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Medical Imaging and Analysis
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Medical Imaging and Analysis

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2020) | Viewed by 27421

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Alexei Kamshilin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Applied Optics, ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia
Interests: optics and photonics; nonlinear optics; medical imaging; image analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Medical imaging is an important technology in clinical applications that allows earlier diagnosis of diseases. Moreover, it helps doctors and researchers to learn more about human anatomy and physiology. This Special Issue aims to cover advances in various image modalities, such as computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray radiography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound imaging, imaging photoplethysmography, thermography, medical photography, multispectral imaging, elastography, and others. Contributions can be focused on conventional and unconventional image processing methods, related data analysis, and statistical tools. Review articles as well as original research articles which will bring new insights into the applied sciences of medical imaging are also welcome.

Prof. Alexei Kamshilin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • positron emission tomography
  • X-ray radiography
  • ultrasound imaging
  • computer tomography
  • imaging photoplethysmography
  • thermography
  • ultrasound imaging
  • multispectral imaging

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1802 KiB  
Article
Navigated 3D Ultrasound in Brain Metastasis Surgery: Analyzing the Differences in Object Appearances in Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
by Benjamin Saß, Barbara Carl, Mirza Pojskic, Christopher Nimsky and Miriam Bopp
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7798; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217798 - 3 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2330
Abstract
Background: Implementation of intraoperative 3D ultrasound (i3D US) into modern neuronavigational systems offers the possibility of live imaging and subsequent imaging updates. However, different modalities, image acquisition strategies, and timing of imaging influence object appearances. We analyzed the differences in object appearances in [...] Read more.
Background: Implementation of intraoperative 3D ultrasound (i3D US) into modern neuronavigational systems offers the possibility of live imaging and subsequent imaging updates. However, different modalities, image acquisition strategies, and timing of imaging influence object appearances. We analyzed the differences in object appearances in ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 35 cases of brain metastasis, which were operated in a multimodal navigational setup after intraoperative computed tomography based (iCT) registration. Method: Registration accuracy was determined using the target registration error (TRE). Lesions segmented in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (preMRI) and i3D US were compared focusing on object size, location, and similarity. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the TRE was 0.84 ± 0.36 mm. Objects were similar in size (mean ± SD in preMRI: 13.6 ± 16.0 cm3 vs. i3D US: 13.5 ± 16.0 cm3). The Dice coefficient was 0.68 ± 0.22 (mean ± SD), the Hausdorff distance 8.1 ± 2.9 mm (mean ± SD), and the Euclidean distance of the centers of gravity 3.7 ± 2.5 mm (mean ± SD). Conclusion: i3D US clearly delineates tumor boundaries and allows live updating of imaging for compensation of brain shift, which can already be identified to a significant amount before dural opening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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10 pages, 3685 KiB  
Article
Spectral Line Reflectance and Fluorescence Imaging Device for Skin Diagnostics
by Janis Spigulis, Zigmars Rupenheits, Uldis Rubins, Madars Mileiko and Ilze Oshina
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7472; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217472 - 24 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2678
Abstract
The multi-spectral-line imaging concept, which was recently implemented for the snapshot mapping of three main skin chromophores—melanin, oxy-hemoglobin, and deoxy-hemoglobin, is further explored for the snapshot capturing of four spectral line images at wavelengths of 450, 523, 638, and 850 nm, with the [...] Read more.
The multi-spectral-line imaging concept, which was recently implemented for the snapshot mapping of three main skin chromophores—melanin, oxy-hemoglobin, and deoxy-hemoglobin, is further explored for the snapshot capturing of four spectral line images at wavelengths of 450, 523, 638, and 850 nm, with the consecutive acquiring of a 405 nm excited fluorescence image. A corresponding laser-based prototype device was designed and assembled. Processing of the mentioned five images enables obtaining distribution maps of four skin chromophores within the malformation and comparing their mean fluorescence intensity with that of the surrounding healthy skin. This set of information is helpful for dermatologists, cosmetologists, oncologists, and other healthcare professionals to quantify the diagnosis of skin malformations (including cancers) and to follow up the recovery process after therapy. This paper describes the design of the developed proof-of-concept prototype device and initial test results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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16 pages, 8691 KiB  
Article
Oral and Dental Spectral Image Database—ODSI-DB
by Joni Hyttinen, Pauli Fält, Heli Jäsberg, Arja Kullaa and Markku Hauta-Kasari
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7246; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207246 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7906
Abstract
The most common imaging methods used in dentistry are X-ray imaging and RGB color photography. However, both imaging methods provide only a limited amount of information on the wavelength-dependent optical properties of the hard and soft tissues in the mouth. Spectral imaging, on [...] Read more.
