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Cancers
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Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors
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Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 January 2025 | Viewed by 7452

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gabriella Pellegriti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy
Interests: thyroid cancer; papillary thyroid microcarcinoma; neck dissection; thyroidectomy; thyroid neoplasms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giulia Sapuppo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Endocrinology, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy
Interests: endocrine cancer; thyroid cancer; neuroendocrine cancers, differentiated thyroid cancer; anaplastic thyroid cancer; medullary thyroid cancer; radioactive iodine resistance; molecular alterations; targeted therapy; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; clinical trials; neck ultrasound, fine needle aspiration of thyroid and lymph node
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thyroid cancer represents the most frequent endocrine tumor. Its prevalence has steadily increased worldwide in recent decades, and it is now the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in many Western countries. Despite the apparent increase, a real increase in thyroid cancer is suggested by the detection of small, indolent tumors as a result of increased diagnostic scrutiny. Exposure to radiation, which has increased dramatically in recent decades, is the most likely risk factor and may have specifically affected the thyroid. Additionally, increased iodine intake and the growing prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis may have played a role, while the worldwide spread of higher body weight and insulin resistance are unlikely to have specific effects. Finally, some of the thousands of chemicals present in food, water and the atmosphere due to industrialization and urbanization may have carcinogenic effects on the thyroid. Further research is needed to identify the responsible factors.

This Special Issue focuses on current perspectives, insights and directions in thyroid cancer epidemiology and risk factors, resulting in better preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

We welcome systematic reviews and original articles, epidemiological studies, clinical studies and molecular studies. Potential topics include the following:

  • Thyroid cancer epidemiology;
  • Thyroid cancer risk factors;
  • Role of the environment in thyroid cancer;
  • Radiation and the risk of thyroid cancer;
  • Molecular epidemiology of thyroid cancer;
  • Thyroid cancer and pollutants;
  • Thyroid cancer and metals;
  • Thyroid cancer and lifestyle;
  • Thyroid cancer, body weight and insulin resistance;
  • Thyroid cancer and iodine intake;
  • Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer;
  • Thyroid cancer and TSH levels;
  • Thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroiditis;
  • Gene and environmental interactions in thyroid cancer.

