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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children
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Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 7411

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Silvio Maringhini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics, ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
Interests: pediatric nephrology; CAKUT; chronic kidney disease; renal transplantation; progression of kidney disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Demet Alaygut

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences Izmir Faculty of Medicine, Konak/Izmir, Turkey
Interests: CAKUT; urinary tract infection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The scientific research on kidney disease boomed in the second half of the last century and was mostly concentrated on the treatment of end-stage renal disease. The progress in knowledge of the immune system, renal physiology, pathology, genetics, and metabolism has allowed for improvements in the treatment of kidney diseases. The future goal of the research in nephrology is the prevention of kidney disease. Children offer a formidable opportunity for research in kidney diseases; congenital and hereditary nephropathies may be studied in the early stages, when acquired nephropathies are not complicated by other diseases. In this Special Issue, we welcome studies aiming to understand the genetic and molecular basis and the mechanisms responsible for the production and progression of renal damage. Studies on congenital and hereditary nephropathies in children will be accepted, as well as clinical research on recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of glomerulopathies, tubular disorders, and renovascular hypertension in children.

Dr. Silvio Maringhini
Dr. Demet Alaygut
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • kidney disease
  • genetics of kidney disease
  • prevention of kidney disease
  • pediatric nephrology

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 247 KiB  
Article
Genetic and Clinical Factors Influencing Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children: Insights from Prenatal and Postnatal Assessments
by Hülya Gözde Önal, Hülya Nalçacıoğlu, Demet Tekcan Karalı, Mesut Önal, Beytullah Yağız and Meltem Necibe Ceyhan Bilgici
Biomedicines 2024, 12(8), 1798; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081798 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) significantly contribute to pediatric morbidity, often necessitating ureterorenal surgery. This study explored the relationship between genetic mutations, renal surgery requirements, and prenatal, postnatal, and parental risk factors in children with CAKUT. A retrospective analysis [...] Read more.
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) significantly contribute to pediatric morbidity, often necessitating ureterorenal surgery. This study explored the relationship between genetic mutations, renal surgery requirements, and prenatal, postnatal, and parental risk factors in children with CAKUT. A retrospective analysis of 651 children diagnosed with CAKUT included patient demographics, parental risk factors, ultrasound findings, genetic mutations, and surgical incidence. Antenatal ultrasounds showed normal findings in 32.1%, hydronephrosis in 46.9%, and other abnormalities in 21% of cases. Surgical intervention correlated with higher hydronephrosis reduction than non-intervention. Genetic mutations were identified in 5.4% of cases, with 24.6% requiring surgery. Low neonatal birth weight (odds ratio [OR] = 0.98, p < 0.001), advanced maternal age (OR = 1.06, p < 0.001), and postnatal abnormal ultrasound findings (OR = 2.62, p < 0.001) were associated with increased genetic mutation risks. Antenatal hydronephrosis (OR = 3.85, p < 0.001) and postnatal urinary tract infections (OR = 4.85, p < 0.001) increased the likelihood of surgical intervention. Neonatal birth weight, maternal age, and postnatal ultrasound findings were identified as independent risk factors for genetic mutations, while no significant link was found between these genetic factors and the need for surgery. Surgical needs were associated with urinary tract infections and antenatal hydronephrosis, indicating that timely surgical intervention may benefit these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children)
12 pages, 771 KiB  
Article
Plasma and Urinary Platelet Factor 4 as Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Risk in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
by Chien-Ning Hsu, Wei-Ting Liao, Wei-Ling Chen, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Sufan Lin and You-Lin Tain
Biomedicines 2023, 11(12), 3318; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123318 - 15 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1408
Abstract
Children suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The early detection and diagnosis of subclinical CVD in pediatric CKD can reduce mortality later in life. Plasma factor 4 (PF4) is a chemokine released by activated platelets. [...] Read more.
Children suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The early detection and diagnosis of subclinical CVD in pediatric CKD can reduce mortality later in life. Plasma factor 4 (PF4) is a chemokine released by activated platelets. We examined whether or not PF4 in the plasma and urine, its kidney function normalized ratio, and fractional excretion have differential associations with CVD risk markers in 139 youths aged 3 to 18 years old with CKD stages G1–G4. Significant negative correlations were observed between plasma PF4 and cardiovascular surrogate markers, such as the left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). The plasma PF4/creatinine (Cr) ratio was lower in CKD children with a high daytime BP and 24 h BP, high BP load, and nocturnal non-dipping status. After adjusting for confounders, the plasma PF4 and plasma PF4/Cr ratio still independently predicted an abnormal ABPM profile. In addition, both the plasma PF4 and plasma PF4/Cr ratio presented a negative correlation with the L-arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio. These findings provide convincing evidence supporting the link between PF4 and CVD markers in pediatric CKD. Our study highlights the importance of further research to assess the performance of PF4-related biomarkers in predicting CVD events and CKD progression in children with CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children)
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Review