The most common imaging methods used in dentistry are X-ray imaging and RGB color photography. However, both imaging methods provide only a limited amount of information on the wavelength-dependent optical properties of the hard and soft tissues in the mouth. Spectral imaging, on the other hand, provides significantly more information on the medically relevant dental and oral features (e.g. caries, calculus, and gingivitis). Due to this, we constructed a spectral imaging setup and acquired 316 oral and dental reflectance spectral images, 215 of which are annotated by medical experts, of 30 human test subjects. Spectral images of the subjects’ faces and other areas of interest were captured, along with other medically relevant information (e.g., pulse and blood pressure). We collected these oral, dental, and face spectral images, their annotations and metadata into a publicly available database that we describe in this paper. This oral and dental spectral image database (ODSI-DB) provides a vast amount of data that can be used for developing, e.g., pattern recognition and machine vision applications for dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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8 pages, 1092 KiB  
Article
Contact-Free Optical Assessment of Changes in the Chest Wall Perfusion after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting by Imaging Photoplethysmography
by Imre Kukel, Alexander Trumpp, Katrin Plötze, Antje Rost, Sebastian Zaunseder, Klaus Matschke and Stefan Rasche
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6537; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186537 - 18 Sep 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is a contact-free monitoring of the cutaneous blood volume pulse by RGB (red-green-blue) cameras. It detects vital parameters from skin areas and is associated to cutaneous perfusion. This study investigated the use of iPPG to quantify changes in cutaneous perfusion [...] Read more.
Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is a contact-free monitoring of the cutaneous blood volume pulse by RGB (red-green-blue) cameras. It detects vital parameters from skin areas and is associated to cutaneous perfusion. This study investigated the use of iPPG to quantify changes in cutaneous perfusion after major surgery. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were scanned before surgery and in three follow-up measurements. Using an industrial-grade RGB camera and usual indoor lighting, a contact-free imaging plethysmogram from the chest was obtained. Changes of the iPPG signal strength were evaluated in view of both the operation itself as well as the unilateral preparation of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) for coronary artery grafting, which is the main blood source of the chest wall. iPPG signal strength globally decreased after surgery and recovered partially during the follow up measurements. The ITA preparation led to a deeper decrease and an attenuated recovery of the iPPG signal strength compared to the other side of the chest wall. These results comply with the expected changes of cutaneous perfusion after CABG using an ITA graft. iPPG can be used to assess cutaneous perfusion and its global changes after major surgery as well as its local changes after specific surgical procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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13 pages, 2847 KiB  
Article
Intraoperative Imaging of Cortical Blood Flow by Camera-Based Photoplethysmography at Green Light
by Oleg V. Mamontov, Anton V. Shcherbinin, Roman V. Romashko and Alexei A. Kamshilin
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6192; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186192 - 6 Sep 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2917
Abstract
Intraoperative evaluation of blood perfusion in the brain cortex is an important but hitherto unresolved problem. Our aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of cerebral microcirculation assessment during open brain surgery by using camera-based photoplethysmography (cbPPG) synchronized with an electrocardiograph. Cortical blood flow [...] Read more.
