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Bioengineering
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Biomechanics and Motion Analysis
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Biomechanics and Motion Analysis

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomechanics and Sports Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 10721

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Christina Zong-Hao Ma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Interests: aging; skeletal muscle; balance and gait; prevention of falls and slips; physical activity; smart wearable technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hong Fu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: computer vision algorithms; artificial intelligence in healthcare and education; eye tracking and motion detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Research in the field of biomechanics and motion analysis has seen rapid growth in recent years. Conducting biomechanical and motion analyses can build on our knowledge and understanding regarding normal human posture and locomotion, pathological movement, physical disorders, and how humans interact with the environment biomechanically, as well as facilitate the development of targeted sport and rehabilitation approaches, etc. With the recent advancements in technology, it is also feasible for researchers to apply a number of state-of-the-art systems, devices, and algorithms with which to study biomechanics and motion, from external body movement to internal cellular responses, from indoor lab settings to the outdoor environment, and from bench experiments to clinical applications.

This Special Issue will focus on recent research and developments in biomechanics and motion analysis.

The journal will be accepting contributions (both original articles and reviews) that mainly focus on the following topics:

  • Biomechanics;
  • Upper-limb biomechanics;
  • Lower-limb biomechanics;
  • Spinal biomechanics;
  • Motion capture and analysis;
  • Interface biomechanics;
  • Shear force in ergonomics;
  • Pressure in ergonomics;
  • Computational orthopedics;
  • Physical ergonomics;
  • Sports engineering;
  • Rehabilitation engineering;
  • Biomechanical interaction between humans and environments;
  • Postural stability;
  • Balance and gait control;
  • Physical activity;
  • Computer vision algorithms for motion capture and analysis;
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) in biomechanics;
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) in motion capture and analysis;
  • Wearable devices for biomechanical analysis.

Dr. Christina Zong-Hao Ma
Dr. Hong Fu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomechanics
  • motion capture and analysis
  • sports and rehabilitation engineering
  • artificial intelligence
  • assistive technology

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 5975 KiB  
Article
Older Fallers’ Comprehensive Neuromuscular and Kinematic Alterations in Reactive Balance Control: Indicators of Balance Decline or Compensation? A Pilot Study
by Ringo Tang-Long Zhu, Timmi Tim Mei Hung, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Jun-Zhe Li, Yu-Yan Luo, Jingting Sun, Shujun Wang and Christina Zong-Hao Ma
Bioengineering 2025, 12(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010066 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 528
Abstract
Background: Falls and fall consequences in older adults are global health issues. Previous studies have compared postural sways or stepping strategies between older adults with and without fall histories to identify factors associated with falls. However, more in-depth neuromuscular/kinematic mechanisms have remained [...] Read more.
Background: Falls and fall consequences in older adults are global health issues. Previous studies have compared postural sways or stepping strategies between older adults with and without fall histories to identify factors associated with falls. However, more in-depth neuromuscular/kinematic mechanisms have remained unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate muscle activities and joint kinematics during reactive balance control in older adults with different fall histories. Methods: This pilot observational study recruited six community-dwelling older fallers (≥1 fall in past one year) and six older non-fallers, who received unpredictable translational balance perturbations in randomized directions and intensities during standing. The whole-body center-of-mass (COM) displacements, eight dominant-leg joint motions and muscle electrical activities were collected, and analyzed using the temporal and amplitude parameters. Results: Compared to non-fallers, fallers had significantly: (a) smaller activation rate of the ankle dorsiflexor, delayed activation of the hip flexor/extensor, larger activation rate of the knee flexor, and smaller agonist-antagonist co-contraction in lower-limb muscles; (b) larger knee/hip flexion angles, longer ankle dorsiflexion duration, and delayed timing of recovery in joint motions; and (c) earlier downward COM displacements and larger anteroposterior overshooting COM displacements following unpredictable perturbations (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Compared to non-fallers, fallers used more suspensory strategies for reactive standing balance, which compensated for inadequate ankle/hip strategies but resulted in prolonged recovery. A further longitudinal study with a larger sample is still needed to examine the diagnostic accuracies and training values of these identified neuromuscular/kinematic factors in differentiating fall risks and preventing future falls of older people, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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19 pages, 2626 KiB  
Article
Reliability and Accuracy of Standard Reference Procedures for Measurements of Trunk and Arm Postures in Ergonomics
by Carl M. Lind, Ida-Märta Rhen and Mikael Forsman
Bioengineering 2025, 12(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010050 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 677
Abstract
Adequate reference procedures for obtaining the reference zero-angle position are important for precise and accurate posture measurements, but few studies have systematically investigated these. A limited number of previous studies suggest differences in accuracy between procedures, with some causing an underestimation of the [...] Read more.
