Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Pathologies

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2025) | Viewed by 4216

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research—National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), Milan Unit at Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
Interests: cardiac muscle; skeletal muscle; sarcomere; cardiomyopathies; skeletal myopathies; animal models

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Guest Editor
Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord-Est-Ile-de-France, Université Paris Est, U955 INSERM, EnvA, EFS, IMRB, F-94010 and APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
Interests: neuromuscular disorders; muscle histopathology; genetics; translational medicine
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies are associated with progressive heart failure, and are a major cause of global morbidity and mortality, while skeletal myopathies are a heterogeneous group of genetic and acquired of disorders, characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy, often leading to disability, respiratory insufficiency, paralysis, and premature death. Thus, cardiac and skeletal muscle disorders significantly reduce quality of life and lifespan and have an enormous social, emotional, and economic impact. Currently, there are only few approved therapies for treating myopathies, while multidisciplinary standard of care, including respiratory, nutritional, orthopedic, and physical/occupational therapies, is the gold standard of treatment. Cardiomyopathies are managed via conventional therapy, including multiple medications, implanted devices, and heart surgery, to slow, but not prevent, the progression of the disease, ignoring disease cause and subtype. Thus, there is a strong need for better, more targeted therapies that are able to substantially modify the disease trajectory or cure these disorders.

This Special Issue of Biomedicines focuses on recent advances in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac and skeletal pathologies as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Thus, we welcome original research articles and reviews that provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac and skeletal muscle disorders, including the identification of novel therapeutic targets and pre-clinical testing of potential therapeutic strategies to improve treatment and cure. Areas of interest include, but are not limited, to, the following topics:

  • The use of pre-clinical models (animal and cell-based models) to provide a better understanding of the molecular pathways that lead to the onset and progression of pathologies affecting cardiac and/or skeletal muscle;
  • The identification of novel therapeutic targets;
  • Pre-clinical testing of potential therapies to improve treatment and cure.

Dr. Marie-Louise Bang
Prof. Dr. Edoardo Malfatti
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • cardiomyopathies
  • skeletal myopathies
  • molecular basis of cardiac and skeletal pathologies
  • pre-clinical models, including animal and cell-based models.

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3034 KiB  
Article
NF-κB-Specific Suppression in Cardiomyocytes Unveils Aging-Associated Responses in Cardiac Tissue
by Letícia Aparecida Lopes Morgado, Larissa Maria Zacarias Rodrigues, Daiane Cristina Floriano Silva, Bruno Durante da Silva, Maria Claudia Costa Irigoyen and Ana Paula Cremasco Takano
Biomedicines 2025, 13(1), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010224 - 17 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Aging is associated with structural and functional changes in the heart, including hypertrophy, fibrosis, and impaired contractility. Cellular mechanisms such as senescence, telomere shortening, and DNA damage contribute to these processes. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been implicated in mediating [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Aging is associated with structural and functional changes in the heart, including hypertrophy, fibrosis, and impaired contractility. Cellular mechanisms such as senescence, telomere shortening, and DNA damage contribute to these processes. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been implicated in mediating cellular responses in aging tissues, and increased NF-κB expression has been observed in the hearts of aging rodents. Therefore, NF-κB is suspected to play an important regulatory role in the cellular and molecular processes occurring in the heart during aging. This study investigates the in vivo role of NF-κB in aging-related cardiac alterations, focusing on senescence and associated cellular events. Methods: Young and old wild-type (WT) and transgenic male mice with cardiomyocyte-specific NF-κB suppression (3M) were used to assess cardiac function, morphology, senescence markers, lipofuscin deposition, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Results: Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed reduced survival in 3M mice compared to WT. Echocardiography showed evidence of eccentric hypertrophy, and both diastolic and systolic dysfunction in 3M mice. Both aged WT and 3M mice exhibited cardiac hypertrophy, with more pronounced hypertrophic changes in cardiomyocytes from 3M mice. Additionally, cardiac fibrosis, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, p21 protein expression, and DNA damage (marked by phosphorylated H2A.X) were elevated in aged WT and both young and aged 3M mice. Conclusions: The suppression of NF-κB in cardiomyocytes leads to pronounced cardiac remodeling, dysfunction, and cellular damage associated with the aging process. These findings suggest that NF-κB plays a critical regulatory role in cardiac aging, influencing both cellular senescence and molecular damage pathways. This has important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating age-related cardiovascular diseases. Full article
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18 pages, 5491 KiB  
Article
Constitutive, Muscle-Specific Orai1 Knockout Results in the Incomplete Assembly of Ca2+ Entry Units and a Reduction in the Age-Dependent Formation of Tubular Aggregates
by Alessia Di Fonso, Matteo Serano, Miao He, Jennifer Leigh, Giorgia Rastelli, Robert T. Dirksen, Feliciano Protasi and Laura Pietrangelo
Biomedicines 2024, 12(8), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081651 - 24 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous cellular mechanism that cells use to activate extracellular Ca2+ entry when intracellular Ca2+ stores are depleted. In skeletal muscle, SOCE occurs within Ca2+ entry units (CEUs), intracellular junctions between stacks of SR [...] Read more.
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous cellular mechanism that cells use to activate extracellular Ca2+ entry when intracellular Ca2+ stores are depleted. In skeletal muscle, SOCE occurs within Ca2+ entry units (CEUs), intracellular junctions between stacks of SR membranes containing STIM1 and transverse tubules (TTs) containing ORAI1. Gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 are linked to tubular aggregate (TA) myopathy, a disease characterized by the atypical accumulation of tubes of SR origin. Moreover, SOCE and TAs are increased in the muscles of aged male mice. Here, we assessed the longitudinal effects (from 4–6 months to 10–14 months of age) of constitutive, muscle-specific Orai1 knockout (cOrai1 KO) on skeletal muscle structure, function, and the assembly of TAs and CEUs. The results from these studies indicate that cOrai1 KO mice exhibit a shorter lifespan, reduced body weight, exercise intolerance, decreased muscle-specific force and rate of force production, and an increased number of structurally damaged mitochondria. In addition, electron microscopy analyses revealed (i) the absence of TAs with increasing age and (ii) an increased number of SR stacks without adjacent TTs (i.e., incomplete CEUs) in cOrai1 KO mice. The absence of TAs is consistent with TAs being formed as a result of excessive ORAI1-dependent Ca2+ entry. Full article
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Review

