Adaptive Neurostimulation: Innovative Strategies for Stimulation

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosignal Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 3499

Special Issue Editor

Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Interests: biomedical signal and image processing and classification; biophysical modelling; clinical studies; mathematical biology and physiology; noninvasive monitoring of the volemic status of patients; nonlinear biomedical signal processing; optimal non-uniform down-sampling; systems for human–machine interaction
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Over the last two decades, neurostimulation has solicited solid interest among the scientific community. Defined as a treatment involving either one or multiple stimulations (e.g., auditive, mechanical, or electrical), this technique finds several medical applications. Treating epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, and chronic pain are just a few examples.

Even though neurostimulation is mostly associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS), researchers are working on new treatments that exploit other sources to adapt the stimuli in a closed-loop system. For this purpose, biological signals such as electroencephalogram (EEG), pupillogram, electrocardiogram (ECG), and breathing rhythm can be used.

Because most of the neurostimulation techniques are based on fixed stimulation, posing a limitation to personalized treatments, this Special Issue aims to explore innovative solutions based on closed-loop approaches that exploit physiological parameters.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Real-time and offline neurostimulation solutions;
  • Techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms;
  • Multi-sensor approaches to optimize the closed-loop strategy;
  • Solutions based on physiological data acquired through wearable devices;
  • Therapeutic applications.

Dr. Luca Mesin
Guest Editor

Matteo Raggi
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.polito.it/personale?p=098271
Interests: biomedical devices and applications

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Keywords

  • neurostimulation
  • closed-loop stimulation
  • adaptive stimulation
  • sustained attention
  • working memory
  • meditation
  • relaxation
  • stress
  • mindfulness
  • epilepsy
  • psychiatric disorders
  • ADHD
  • transcranial direct current stimulation
  • transcranial alternating current stimulation
  • binaural beats
  • light pulse stimulation
  • EEG
  • ECG
  • pupillogram
  • breath monitoring
  • real time processing
  • EEG rhythms
  • complexity
  • entropy
  • heart rate variability

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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12 pages, 1818 KiB  
Article
Adaptive vs. Conventional Deep Brain Stimulation: One-Year Subthalamic Recordings and Clinical Monitoring in a Patient with Parkinson’s Disease
by Laura Caffi, Luigi M. Romito, Chiara Palmisano, Vanessa Aloia, Mattia Arlotti, Lorenzo Rossi, Sara Marceglia, Alberto Priori, Roberto Eleopra, Vincenzo Levi, Alberto Mazzoni and Ioannis U. Isaias
Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11100990 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1134
Abstract
Conventional DBS (cDBS) for Parkinson’s disease uses constant, predefined stimulation parameters, while the currently available adaptive DBS (aDBS) provides the possibility of adjusting current amplitude with respect to subthalamic activity in the beta band (13–30 Hz). This preliminary study on one patient aims [...] Read more.
Conventional DBS (cDBS) for Parkinson’s disease uses constant, predefined stimulation parameters, while the currently available adaptive DBS (aDBS) provides the possibility of adjusting current amplitude with respect to subthalamic activity in the beta band (13–30 Hz). This preliminary study on one patient aims to describe how these two stimulation modes affect basal ganglia dynamics and, thus, behavior in the long term. We collected clinical data (UPDRS-III and -IV) and subthalamic recordings of one patient with Parkinson’s disease treated for one year with aDBS, alternated with short intervals of cDBS. Moreover, after nine months, the patient discontinued all dopaminergic drugs while keeping aDBS. Clinical benefits of aDBS were superior to those of cDBS, both with and without medications. This improvement was paralleled by larger daily fluctuations of subthalamic beta activity. Moreover, with aDBS, subthalamic beta activity decreased during asleep with respect to awake hours, while it remained stable in cDBS. These preliminary data suggest that aDBS might be more effective than cDBS in preserving the functional role of daily beta fluctuations, thus leading to superior clinical benefit. Our results open new perspectives for a restorative brain network effect of aDBS as a more physiological, bidirectional, brain–computer interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Neurostimulation: Innovative Strategies for Stimulation)
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18 pages, 2273 KiB  
Article
Closed-Loop Transcranial Electrical Neurostimulation for Sustained Attention Enhancement: A Pilot Study towards Personalized Intervention Strategies
by Emma Caravati, Federica Barbeni, Giovanni Chiarion, Matteo Raggi and Luca Mesin
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050467 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 1798
Abstract
Sustained attention is pivotal for tasks like studying and working for which focus and low distractions are necessary for peak productivity. This study explores the effectiveness of adaptive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in either the frontal or parietal region to enhance sustained [...] Read more.
Sustained attention is pivotal for tasks like studying and working for which focus and low distractions are necessary for peak productivity. This study explores the effectiveness of adaptive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in either the frontal or parietal region to enhance sustained attention. The research involved ten healthy university students performing the Continuous Performance Task-AX (AX-CPT) while receiving either frontal or parietal tDCS. The study comprised three phases. First, we acquired the electroencephalography (EEG) signal to identify the most suitable metrics related to attention states. Among different spectral and complexity metrics computed on 3 s epochs of EEG, the Fuzzy Entropy and Multiscale Sample Entropy Index of frontal channels were selected. Secondly, we assessed how tDCS at a fixed 1.0 mA current affects attentional performance. Finally, a real-time experiment involving continuous metric monitoring allowed personalized dynamic optimization of the current amplitude and stimulation site (frontal or parietal). The findings reveal statistically significant improvements in mean accuracy (94.04 vs. 90.82%) and reaction times (262.93 vs. 302.03 ms) with the adaptive tDCS compared to a non-stimulation condition. Average reaction times were statistically shorter during adaptive stimulation compared to a fixed current amplitude condition (262.93 vs. 283.56 ms), while mean accuracy stayed similar (94.04 vs. 93.36%, improvement not statistically significant). Despite the limited number of subjects, this work points out the promising potential of adaptive tDCS as a tailored treatment for enhancing sustained attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Neurostimulation: Innovative Strategies for Stimulation)
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