Adequate reference procedures for obtaining the reference zero-angle position are important for precise and accurate posture measurements, but few studies have systematically investigated these. A limited number of previous studies suggest differences in accuracy between procedures, with some causing an underestimation of the true arm elevation angle when sensors are taped to the skin. The reliability of commonly used reference procedures for the measurement of the trunk posture is also not well explored, and alternative procedures may improve precision. Based on this identified gap, this study evaluated the test–retest reliability of the N-position (I-pose), i.e., the standard procedure for recording trunk postures, and compared it with two new alternative procedures. Additionally, the accuracy of the N-position for measuring arm elevation angles was compared with one alternative procedure. A total of 40 participants (22 women and 18 men) aged 26–70 years performed the reference procedures in a laboratory setting. Postures were recorded using a smart workwear system equipped with two inertial measurement units (IMUs) embedded in pockets within the workwear. For the trunk posture, the N-position showed a slight lack of test–retest reliability, while one of the alternative procedures demonstrated better test–retest reliability. For the arm posture, the N-position, which does not include lateral trunk inclination, resulted in a substantial underestimation of the arm elevation angle of approximately 15°, which is a novel finding. In contrast, the posture involving trunk inclination closely matched the targeted reference, with a difference of less than 2°. This study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate reference procedures to ensure precise and accurate posture measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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14 pages, 4279 KiB  
Article
Digitalized 3D Spinal Decompression and Correction Device Improved Initial Brace Corrections and Patients’ Comfort Among Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Single-Centre, Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
by Yi Jie, Mengyao Li, Anqin Dong, Yu-Yan Luo, Chang-Liang Luo, Jing Li, Pengyuan Zheng, Xinmin Zhang, Man Sang Wong, Christina Zong-Hao Ma and Ming Zhang
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121246 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 771
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel three-dimensional (3D) spinal decompression and correction device in improving the in-brace correction and patient comfort level for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and to assess the impact of the number of vertebrae involved [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel three-dimensional (3D) spinal decompression and correction device in improving the in-brace correction and patient comfort level for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and to assess the impact of the number of vertebrae involved in the scoliotic curve on the correction’s effectiveness. A single-centre, single-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted in 110 AIS patients aged 10–18 years who were randomly allocated into four groups receiving 0–3 days of device intervention. Each session lasted for 30 min and was conducted twice daily. Significant improvements were observed in both the in-brace correction ratio and patient comfort level, particularly in the 2- and 3-day intervention groups (p < 0.001). The number of involved vertebrae for a scoliotic curve was positively correlated with the in-brace correction ratio in the no intervention (or 0-day) and 1-day intervention groups, while this correlation varied in the 2- and 3-day intervention groups. These findings suggested that the prolonged use of the 3D device could improve the correction ratios and patient comfort, while the role of vertebrae involvement in predicting the initial correction may require further exploration to optimize personalized treatment strategies in future clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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30 pages, 8578 KiB  
Article
Around-Body Versus On-Body Motion Sensing: A Comparison of Efficacy Across a Range of Body Movements and Scales
by Katelyn Rohrer, Luis De Anda, Camila Grubb, Zachary Hansen, Jordan Rodriguez, Greyson St Pierre, Sara Sheikhlary, Suleyman Omer, Binh Tran, Mehrail Lawendy, Farah Alqaraghuli, Chris Hedgecoke, Youssif Abdelkeder, Rebecca C. Slepian, Ethan Ross, Ryan Chung and Marvin J. Slepian
Bioengineering 2024, 11(11), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11111163 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 776
Abstract
Motion is vital for life. Currently, the clinical assessment of motion abnormalities is largely qualitative. We previously developed methods to quantitatively assess motion using visual detection systems (around-body) and stretchable electronic sensors (on-body). Here we compare the efficacy of these methods across predefined [...] Read more.
