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Batteries
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Maximizing the Use of Batteries of Electric Vehicles
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Maximizing the Use of Batteries of Electric Vehicles

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 March 2024) | Viewed by 46302

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Lluc Canals Casals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Project and Construction Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: battery aging; second life of batteries; circular economy; sustainability; life cycle assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Beatriz Amante García

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Project and Construction Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: batteries; second life of batteries; circular economy; sustainability; life cycle assessment
Dr. Lluís Trilla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Power Systems Group, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Spain
Interests: battery; BMS; modelling; control system

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining increased importance in the transportation sector, being presented as an ecological alternative. Nonetheless, EVs depend on batteries (mainly lithium-ion batteries) to store energy.

Car manufacturers aim to present EVs as an equivalent and more ecological alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in terms of power and range to ease the transition for final users. This forces them to install huge batteries (50 kWh battery capacity or higher) to make it possible to drive EVs for more than 300 km.

Nonetheless, in contrast to ICEVs that tend to completely deplete the fuel tank before refilling it to the top in just a few minutes, EVs are generally charged after each trip (which demands between 5 to 10 kWh), and it is common for the battery to be fully or almost fully charged before embarking on a ride. This means that, currently, batteries are over-dimensioned in contrast to what most users need to do on a daily basis.

Consequently, the world is spending a significant amount of energy and materials to build these batteries that will not be used to their complete depletion and, as a result, they might not be the best ecological approach, putting the initial argument for the introduction of EVs into the market into question.

For this reason, this Special Issue invites research and review articles on (but not limited to) the following topics

  • EV circular economy streams and businesses;
  • State of health and rest of useful time studies;
  • EV sharing use and economy such as:
    • Carsharing;
    • V2G services;
  • Life cycle assessments;
  • EV battery life extension;
  • End of life of EVs and of their batteries.

The co-guest editors and I hope you find this Special Issue of interest and look forward to your manuscript.

Prof. Dr. Lluc Canals Casals
Prof. Dr. Beatriz Amante
Dr. Lluís Trilla
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicle
  • sustainability
  • battery sharing
  • life extension

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 6050 KiB  
Article
Battery Internal Temperature Measurement Using LC Resonant Tank for Battery Management Systems
by Desmon Simatupang, Abdulraouf Benshatti and Sung-Yeul Park
Batteries 2023, 9(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020104 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3405
Abstract
This paper suggests an embedded battery impedance measurement based on an Inductor Capacitor (LC) resonant tank to measure the battery’s internal temperature for battery management systems (BMS). The purpose of the BMS is to provide state-of-charge (SoC) balancing and the preheating [...] Read more.
This paper suggests an embedded battery impedance measurement based on an Inductor Capacitor (LC) resonant tank to measure the battery’s internal temperature for battery management systems (BMS). The purpose of the BMS is to provide state-of-charge (SoC) balancing and the preheating mechanism at sub-zero temperatures. Battery Impedance Spectroscopy (BIS) for battery internal temperature measurement is achieved by an LC resonant tank connected to the batteries in parallel to induce created resonant current and voltage into the battery. The peaks of the voltage and current waveforms are measured and recorded. Then, the resistance of the battery can be calculated by comparing the peak voltage and current waveforms. Since the resistance of the battery is affected by the battery’s internal temperature, the internal temperature of the battery can be estimated. The benefit of using the LC tank for the battery’s internal temperature is to reduce data processing since no window and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is needed for this method. In addition, the proposed method measures the battery’s internal temperature without any internal or external temperature sensor. Power Simulation (PSIM) simulation software is used in this proposed method. Panasonic batteries 18650 and a dSPACE DS1104 are used for the experiment to verify the proposed method. The proposed method shows that the LC resonant tank can measure three batteries B1, B2, and B3 internal resistance with 17.87%, 18.14%, and 17.73% errors compared to the Frequency Response Analyzer (FRA). In addition, the total time needed for balancing is 400 s, and the total energy consumed by the preheating mechanism is 0.214%/°C to preheat the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from −5 °C to 10 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximizing the Use of Batteries of Electric Vehicles)
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17 pages, 3146 KiB  
Article
Electric Vehicle Battery Health Expected at End of Life in the Upcoming Years Based on UK Data
by Lluc Canals Casals, Maite Etxandi-Santolaya, Pere Antoni Bibiloni-Mulet, Cristina Corchero and Lluis Trilla
Batteries 2022, 8(10), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100164 - 7 Oct 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8359
Abstract
Second-life businesses from Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries are gaining attention considering that these batteries are deemed as inappropriate for transport purposes once they reach 80 or 70% of State of Health (SoH). However, the limited number of retired batteries and the trend in [...] Read more.
Second-life businesses from Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries are gaining attention considering that these batteries are deemed as inappropriate for transport purposes once they reach 80 or 70% of State of Health (SoH). However, the limited number of retired batteries and the trend in battery capacity increase hinder a realistic evaluation of second-life applications. To analyze battery reuse, a closer look at the End of Life (EoL) conditions of these batteries must be taken. This study presents a battery ageing model to estimate the SoH of EV batteries according to their age and mileage. The model is applied to the current retirement characteristics of combustion vehicles to statistically determine the expected SoH at the vehicle EoL. Results indicate that most EVs will reach EoL for reasons other than under-performance. Once retired, most EV batteries will have a SoH higher than 75% within the next 20 years, opening an interesting market for second-life businesses. However, battery reuse is an option that, considering the growing EV market, will rapidly saturate the stationary energy storage demand. Before 2040, most EV batteries will follow streams towards the circular economy, although at some point, they will have to be sent directly to recycling after the vehicular use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximizing the Use of Batteries of Electric Vehicles)
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Review

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24 pages, 4204 KiB  
Review
Lithium-Ion Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles: Constraints, Challenges, and Recommendations
by A. K. M. Ahasan Habib, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Ghassan F. Issa, Dalbir Singh, Shahnewaz Islam and Taher M. Ghazal
Batteries 2023, 9(3), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030152 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 32963
Abstract
Flexible, manageable, and more efficient energy storage solutions have increased the demand for electric vehicles. A powerful battery pack would power the driving motor of electric vehicles. The battery power density, longevity, adaptable electrochemical behavior, and temperature tolerance must be understood. Battery management [...] Read more.
Flexible, manageable, and more efficient energy storage solutions have increased the demand for electric vehicles. A powerful battery pack would power the driving motor of electric vehicles. The battery power density, longevity, adaptable electrochemical behavior, and temperature tolerance must be understood. Battery management systems are essential in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. This article addresses concerns, difficulties, and solutions related to batteries. The battery management system covers voltage and current monitoring; charge and discharge estimation, protection, and equalization; thermal management; and battery data actuation and storage. Furthermore, this study characterized the various cell balancing circuit types, their components, current and voltage stresses, control reliability, power loss, efficiency, size and cost, and their benefits and drawbacks. Secondly, we review concerns and challenges in battery management systems. Furthermore, we identify problems and obstacles that need additional attention for optimal and sustainable battery management systems for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. Our last topic will be on issues for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximizing the Use of Batteries of Electric Vehicles)
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