; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224971 - 19 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3688
Abstract
In the marine environment, biofilm formation is an important lifestyle for microorganisms. A biofilm is comprised of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that holds them close together and keeps the biofilm attached to the colonized surface. This predominant lifestyle and its main [...] Read more.
In the marine environment, biofilm formation is an important lifestyle for microorganisms. A biofilm is comprised of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that holds them close together and keeps the biofilm attached to the colonized surface. This predominant lifestyle and its main regulation pathway, namely quorum-sensing (QS), have been shown to induce specific bioactive metabolites. In this study, we investigated the biofilm formation by two marine bacteria belonging to the Vibrio species to discover potentially innovative bioactive compounds. We proposed a protocol to isolate biofilm extracts, to analyze their biochemical composition, and to compare them to planktonic cell extracts. Cells were grown attached to a plastic surface; extracts were prepared in water, NaOH, or in ethyl acetate and analyzed. Extracellular matrix components featured carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and low amount of DNA. Carbohydrates appeared to be the main constituent of biofilm but also of the planktonic cell supernatant. Moreover, antimicrobial and QS-signaling activities were evidenced in extracts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides from Marine Environments)
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12 pages, 536 KiB  
Article
Effect of Microalgae Incorporation on Quality Characteristics and Functional and Antioxidant Capacities of Ready-to-Eat Fish Burgers Made from Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
by Ali Ben Atitallah, Faiez Hentati, Mouna Dammak, Bilel Hadrich, Imen Fendri, Mohamed-Ali Ayadi, Philippe Michaud, Slim Abdelkafi and Mohamed Barkallah
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(9), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091830 - 2 May 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4017
Abstract
Microalgae have been used as natural ingredients to produce functional and nutritional food products. The impact of the addition of Chlorella minutissima, Isochrysis galbana, and Picochlorum sp. at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% w/v on the texture and [...] Read more.
Microalgae have been used as natural ingredients to produce functional and nutritional food products. The impact of the addition of Chlorella minutissima, Isochrysis galbana, and Picochlorum sp. at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% w/v on the texture and sensory attributes of canned burgers were investigated. The results show that carp formulations containing 1% microalgae show significantly better classification performance for many textural and sensory parameters compared to the rest of the formulations. Also, these treatments had higher swelling ability as well as water and oil holding capacities, thanks to the important dietary fiber and polysaccharide contents found in microalgae. Moreover, microalgae-supplemented burgers were characterized as having low a* and b* values, which made the color appear to be pale orange. Additionally, thanks to its richness in pigments and polysaccharides, microalgae considerably ameliorated the antioxidant activities of the new prepared fish burgers. Thus, microalgae could be used as natural and nutritious ingredient to develop new fish-based products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides from Marine Environments)
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Review

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20 pages, 503 KiB  
Review
Exopolysaccharides from Cyanobacteria: Strategies for Bioprocess Development
by Diogo Cruz, Vitor Vasconcelos, Guillaume Pierre, Philippe Michaud and Cédric Delattre
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3763; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113763 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 8100
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have the potential to become an industrially sustainable source of functional biopolymers. Their exopolysaccharides (EPS) harbor chemical complexity, which predicts bioactive potential. Although some are reported to excrete conspicuous amounts of polysaccharides, others are still to be discovered. The production of this [...] Read more.
Cyanobacteria have the potential to become an industrially sustainable source of functional biopolymers. Their exopolysaccharides (EPS) harbor chemical complexity, which predicts bioactive potential. Although some are reported to excrete conspicuous amounts of polysaccharides, others are still to be discovered. The production of this strain-specific trait can promote carbon neutrality while its intrinsic location can potentially reduce downstream processing costs. To develop an EPS cyanobacterial bioprocess (Cyano-EPS) three steps were explored: the selection of the cyanobacterial host; optimization of production parameters; downstream processing. Studying the production parameters allow us to understand and optimize their response in terms of growth and EPS production though many times it was found divergent. Although the extraction of EPS can be achieved with a certain degree of simplicity, the purification and isolation steps demand experience. In this review, we gathered relevant research on EPS with a focus on bioprocess development. Challenges and strategies to overcome possible drawbacks are highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides from Marine Environments)
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