Motion is vital for life. Currently, the clinical assessment of motion abnormalities is largely qualitative. We previously developed methods to quantitatively assess motion using visual detection systems (around-body) and stretchable electronic sensors (on-body). Here we compare the efficacy of these methods across predefined motions, hypothesizing that the around-body system detects motion with similar accuracy as on-body sensors. Six human volunteers performed six defined motions covering three excursion lengths, small, medium, and large, which were analyzed via both around-body visual marker detection (MoCa version 1.0) and on-body stretchable electronic sensors (BioStamp version 1.0). Data from each system was compared as to the extent of trackability and comparative efficacy between systems. Both systems successfully detected motions, allowing quantitative analysis. Angular displacement between systems had the highest agreement efficiency for the bicep curl and body lean motion, with 73.24% and 65.35%, respectively. The finger pinch motion had an agreement efficiency of 36.71% and chest abduction/adduction had 45.55%. Shoulder abduction/adduction and shoulder flexion/extension motions had the lowest agreement efficiencies with 24.49% and 26.28%, respectively. MoCa was comparable to BioStamp in terms of angular displacement, though velocity and linear speed output could benefit from additional processing. Our findings demonstrate comparable efficacy for non-contact motion detection to that of on-body sensor detection, and offers insight as to the best system selection for specific clinical uses based on the use-case of the desired motion being analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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11 pages, 217 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Gait Asymmetries Remain Unaffected by Increased Load Carriage in Professional Intervention Police Officers
by Davor Rožac, Mario Kasović and Damir Knjaz
Bioengineering 2024, 11(11), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11111140 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Background: Although evidence indicates that load carriage may have an influence on walking patterns, the specific impacts of progressively increased loads on spatial and temporal gait asymmetries remain underexplored. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine whether an increased load [...] Read more.
Background: Although evidence indicates that load carriage may have an influence on walking patterns, the specific impacts of progressively increased loads on spatial and temporal gait asymmetries remain underexplored. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine whether an increased load carriage had an effect on spatiotemporal gait asymmetries among intervention police officers. Methods: For the purpose of this study, 96 male intervention police officers were recruited and assessed under four load conditions: (i) “No load”, (ii) “a 5 kg load”, (iii) “a 25 kg load”, and (iv) “a 45 kg load”. Spatial and temporal gait parameters were measured using a pedobarographic platform (Zebris FDM). The spatial and temporal gait parameters, along with the ground reaction forces beneath different foot regions, were examined. The gait asymmetry for each parameter was calculated using the formula (xright − xleft)/0.5 × (xright + xleft)*100%, where “x” represents the numerical value of each parameter for the left and right sides of the body. Results: The findings indicated no statistically significant differences in the spatiotemporal parameters, nor ground reaction force gait asymmetries between the left and right foot, during walking under a progressively increased load carriage. Additionally, the parameter values for both the left and right sides of the body remained consistent, with a high intercorrelation observed across all of the loading conditions. The gait speed and ground reaction forces, which served as covariates, did not significantly change the spatiotemporal gait asymmetries. Conclusions: In summary, this study demonstrates that an increased load carriage did not lead to a progressive rise in spatiotemporal gait asymmetries in professional intervention police officers. However, further examination using an advanced 3-D gait analysis and an assessment of physiological patterns and adaptations is recommended to identify and confirm the key factors influencing gait asymmetry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
20 pages, 4792 KiB  
Article
An Assist-as-Needed Control Strategy Based on a Subjective Intention Decline Model
by Hao Yan, Fangcao Zhang, Xingao Li, Chenchen Zhang, Yunjia Zhang and Yongfei Feng
Bioengineering 2024, 11(11), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11111113 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 977
Abstract
In the rehabilitation training process for stroke patients, the level of excitement in the patient’s physiological state has a positive impact on the efficacy of the training. In order to improve patients’ initiative during training and prevent dependence on assistive systems, this study [...] Read more.