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21 pages, 1001 KiB  
Review
Emerging Concepts of Mechanisms Controlling Cardiac Tension: Focus on Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Sarcomere-Directed Therapies
by R. John Solaro, Paul H. Goldspink and Beata M. Wolska
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050999 - 2 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1976
Abstract
Novel therapies for the treatment of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are lacking. Shaping research directions to clinical needs is critical. Triggers for the progression of the disorder commonly occur due to specific gene variants that affect the production of sarcomeric/cytoskeletal proteins. Generally, these [...] Read more.
Novel therapies for the treatment of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are lacking. Shaping research directions to clinical needs is critical. Triggers for the progression of the disorder commonly occur due to specific gene variants that affect the production of sarcomeric/cytoskeletal proteins. Generally, these variants cause a decrease in tension by the myofilaments, resulting in signaling abnormalities within the micro-environment, which over time result in structural and functional maladaptations, leading to heart failure (HF). Current concepts support the hypothesis that the mutant sarcomere proteins induce a causal depression in the tension-time integral (TTI) of linear preparations of cardiac muscle. However, molecular mechanisms underlying tension generation particularly concerning mutant proteins and their impact on sarcomere molecular signaling are currently controversial. Thus, there is a need for clarification as to how mutant proteins affect sarcomere molecular signaling in the etiology and progression of DCM. A main topic in this controversy is the control of the number of tension-generating myosin heads reacting with the thin filament. One line of investigation proposes that this number is determined by changes in the ratio of myosin heads in a sequestered super-relaxed state (SRX) or in a disordered relaxed state (DRX) poised for force generation upon the Ca2+ activation of the thin filament. Contrasting evidence from nanometer–micrometer-scale X-ray diffraction in intact trabeculae indicates that the SRX/DRX states may have a lesser role. Instead, the proposal is that myosin heads are in a basal OFF state in relaxation then transfer to an ON state through a mechano-sensing mechanism induced during early thin filament activation and increasing thick filament strain. Recent evidence about the modulation of these mechanisms by protein phosphorylation has also introduced a need for reconsidering the control of tension. We discuss these mechanisms that lead to different ideas related to how tension is disturbed by levels of mutant sarcomere proteins linked to the expression of gene variants in the complex landscape of DCM. Resolving the various mechanisms and incorporating them into a unified concept is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of DCM. This deeper understanding is not only important for diagnosis and treatment strategies with small molecules, but also for understanding the reciprocal signaling processes that occur between cardiac myocytes and their micro-environment. By unraveling these complexities, we can pave the way for improved therapeutic interventions for managing DCM. Full article
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