Dr. Gabriella Pellegriti
Dr. Giulia Sapuppo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thyroid cancer incidence
  • epidemiology
  • risk factors
  • environment
  • molecular epidemiology
  • thyroid cancer and radiation
  • thyroid cancer and pollutants
  • thyroid cancer and lifestyle
  • thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 589 KiB  
Article
Brain Metastases from Thyroid Carcinoma: Prognostic Factors and Outcomes
by Majid Esmaeilzadeh, Oday Atallah, Jörg Andreas Müller, Frank Bengel, Manolis Polemikos, Hans E. Heissler and Joachim K. Krauss
Cancers 2024, 16(13), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132371 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Intracranial metastases from thyroid cancer are rare. Although the prognosis of thyroid cancer patients is generally favorable, the prognosis of patients with intracranial metastases from thyroid cancer has been considered unfavorable owing to lower survival rates among such patients compared to those without [...] Read more.
Intracranial metastases from thyroid cancer are rare. Although the prognosis of thyroid cancer patients is generally favorable, the prognosis of patients with intracranial metastases from thyroid cancer has been considered unfavorable owing to lower survival rates among such patients compared to those without intracranial involvement. Many questions about their management remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyze the characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of patients with brain metastases from thyroid cancer. Among 4320 patients with thyroid cancer recorded in our institutional database over a 30-year period, the data of 20 patients with brain metastasis were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The clinical characteristics, histological type of primary cancer and metastatic brain tumor, additional previous distant metastasis, treatment modalities, locations and characteristics on radiologic findings, time interval between the first diagnosis of primary thyroid cancer and brain metastasis, and survival were analyzed. Among our patient cohort, the mean age at initial diagnosis was 59.3 ± 14.1 years, and at the manifestation of diagnosis of cerebral metastasis, the mean age was found to be 64.8 ± 14.9 years. The histological types of primary thyroid cancer were identified as papillary in ten patients, follicular in seven, and poorly differentiated carcinoma in three. The average interval between the diagnosis of thyroid cancer and brain metastasis was 63.4 ± 58.4 months (range: 0–180 months). Ten patients were identified as having a single intracranial lesion, and ten patients were found to have multiple lesions. Surgical resection was primarily performed in fifteen patients, and whole-brain radiotherapy, radiotherapy, or tyrosine kinase inhibitors were applied in the remaining five patients. The overall median survival time was 15 months after the diagnosis of BMs from TC (range: 1–252 months). Patients with thyroid cancer can develop brain metastasis even many years after the diagnosis of the primary tumor. The results of our study demonstrate increased overall survival in patients younger than 60 years of age at the time of diagnosis of brain metastasis. There was no difference in survival between patients with brain metastasis from papillary carcinoma and those with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors)
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15 pages, 432 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Link between BMI and Aggressive Histopathological Subtypes in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma—Insights from a Multicentre Retrospective Study
by Giacomo Di Filippo, Gian Luigi Canu, Giovanni Lazzari, Dorin Serbusca, Eleonora Morelli, Paolo Brazzarola, Leonardo Rossi, Benard Gjeloshi, Mariangela Caradonna, George Kotsovolis, Ioannis Pliakos, Efthymios Poulios, Theodosios Papavramidis, Federico Cappellacci, Pier Francesco Nocini, Pietro Giorgio Calò, Gabriele Materazzi and Fabio Medas
Cancers 2024, 16(7), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071429 - 7 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1302
Abstract
Obesity’s role in thyroid cancer development is still debated, as well as its association with aggressive histopathological subtypes (AHSs). To clarify the link between Body Mass Index (BMI) and AHS of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), we evaluated patients who underwent thyroidectomy for DTC [...] Read more.
Obesity’s role in thyroid cancer development is still debated, as well as its association with aggressive histopathological subtypes (AHSs). To clarify the link between Body Mass Index (BMI) and AHS of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), we evaluated patients who underwent thyroidectomy for DTC from 2020 to 2022 at four European referral centres for endocrine surgery. Based on BMI, patients were classified as normal-underweight, overweight, or obese. AHSs were defined according to 2022 WHO guidelines. Among 3868 patients included, 34.5% were overweight and 19.6% obese. Histological diagnoses were: 93.6% papillary (PTC), 4.8% follicular (FTC), and 1.6% Hürthle cell (HCC) thyroid carcinoma. Obese and overweight patients with PTC had a higher rate of AHSs (p = 0.03), bilateral, multifocal tumours (p = 0.014, 0.049), and larger nodal metastases (p = 0.017). In a multivariate analysis, BMI was an independent predictor of AHS of PTC, irrespective of gender (p = 0.028). In younger patients (<55 years old) with PTC > 1 cm, BMI predicted a higher ATA risk class (p = 0.036). Overweight and obese patients with FTC had larger tumours (p = 0.036). No difference was found in terms of AHS of FTC and HCC based on BMI category. Overweight and obese patients with PTC appear to be at an increased risk for AHS and aggressive clinico-pathological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors)
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15 pages, 1566 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Thyroid Cancer among Hispanics in California, USA, from 2010 to 2020
by Robert C. Hsu, Kai-Ya Tsai, David J. Benjamin, Krithika Chennapan, Katherine Y. Wojcik, Alice W. Lee, Jacob S. Thomas, Jorge J. Nieva and Lihua Liu
Cancers 2024, 16(6), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16061101 - 8 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1553
Abstract
Background: Previous studies on Hispanic thyroid cancer cases show sex disparities and an increased prevalence of large tumor sizes and nodal involvement. Here, we characterized Hispanic thyroid cancer cases in California. Methods: We identified thyroid cancer cases from 2010 to 2020 using the [...] Read more.