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13 pages, 296 KiB  
Review
Urinary Tract Infection in Children: An Up-To-Date Study
by Silvio Maringhini, Demet Alaygut and Ciro Corrado
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2582; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112582 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 599
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections in children. UTIs may be limited to the bladder or involve the kidneys with possible irreversible damage. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are often associated with UTIs; kidney scars have been [...] Read more.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections in children. UTIs may be limited to the bladder or involve the kidneys with possible irreversible damage. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are often associated with UTIs; kidney scars have been considered a consequence of untreated UTIs but may be congenital. The mechanism by which bacteria produce inflammation in the urinary system has been intensively investigated. Diagnostic tools, including invasive imaging procedures, have been advocated in infants and small children with UTIs but are not necessary in most cases. Effective antibiotic drugs are available, and prophylactic treatment has been questioned. Several guidelines on UTIs are available, but a simple one for general practitioners is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children)
11 pages, 438 KiB  
Review
BK Polyomavirus in Pediatric Renal Transplantation—What We Know and What We Do Not
by Benedetta Chiodini, Pauline Guillaume-Gentil, Charlotte Vanhomwegen, Elise Hennaut, Ksenija Lolin, Nathalie Tram, Alain Le Moine and Khalid Ismaili
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051093 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 1385
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is still a real threat in the management of kidney transplantation. Immunosuppressive treatment disrupts the equilibrium between virus replication and immune response, and uncontrolled BKPyV replication leads to nephropathy (BKPyV nephropathy). The first evidence of BKPyV reactivation in transplant recipients [...] Read more.
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is still a real threat in the management of kidney transplantation. Immunosuppressive treatment disrupts the equilibrium between virus replication and immune response, and uncontrolled BKPyV replication leads to nephropathy (BKPyV nephropathy). The first evidence of BKPyV reactivation in transplant recipients is the detection of viral shedding in urine, which appears in 20% to 60% of patients, followed by BKPyV viremia in 10–20% of kidney transplant recipients. BKPyV nephropathy eventually occurs in 1–10% of this population, mainly within the first 2 years post-transplantation, causing graft loss in about half of those patients. Few data exist regarding the pediatric population and we focus on them. In this paper, we review the existing diagnostic methods and summarize the evidence on the role of BKPyV humoral and cellular immunity in modulating the clinical course of BKPyV infection and as potential predictors of the outcome. We look at the known risk factors for BKPyV nephropathy in the immunosuppressed patient. Finally, we propose a sensible clinical attitude in order to screen and manage BKPyV infection in kidney transplant children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children)
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12 pages, 777 KiB  
Review
The Intrarenal Reflux Diagnosed by Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography (ceVUS): A Reason for the Reclassification of Vesicoureteral Reflux and New Therapeutic Approach?
by Marijan Saraga, Mirna Saraga-Babić, Adela Arapović, Katarina Vukojević, Zenon Pogorelić and Ana Simičić Majce
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051015 - 5 May 2024
Viewed by 1208
Abstract
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the urine backflow from the urinary bladder to the pyelo-caliceal system. In contrast, intrarenal reflux (IRR) is the backflow of urine from the renal calyces into the tubulointerstitial space. VURs, particularly those associated with IRR can result [...] Read more.
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the urine backflow from the urinary bladder to the pyelo-caliceal system. In contrast, intrarenal reflux (IRR) is the backflow of urine from the renal calyces into the tubulointerstitial space. VURs, particularly those associated with IRR can result in reflux nephropathy when accompanied by urinary tract infection (UTI). The prevalence of IRR in patients with diagnosed VUR is 1–11% when using voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), while 11.9–61% when applying the contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS). The presence of IRR diagnosed by VCUG often correlates with parenchymal scars, when diagnosed by a 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scan (DMSA scan), mostly in kidneys with high-grade VURs, and when diagnosed by ceVUS, it correlates with the wide spectrum of parenchymal changes on DMSA scan. The study performed by both ceVUS and DMSA scans showed IRRs associated with non-dilated VURs in 21% of all detected VURs. A significant difference regarding the existence of parenchymal damage was disclosed between the IRR-associated and IRR-non-associated VURs. A higher portion of parenchymal changes existed in the IRR-associated VURs, regardless of the VUR grade. That means that kidneys with IRR-associated VURs represent the high-risk group of VURs, which must be considered in the future classification of VURs. When using ceVUS, 62% of places where IRR was found were still unaffected by parenchymal changes. That was the basis for our recommendation of preventive use of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis until the IRR disappearance, regardless of the VUR grade. We propose a new classification of VURs using the ceVUS method, in which each VUR grade is subdivided based on the presence of an IRR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children)
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12 pages, 230 KiB  
Review
Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Exploration of Clinical Implications and Diagnostic Strategies
by Matjaž Kopač
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050945 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Lower urinary tract dysfunction is clinically important because it may cause urinary tract infections, mainly due to accumulation of residual urine, and adversely affect renal function. In addition, it may cause urinary incontinence, strongly affecting the child’s quality of life. The function of [...] Read more.
Lower urinary tract dysfunction is clinically important because it may cause urinary tract infections, mainly due to accumulation of residual urine, and adversely affect renal function. In addition, it may cause urinary incontinence, strongly affecting the child’s quality of life. The function of the lower urinary tract is closely associated with function of the bowel because constipation is commonly present with bladder dysfunction. The interplay between the lower urinary tract and bowel function, coupled with common conditions such as detrusor overactivity and voiding dysfunction, requires a nuanced diagnostic approach. Detrusor overactivity, a benign but socially harmful condition, is the principal cause of daytime urinary incontinence in childhood. It needs to be differentiated from more serious conditions such as neurogenic bladder dysfunction or urethral obstruction. Voiding dysfunction, a habitual sphincter contraction during voiding, is common in children with detrusor overactivity and may be self limiting but may also result in residual urine and urinary tract infections. It may resemble, in severe cases, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, most often caused by spinal dysraphism, which very often leads to recurrent urinary tract infections and high intravesical pressures, jeopardizing renal function. A voiding diary is crucial in the initial evaluation of lower urinary tract function in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Kidney Disease in Children)
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