In the rehabilitation training process for stroke patients, the level of excitement in the patient’s physiological state has a positive impact on the efficacy of the training. In order to improve patients’ initiative during training and prevent dependence on assistive systems, this study proposes an assist-as-needed control strategy based on a subjective intention decline model. The strategy primarily consists of two modules: a subjective intention decline control module and a limb movement assessment module. The subjective intention decline module collects surface electromyography (sEMG) data during patient training and optimizes support vector machine (SVM) using quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithms to establish a subjective intention decline model. The limb movement assessment module collects information such as interaction force and position error during training and proposes a method for evaluating the motion state of the affected limb. This model combines traditional impedance control with a method for assessing limb movement and subjective status, automatically adjusting the level of assistive force on the affected limb in real time to enhance its active participation in tasks. Finally, we performed two verification experiments to assess the patient’s initiative in participating in the training. The experimental results show that the proposed method effectively reduced the average assist force by 65.66% for the traditional impedance control training system and effectively the average assist force by 35.2% for the control training system using only the assist force module based on force position information. At the same time, the accuracy of the subjective intention attenuation module established in the experiment to identify the fatigue level of the subjects reached 93.41%. Therefore, the proposed method effectively improves the initiative of trainers and also prevents patients from relying on the assist-as-needed control training system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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14 pages, 2597 KiB  
Article
Effects of Technique Asymmetry on 500 m Speed Skating Performance
by Zimeng Liu, Meilin Ding, Masen Zhang, Bing Yu and Hui Liu
Bioengineering 2024, 11(9), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090899 - 7 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1178
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of technique asymmetry on 500 m straight-track speed skating performance. We analyzed 20 elite skaters, measuring their joint angles, center of mass shift, and times and speeds during the gliding and push-off phases. The technique asymmetry [...] Read more.
This study aimed to determine the effects of technique asymmetry on 500 m straight-track speed skating performance. We analyzed 20 elite skaters, measuring their joint angles, center of mass shift, and times and speeds during the gliding and push-off phases. The technique asymmetry index (ASI) was calculated for each parameter, and paired t-tests were used to compare bilateral asymmetry. Spearman correlation coefficients assessed the relationship between the ASI and both the average straight track speed and overall performance. Significant bilateral asymmetries in the knee, push-off, trunk, and hip angles were found in both male and female participants (p < 0.05). The male participants demonstrated a higher right push-off speed (p = 0.029) and a longer left gliding time (p = 0.048). Significant asymmetry was also observed in the lateral shift of the center of mass during each phase of the straight-track skating gait cycle (p < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the ASIs and the overall performance (p ≥ 0.067). These findings indicate that while elite speed skaters demonstrated significant bilateral technique asymmetry in straight track skating, these asymmetries did not significantly impact their overall performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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9 pages, 221 KiB  
Article
Carrying Police Load Increases Gait Asymmetry in Ground Reaction Forces and Plantar Pressures Beneath Different Foot Regions in a Large Sample of Police Recruits
by Mario Kasović, Andro Štefan and Lovro Štefan
Bioengineering 2024, 11(9), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090895 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
Background: Although carrying external load has negative effects on gait biomechanics, little evidence has been provided regarding its impact on body asymmetry. The main purpose of the present study was to examine, whether standardized equipment produced greater gait asymmetries in ground reaction force [...] Read more.