Intraoperative evaluation of blood perfusion in the brain cortex is an important but hitherto unresolved problem. Our aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of cerebral microcirculation assessment during open brain surgery by using camera-based photoplethysmography (cbPPG) synchronized with an electrocardiograph. Cortical blood flow was monitored in five patients with different diagnoses. Two cases (tumor resection and extra-intracranial bypass grafting) are presented in detail. Blood-flow parameters were visualized after processing cortex images recorded under green-light illumination before and after surgical intervention. In all cases, blood flow was successfully visualized in >95% of open brain. Distributions of blood pulsation amplitude, a parameter related to cortical blood perfusion; pulse arrival time; and blood-pressure-pulse shape were calculated with high spatial resolution (in every pixel). Changes in cerebral blood supply caused by surgical intervention were clearly revealed. We have shown that the temporal spread of pulse arrival time and the spatiotemporal variability of pulse shape are very sensitive markers of brain circulatory disturbances. The green-light cbPPG system offers a new approach to objective assessment of blood-flow changes in the brain during surgical intervention. The proposed system allows for contactless monitoring of cortex blood flow in real time with high resolution, thus providing useful information for surgery optimization and minimization of brain tissue damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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22 pages, 5050 KiB  
Article
Neighborhood Singular Value Decomposition Filter and Application in Adaptive Beamforming for Coherent Plane-Wave Compounding
by Shuai Feng, Yadan Wang, Chichao Zheng, Zhihui Han and Hu Peng
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5595; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165595 - 12 Aug 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2830
Abstract
Coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC) is widely used in medical ultrasound imaging, in which plane-waves tilted at multiple angles are used to reconstruct ultrasound images. CPWC helps to achieve a balance between frame rate and image quality. However, the image quality of CPWC is [...] Read more.
Coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC) is widely used in medical ultrasound imaging, in which plane-waves tilted at multiple angles are used to reconstruct ultrasound images. CPWC helps to achieve a balance between frame rate and image quality. However, the image quality of CPWC is limited due to sidelobes and noise interferences. Filtering techniques and adaptive beamforming methods are commonly used to suppress noise and sidelobes. Here, we propose a neighborhood singular value decomposition (NSVD) filter to obtain high-quality images in CPWC. The NSVD filter is applied to adaptive beamforming by combining with adaptive weighting factors. The NSVD filter is advantageous because of its singular value decomposition (SVD) and smoothing filters, performing the SVD processing in neighboring regions while using a sliding rectangular window to filter the entire imaging region. We also tested the application of NSVD in adaptive beamforming. The NSVD filter was combined with short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC), coherence factor (CF), and generalized coherence factor (GCF) to enhance performances of adaptive beamforming methods. The proposed methods were evaluated using simulated and experimental datasets. We found that NSVD can suppress noise and achieve improved contrast (contrast ratio (CR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and generalized CNR (gCNR)) compared to CPWC. When the NSVD filter is used, adaptive weighting methods provide higher CR, CNR, gCNR and speckle signal-to-noise ratio (sSNR), indicating that NSVD is able to improve the imaging performance of adaptive beamforming in noise suppression and speckle pattern preservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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11 pages, 21116 KiB  
Article
Weakly-Supervised Classification of HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer Haematoxylin and Eosin Stained Slides
by Sara P. Oliveira, João Ribeiro Pinto, Tiago Gonçalves, Rita Canas-Marques, Maria-João Cardoso, Hélder P. Oliveira and Jaime S. Cardoso
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4728; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144728 - 9 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5334
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) evaluation commonly requires immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests on breast cancer tissue, in addition to the standard haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining tests. Additional costs and time spent on further testing might be avoided if HER2 overexpression could [...] Read more.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) evaluation commonly requires immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests on breast cancer tissue, in addition to the standard haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining tests. Additional costs and time spent on further testing might be avoided if HER2 overexpression could be effectively inferred from H&E stained slides, as a preliminary indication of the IHC result. In this paper, we propose the first method that aims to achieve this goal. The proposed method is based on multiple instance learning (MIL), using a convolutional neural network (CNN) that separately processes H&E stained slide tiles and outputs an IHC label. This CNN is pretrained on IHC stained slide tiles but does not use these data during inference/testing. H&E tiles are extracted from invasive tumour areas segmented with the HASHI algorithm. The individual tile labels are then combined to obtain a single label for the whole slide. The network was trained on slides from the HER2 Scoring Contest dataset (HER2SC) and tested on two disjoint subsets of slides from the HER2SC database and the TCGA-TCIA-BRCA (BRCA) collection. The proposed method attained 83.3 % classification accuracy on the HER2SC test set and 53.8 % on the BRCA test set. Although further efforts should be devoted to achieving improved performance, the obtained results are promising, suggesting that it is possible to perform HER2 overexpression classification on H&E stained tissue slides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging and Analysis)
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