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Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth...
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Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth to Oral Cancer

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 4259

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Eleni Georgakopoulou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, University of Athens (Molecular Carcinogenesis Group), Athens, Greece
Interests: oral inflammatory conditions; oral cancer and precancerous conditions; cellular senescence and its impact on human disease
Prof. Dr. George Laskaris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: oral cancer; oral disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue explores various aspects of the pathogenesis of oral diseases, emphasizing therapeutic interventions rooted in pathogenicity and providing examples that showcase the ways in which the pathogenesis of specific oral conditions reflects the interconnected nature of oral and general health. The central goal aligns with the World Health Organization's objective for promoting oral health, as outlined in the 2021 Resolution. Recent advancements in understanding and treating oral pathologies, ranging from common issues such as dry mouth (xerostomia) and taste disorders (dysgeusia) to severe conditions such as oral cancer and precancerous lesions, constitute the core focus. The Special Issue examines not only the therapeutic aspects, but also the geographical, virological and environmental dimensions of pathogenesis. This broader perspective incorporates recommendations regarding environmental, genetic and social factors, aiming to provide a more comprehensive and understandable view of the subject. Additionally, dental treatments can offer valuable insights into general pathology, showcasing the interdisciplinary nature of oral healthcare. The Special Issue invites original research articles, reviews and case reports that contribute valuable insights to the broader knowledge base in these fields.

Dr. Eleni Georgakopoulou
Prof. Dr. George Laskaris
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • oral pathologies
  • oral diseases
  • pathogenesis
  • therapeutic interventions
  • interdisciplinary nature of oral healthcare
  • xerostomia
  • dysgeusia
  • oral cancer
  • precancerous lesions
  • oral inflammatory conditions

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1838 KiB  
Article
Association Between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Periodontitis: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study from the Korean National Health Screening Cohort
by Na-Eun Lee, Kyeong Min Han, Dae Myoung Yoo, Ho Suk Kang, Ji Hee Kim, Joo-Hee Kim, Woo Jin Bang, Hyo Geun Choi, Ha Young Park, Nan Young Kim and Mi Jung Kwon
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2491; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112491 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 441
Abstract
Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and periodontitis are common conditions in older adults that can lead to serious complications, gaining public health attention. Although GERD and periodontitis share common risk factors, such as age, lifestyle habits, and socioeconomic status, large-scale studies examining their [...] Read more.
Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and periodontitis are common conditions in older adults that can lead to serious complications, gaining public health attention. Although GERD and periodontitis share common risk factors, such as age, lifestyle habits, and socioeconomic status, large-scale studies examining their specific relationship are limited. Methods: This study aimed to assess the association between GERD and the likelihood of developing periodontitis using a national validated cohort data from Korea. Data were drawn from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort (2004–2019) using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnostic codes. The study included 16,744 GERD patients and 66,976 matched controls (matched 1:4 by age, sex, income, and residence). Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for periodontitis, adjusting for various factors, with subgroup analyses based on age, income, and other covariates. Results: The overall incidence of periodontitis was similar between the GERD and control groups, with no significant difference in the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.02, p = 0.625). However, subgroup analyses in the GERD group showed a slightly increased likelihood of periodontitis in individuals over 60 years old (aHR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06, p = 0.050) and those in lower-income brackets (aHR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p = 0.023). Conclusions: In summary, while GERD was not associated with an increased overall probability of periodontitis, age and socioeconomic factors may influence the likelihood of periodontitis development in certain GERD patients. These findings may highlight the need for targeted preventive strategies and closer oral health monitoring in older and lower-income populations with GERD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth to Oral Cancer)
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15 pages, 483 KiB  
Article
Oral State and Salivary Cortisol in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
by Aleksandra Kapel-Reguła, Justyna Chojdak-Łukasiewicz, Anna Rybińska, Irena Duś-Ilnicka and Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko
Biomedicines 2024, 12(10), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102277 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Background: MS patients experience gradual and progressive functional limitation, bulbar symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders that can impinge on oral status. This study aimed to investigate the oral state, oral hygiene habits, and salivary cortisol levels in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis [...] Read more.
Background: MS patients experience gradual and progressive functional limitation, bulbar symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders that can impinge on oral status. This study aimed to investigate the oral state, oral hygiene habits, and salivary cortisol levels in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) compared to healthy controls. It also evaluated systemic parameters: disease duration, type of Disease Modifying Therapy (DMT), disability score, professional activity, and smoking in the study group. Methods: This study included 101 patients (71 women and 30 men, aged 16–71 years) and 51 healthy volunteers (36 women and 15 men, aged 28–82 years). The oral examination assessed the number of teeth, type and number of dental fillings and prosthetic restoration, oral hygiene state, and salivary cortisol. Results: It was found that MS patients had significantly more professional activity, swallowing problems, pronunciation issues, dry mouth, and taste disturbances than the control group. They brushed their teeth twice daily significantly less often. The API was higher, while the SBI was lower in MS patients. Disease duration positively correlated with age and number of missing teeth. The Expanded Disability Status Scale positively correlated with age, disease duration, number of missing teeth, number of composite fillings, and right and left-hand Nine Hole Peg test scores, and negatively correlated with the Sulcus Bleeding Index. Salivary cortisol levels did not differ between groups and correlated only with the disability scale. Conclusions: MS patients require ongoing dental care and preventive measures to manage both general and oral health symptoms effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth to Oral Cancer)
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9 pages, 534 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Center Observation Study on Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) in Patients with Osteoporosis, and Other Non-Malignant Bone Diseases, in Northwestern Italy over 16 Years
by Dora Karimi, Paolo Giacomo Arduino, Alessio Gambino, Francesco Erovigni, Alessandro Dell’Acqua, Francesco Pera, Massimo Carossa, Monica Pentenero, Paolo Appendino, Francesco Della Ferrera, Antonella Fasciolo, Majlinda Caka, Mario Migliario, Matteo Brucoli, Stefano Franchi, Alessandro Pezzimenti and Vittorio Fusco
Biomedicines 2024, 12(10), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102179 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 740
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the number of new cases of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) among patients with osteoporosis and other non-malignant bone diseases in Northwestern Italy between 2007 and 2022. Methods: MRONJ cases were collected from referral centers in a population of [...] Read more.
Objectives: To assess the number of new cases of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) among patients with osteoporosis and other non-malignant bone diseases in Northwestern Italy between 2007 and 2022. Methods: MRONJ cases were collected from referral centers in a population of 4.5 million. We analysed the number of new MRONJ cases per year, type of disease, administered drugs, duration of therapy (when available), and onset time of disease. Results: We analysed 198 cases (out of 1071 total MRONJ cases); diseases included osteoporosis (87%), rheumatoid arthritis (5%), their association (4%), Paget’s disease, and other various diseases (4%). Patients received bisphosphonates alone (74%), or denosumab alone (6%), or a sequence of different drugs (20%). The number of new cases increased over five years from 2 (2003–2007) to 51 (2008–2012), 65 (2013–2017), and 79 (2018–2022), and the percentage increased from 1% to 14%, 20%, and 29% of the total cases. Conclusions: The number of new MRONJ cases per year among patients with non-malignant diseases is rapidly increasing all around the world, though underestimation cannot be excluded. In this study, we describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients, and the drug most frequently involved in MRONJ cases in our region over a long period, allowing a comprehensive view of the progression of the disease. Greater collaboration among specialists is needed for correct and early diagnosis to improve measures potentially reducing disease incidence and to limit quality of life deterioration in patients with osteoporosis and other non-malignant diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth to Oral Cancer)
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8 pages, 1311 KiB  
Communication
Patients with Taste Disorders in a Hospital’s Dental Department and Strategies for Taste Disorders
by Tatsuki Itagaki, Ken-ichiro Sakata, Taro Okura, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Sadasuke Hayata and Yoshimasa Kitagawa
Biomedicines 2024, 12(9), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092160 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 849
Abstract
Background/Objectives: A retrospective study was conducted to clarify the clinical characteristics of taste disorder cases at the Department of Oral Medicine of Hokkaido University Hospital. The subjects were 322 taste disorder patients (86 male, 236 female, average age: 66 (13.1) years, mean duration [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: A retrospective study was conducted to clarify the clinical characteristics of taste disorder cases at the Department of Oral Medicine of Hokkaido University Hospital. The subjects were 322 taste disorder patients (86 male, 236 female, average age: 66 (13.1) years, mean duration of disorder: 15.2 (20.0) months) who were treated at our department from 2007 to 2018. Methods: Associations between symptoms and classification were examined. Results: When looking at the taste symptoms, 154 cases of quantitative taste disorder were observed as taste loss, abscission, and dissociative taste disorder, and 168 cases of qualitative taste disorder were observed as spontaneous abnormal taste, dysgeusia, and maltaste. There was no relationship between sex and quantitative/qualitative taste disorders at V = 0.08. When looking at the causes of taste disorders, the majority were psychogenic, idiopathic, and oral diseases. Conclusions: Approximately 20% of taste disorders are caused by oral diseases, so it should be noted that oral diseases such as oral candidiasis and xerostomia can cause taste disorders and that many of them can be improved with oral treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth to Oral Cancer)
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Review