Background: Although carrying external load has negative effects on gait biomechanics, little evidence has been provided regarding its impact on body asymmetry. The main purpose of the present study was to examine, whether standardized equipment produced greater gait asymmetries in ground reaction force and plantar pressure. Methods: For the purpose of this study, we recruited 845 police recruits (609 men and 236 women; 72.1% men and 27.9% women) measured in two conditions: (i) ‘no load’ and (ii) ‘a 3.5 kg load’. Absolute values in ground reaction forces and plantar pressures beneath the different foot regions were assessed with pedobarographic platform (Zebris FDM). Asymmetry was calculated as (xright − xleft)/0.5 × (xright + xleft) × 100%, where ‘x’ represented a given parameter being calculated and a value closer to 0 denoted greater symmetry. Results: Significant differences in ground reaction forces and plantar pressures between the left and right foot were observed, when adding ‘a 3.5 kg load’. Compared to the ‘no load’ condition, carrying ‘a 3.5 kg load’ significantly increased gait asymmetries for maximal ground reaction forces beneath the forefoot (ES = 0.29), midfoot (ES = 0.20) and hindfoot (ES = 0.19) regions of the foot. For maximal plantar pressures, only the asymmetry beneath the midfoot region of the foot significantly increased (ES = 0.19). Conclusions: Findings of this study indicate that ‘a 3.5 kg load’ significantly increases ground reaction force and plantar pressure gait asymmetries beneath the forefoot and midfoot regions, compared to ‘no load’ condition. Due to higher loads, increases in kinetic gait asymmetries may have negative effects on future pain and discomfort in the foot area, possibly causing stress fractures and deviated gait biomechanics in police recruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
23 pages, 7915 KiB  
Article
Deep-Learning-Based Recovery of Missing Optical Marker Trajectories in 3D Motion Capture Systems
by Oleksandr Yuhai, Ahnryul Choi, Yubin Cho, Hyunggun Kim and Joung Hwan Mun
Bioengineering 2024, 11(6), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060560 - 1 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1418
Abstract
Motion capture (MoCap) technology, essential for biomechanics and motion analysis, faces challenges from data loss due to occlusions and technical issues. Traditional recovery methods, based on inter-marker relationships or independent marker treatment, have limitations. This study introduces a novel U-net-inspired bi-directional long short-term [...] Read more.
Motion capture (MoCap) technology, essential for biomechanics and motion analysis, faces challenges from data loss due to occlusions and technical issues. Traditional recovery methods, based on inter-marker relationships or independent marker treatment, have limitations. This study introduces a novel U-net-inspired bi-directional long short-term memory (U-Bi-LSTM) autoencoder-based technique for recovering missing MoCap data across multi-camera setups. Leveraging multi-camera and triangulated 3D data, this method employs a sophisticated U-shaped deep learning structure with an adaptive Huber regression layer, enhancing outlier robustness and minimizing reconstruction errors, proving particularly beneficial for long-term data loss scenarios. Our approach surpasses traditional piecewise cubic spline and state-of-the-art sparse low rank methods, demonstrating statistically significant improvements in reconstruction error across various gap lengths and numbers. This research not only advances the technical capabilities of MoCap systems but also enriches the analytical tools available for biomechanical research, offering new possibilities for enhancing athletic performance, optimizing rehabilitation protocols, and developing personalized treatment plans based on precise biomechanical data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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Review

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17 pages, 1690 KiB  
Review
Contractile and Mechanical Properties of Quadriceps Muscles Measured by the Method of Tensiomyography (TMG) in Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
by Daniel Fernández-Baeza, Germán Díaz-Ureña and Cristina González-Millán
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121295 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1236
Abstract
Tensiomyography (TMG) is a non-invasive tool used to assess contractile properties. This systematic review aimed to accomplish the following: (1) Analyze quadriceps TMG parameters in professional football players during the season and compare them with reference values. (2) Assess the differences in TMG [...] Read more.
Tensiomyography (TMG) is a non-invasive tool used to assess contractile properties. This systematic review aimed to accomplish the following: (1) Analyze quadriceps TMG parameters in professional football players during the season and compare them with reference values. (2) Assess the differences in TMG parameters between quadriceps muscles. A PRISMA-guided search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Sport Discus (up to March 2024) identified 139 studies. Twelve in-season professional soccer players (20–29 years old) and quadriceps tensiomyography parameters were included (muscle displacement, delay time, and contraction time). All the studies were assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, scoring 7/9 to 8/9, indicating good quality. The findings of this study were that of the nine parameters analyzed, three variables were found to differ significantly. The weighted mean values were as follows: rectus femoris (contraction time 30.11 ms, muscle displacement 8.88 mL, delay time, 24.68 ms), vastus medialis (contraction time 25.29 ms, muscle displacement 7.45 mL, delay time, 21.27 ms), and vastus lateralis (contraction time 23.21 ms, muscle displacement 5.31 mL, delay time, 21.89 Â ms). Furthermore, significant differences were observed in muscle displacement between the rectus femoris and vastus medialis, and between the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. The TMG can serve as a valuable device for assessing neuromuscular function in soccer players. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motion Analysis)
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