Background: Previous studies on Hispanic thyroid cancer cases show sex disparities and an increased prevalence of large tumor sizes and nodal involvement. Here, we characterized Hispanic thyroid cancer cases in California. Methods: We identified thyroid cancer cases from 2010 to 2020 using the California Cancer Registry by sex, race/ethnicity, histology, TNM stage, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and Charlson comorbidity score. The age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) and age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) for all causes of death were calculated. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to evaluate the mortality risk from all causes of death by race. Results: Overall, 56,838 thyroid cancer cases were identified, including 29.75% in Hispanics. Hispanics had the highest female-to-male incidence rate ratio (IRR 3.54) and the highest prevalence of T3/T4 tumor size (28.71%), the highest N1 nodal status (32.69%), and the highest AAMR (0.79 per 100,000 people). After adjusting for demographic and tumor covariates, compared to non-Hispanic White people, Hispanic ethnicity, with an HR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.18–1.25, p < 0.0001), remained a significant independent contributor to mortality risk. Conclusions: Hispanics had the greatest female-to-male IRR ratio, a greater prevalence of advanced disease features at diagnosis, along with the highest AAMR and increased mortality risk despite adjustments for demographic and tumor covariates. Further investigation into other risk factors is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors)
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9 pages, 203 KiB  
Article
Uni- and Multivariate Analyses of Cancer Risk in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Single-Center Experience
by Enrico Battistella, Marica Mirabella, Luca Pomba, Riccardo Toniato, Francesca Giacomini, Giovanna Magni and Antonio Toniato
Cancers 2024, 16(5), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16050875 - 22 Feb 2024
Viewed by 952
Abstract
Every year in Italy, about 60,000 new cases of nodular thyroid pathology are diagnosed, of which almost 30% are cytologically indeterminate (TIR3A/3B). The risk of malignancy reported in the literature on thyroid nodules ranges from 5% to 15% for TIR3A and from 15% [...] Read more.
Every year in Italy, about 60,000 new cases of nodular thyroid pathology are diagnosed, of which almost 30% are cytologically indeterminate (TIR3A/3B). The risk of malignancy reported in the literature on thyroid nodules ranges from 5% to 15% for TIR3A and from 15% to 30% for TIR3B. It is suspected that these percentages are higher in practice. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical risk factors. The medical records of 291 patients who underwent surgery for cytologically indeterminate nodular thyroid disease were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical parameters and preoperative serum markers were then compared between the benign nodular thyroid disease and thyroid cancer groups. For each patient, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, neck ultrasonographic features, and histological reports were statistically analyzed using Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. A total of 134 malignant neoplasms were found (46%), divided into 55 cases (35%) in the TIR3A group and 79 cases (59%) in the TIR3B group. Statistical analysis was not significant in both populations for both sex and age (TIR3A p-value = 0.5097 and p-value = 0.1430, TIR3B p-value = 0.5191 p-value = 0.3384), while it was statistically significant in patients with TIR3A nodules associated with thyroiditis (p-value = 0.0009). In addition, the patients with TIR3A and 3B nodules were stratified by ultrasound risk for the prediction of malignancy and it was significant (p = 0.0004 and p < 0.0001). In light of these results, it emerges that surgical treatment of nodular thyroid pathology with indeterminate cytology TIR3A should always be considered, and surgery for TIR3B is mandatory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors)
12 pages, 1192 KiB  
Article
Interaction between Genetic Risks and Socioeconomic Factors on Thyroid Cancer: Evidence from 0.5 Million UK Biobank Participants
by Yu Li, Yongle Zhan, Wei Mao, Baoxin Wang, Pin Dong and Rong Na
Cancers 2023, 15(20), 5028; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15205028 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1485
Abstract
Background: There is a research gap between genetic predisposition, socioeconomic factors, and their interactions on thyroid tumorigenesis. Methods: Individual and genetic data were obtained from UK Biobank. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between genetic risk, socioeconomic factors, and thyroid [...] Read more.
Background: There is a research gap between genetic predisposition, socioeconomic factors, and their interactions on thyroid tumorigenesis. Methods: Individual and genetic data were obtained from UK Biobank. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between genetic risk, socioeconomic factors, and thyroid cancer (TCa). A stratified analysis was conducted to estimate their joint effects. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was further used to examine the potential causality. Results: A total of 502,394 participants were included in this study. Three index loci (rs4449583, rs7726159, and rs7725218) of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were found to be significantly related to incident TCa. Association analyses showed that high genetic risk, low household income, and high education level were independent risk factors, while unemployment and frequent social connection were suggestive risk factors for TCa. Interaction analyses showed that in participants with low genetic risk, low household income was significantly associated with TCa (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–2.46). In participants with high genetic risk, those with a high education level (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.06–1.65) and frequent social connection (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.02–1.81) had a significantly increased risk of TCa. However, no causal relationship was observed in the MR analysis. Conclusion: Interactions exist between genetic risk, household income, education level, and social connection and thyroid cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Incidence and Risk Factors)
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