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21 pages, 783 KiB  
Review
Oral Mycobiome Alterations in Postmenopausal Women: Links to Inflammation, Xerostomia, and Systemic Health
by Claudia Florina Bogdan-Andreescu, Andreea-Mariana Bănățeanu, Cristina-Crenguţa Albu, Cristian-Viorel Poalelungi, Oana Botoacă, Constantin Marian Damian, Laurențiu Mihai Dȋră, Ştefan-Dimitrie Albu, Matei Georgian Brăila, Emin Cadar and Anca Daniela Brăila
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2569; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112569 - 9 Nov 2024
Viewed by 756
Abstract
The oral mycobiome plays a critical role in maintaining oral and systemic health, with its composition and function influenced by various physiological and environmental factors. This descriptive review explores the changes in the oral mycobiome among postmenopausal women, examining how aging and associated [...] Read more.
The oral mycobiome plays a critical role in maintaining oral and systemic health, with its composition and function influenced by various physiological and environmental factors. This descriptive review explores the changes in the oral mycobiome among postmenopausal women, examining how aging and associated inflammatory processes contribute to these alterations. These changes are linked to an increased prevalence of xerostomia, oral dysbiosis, and inflammation, which can negatively impact both oral and systemic health. We discuss the impact of hormonal fluctuations and immune senescence on fungal diversity and abundance, highlighting key species implicated in oral and systemic diseases. The review also examines the role of systemic conditions and medications, which are common in postmenopausal women, in further exacerbating oral mycobiome alterations. Lastly, it highlights the need for future research to better understand these interactions and develop targeted therapeutic strategies. The current literature indicates a significant association between menopausal status, age-related mycobiome shifts, and increased inflammatory responses, suggesting potential pathways for intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Understanding and Treating Oral Pathologies: From Dry Mouth to Oral Cancer)
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