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A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalytic Reaction Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 56156

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Prof. Dr. Sagadevan Suresh

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Guest Editor

Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Interests: nanomaterials; nanocomposites; photocatalysis and functional materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Is Fatimah

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Interests: Nanocomposites; Photocatalysis; adsorption; functional materials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Looking at the current challenges and future opportunities, there has been a strong demand for the development of totally new catalytic technologies by replacing or further improving the existing ones. The present increase of public concern for the environment due to the effects of chemicals and industrial emissions has called for the discovery and development of sustainable processes that can empower us to eliminate, or at least minimize, the use and release of hazardous substances into the environment. This concern with the environment and the supply of raw materials is also focusing attention on the opportunities of recycling and reusing. The chemical industry is the prospect of producing polymers that are readily recyclable and reusable of particular interest. The world supply of petroleum and its products are not adequate for the current demands and so there is a strong need to continue the search for alternative technologies that will permit the conversion of methane, shale, and coal-based traditional ones into liquid fuels at an acceptable cost. Additionally, to maintain economic competitiveness, it is necessary to shift the lower-cost feedstocks for the production of commodity and fine chemicals to provide employment to the rural population and to make them economically balanced. Taken together, these forces have the potential to provide a strong incentive for an increase of research efforts aimed at the discovery of novel catalysts and sustainable catalytic processes. In that view, the market for clean energy and industrial catalysts can be categorized into three major sectors: chemicals, fuels, and environmental protection. The same classification can be used in the sections that follow to discuss new opportunities in catalytic technology. New catalytic discoveries have the significant advance of bringing conceptual advances or molecular insights to catalytic processes wherever appropriate and, thereby, demonstrating the relationship between synthesis, structure, and performance of the catalytic systems. In this, the kinetics and mechanisms are considered to be the central part of catalysis science and their role in the understanding of developed technologies cannot be ignored.

This Special Issue aims to cover the most recent progress and the advances in the field of heterogeneous, homogeneous, organocatalysis, catalyst discoveries; catalytic processes; catalyst mechanism; and biocatalysis communities, containing a balanced mix of fundamental, technology-oriented, liquid fuels; industrial emissions; clean environment; experimental, and computational catalysis.

Prof. Dr. Suresh Sagadevan
Prof. Dr. Is Fatimah
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Heterogeneous catalysis
Homogeneous catalysis
Catalyst characterization
Catalysis kinetics
Catalytic processes
Catalyst mechanism
Environmental catalysis
Biocatalysts
Computational catalysis
Green catalysis
Green chemistry

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 135 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions

by Suresh Sagadevan and Is Fatimah

Catalysts 2024, 14(3), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14030177 - 2 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

Currently, catalysis represents an exciting research area [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

Research

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19 pages, 19920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mango Seed-Derived Hybrid Composites and Sodium Alginate Beads for the Efficient Uptake of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol from Simulated Wastewater

by Asma Jabeen, Urooj Kamran, Saima Noreen, Soo-Jin Park and Haq Nawaz Bhatti

Catalysts 2022, 12(9), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12090972 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

In this study, mango seed shell (MS)-based hybrid composite and composite beads (FeCl₃-NaBH₄/MS and Na-Alginate/MS) were designed. Batch and column experimental analyses were performed for the uptake of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) from wastewater. The physicochemical characteristics of both composites were also examined. From the batch adsorption experiments, the best adsorption capacities of 28.77 mg/g and 27.42 mg/g were observed in basic media (pH 9–10) at 308 K for FeCl₃-NaBH₄/MS and 333 K for Na-Alginate/MS with 25 mg/L of 2,4,6-TCP concentration for 120 min. The rate of reaction was satisfactorily followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetics. Equilibrium models revealed that the mechanism of reaction followed the Langmuir isotherm. The thermodynamic study also indicated that the nature of the reaction was exothermic and spontaneous with both adsorbents. Desorption experiments were also carried out to investigate the reliability and reusability of the composites. Furthermore, the efficiency of the adsorbents was checked in the presence of different electrolytes and heavy metals. From the batch experimental study, the FeCl₃-NaBH₄/MS composite proved to be the best adsorbent for the removal of the 2,4,6-TCP pollutant, hence it is further selected for fixed-bed column experimentation. The column study data were analyzed using the BDST and Thomas models and the as-selected FeCl₃-NaBH₄/MS hybrid composites showed satisfactory results for the fixed-bed adsorption of the 2,4,6-TPC contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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19 pages, 2586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of 1,3-Butadiene from Ethanol Using Treated Zr-Based Catalyst

by Adama A. Bojang and Ho-Shing Wu

Catalysts 2022, 12(7), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070766 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

The conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene was carried out using a treated Zr-based catalyst at a temperature of 350–400 °C with different weight hourly space velocities in a fixed bed reactor. The catalysts used are commercial, but they underwent pretreatment. The commercial catalysts used were ZrO₂, Zr(OH)₂, 2% CaO-ZrO₂, 30% TiO₂-ZrO₂, 50% CeO₂-ZrO₂ and 10% SiO₂-ZrO₂ in their modified or treated form. The characterizations of the catalysts were carried out using XRD, XPS, and TGA. The results indicated that ethanol conversion, yield, and selectivity of 1,3-butadiene operated weight hourly space velocity of 2.5 h⁻¹ using 10% SiO₂-ZrO₂ were 95%, 80%, and 85%, respectively, at 350 °C. Using 50% CeO₂-ZrO₂ converted 70% ethanol with a 1,3-butadiene yield of 65%. The best Zr-based catalyst was 10% SiO₂-ZrO₂ as it gives a steady 1,3-butadiene yield, the Si-composition with ZrO₂ gives a good catalytic pour of the catalyst-bed structure; hence, the life span was good. Using 30% TiO₂-ZrO₂ has an ethanol conversion of 70% with a 1,3-butadiene yield of 43%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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17 pages, 4440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Pot Synthesis of Benzopyrano-Pyrimidine Derivatives Catalyzed by P-Toluene Sulphonic Acid and Their Nematicidal and Molecular Docking Study

by Mehtab Parveen, Mohammad Azeem, Azmat Ali Khan, Afroz Aslam, Saba Fatima, Mansoor A. Siddiqui, Yasser Azim, Kim Min and Mahboob Alam

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050531 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3086

Abstract

A cost-effective and environmentally benign benzopyrano-pyrimidine derivative synthesis has been established with the condensation of different salicylaldehyde derivatives, piperidine/morpholine with malononitrile, in the presence of a catalyst containing p-toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA) at 80 °C temperature. This procedure offers a new and enriched approach for synthesizing benzopyrano-pyrimidine derivatives with high yields, a straightforward experimental method, and short reaction times. The synthesized compounds were investigated for their nematocidal activity, and the result shows that among the four compounds, compounds 4 and 5 showed strong nematocidal activity against egg hatching and J2s mortality. The nematocidal efficacy of the compounds might be due to the toxicity of chemicals which are soluble in ethanol. The nematocidal effectiveness was directly related to the concentration of ethanolic dilutions of the compounds, i.e., the maximum treatment concentration, the higher the nematocidal action, or the higher the mortality and egg hatching inhibition. In the present study, with support from docking analysis, the relation between chemical reactivity and nematocidal activity of compound 4 was inferred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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20 pages, 3361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Catalyst Support for Facile and Highly Scalable Preparation of Magnetic Fenton Catalysts for Ultra-Highly Efficient Removal of Tetracycline

by Natthanan Rattanachueskul, Oraya Dokkathin, Decha Dechtrirat, Joongjai Panpranot, Waralee Watcharin, Sulawan Kaowphong and Laemthong Chuenchom

Catalysts 2022, 12(4), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12040446 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

Sugarcane bagasse ash, which is waste from the combustion process of bagasse for electricity generation, was utilized as received as a catalyst support to prepare the magnetic sugarcane bagasse ash (MBGA) with different iron-to-ash ratios using a simple co-precipitation method, and the effects of NaOH and iron loadings on the physicochemical properties of the catalyst were investigated using various intensive characterization techniques. In addition, the catalyst was used with a low amount of H₂O₂ for the catalytic degradation of a high concentration of tetracycline (800 mg/L) via a Fenton system. The catalyst exhibited excellent degradation activity of 90.43% removal with good magnetic properties and high stabilities and retained good efficiency after four cycles with NaOH as the eluent. Moreover, the hydroxyl radical on the surface of catalyst played a major role in the degradation of TC, and carbon-silica surface of bagasse ash significantly improved the efficiencies. The results indicated that the MBGA catalyst shows the potential to be highly scalable for a practical application, with high performance in the heterogeneous Fenton system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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12 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Modeling and Performance Optimization of a Two-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell by Response Surface Methodology

by Muhammad Nihal Naseer, Asad A. Zaidi, Hamdullah Khan, Sagar Kumar, Muhammad Taha bin Owais, Yasmin Abdul Wahab, Kingshuk Dutta, Juhana Jaafar, Nor Aliya Hamizi, Mohammad Aminul Islam, Hanim Hussin, Irfan Anjum Badruddin and Hussein Alrobei

Catalysts 2021, 11(10), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11101202 - 1 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3485

Abstract

Microbial fuel cell, as a promising technology for simultaneous power production and waste treatment, has received a great deal of attention in recent years; however, generation of a relatively low power density is the main limitation towards its commercial application. This study contributes toward the optimization, in terms of maximization, of the power density of a microbial fuel cell by employing response surface methodology, coupled with central composite design. For this optimization study, the interactive effect of three independent parameters, namely (i) acetate concentration in the influent of anodic chamber; (ii) fuel feed flow rate in anodic chamber; and (iii) oxygen concentration in the influent of cathodic chamber, have been analyzed for a two-chamber microbial fuel cell, and the optimum conditions have been identified. The optimum value of power density was observed at an acetate concentration, a fuel feed flow rate, and an oxygen concentration value of 2.60 mol m⁻³, 0.0 m³, and 1.00 mol m⁻³, respectively. The results show the achievement of a power density of 3.425 W m⁻², which is significant considering the available literature. Additionally, a statistical model has also been developed that correlates the three independent factors to the power density. For this model, R², adjusted R², and predicted R² were 0.839, 0.807, and 0.703, respectively. The fact that there is only a 3.8% error in the actual and adjusted R² demonstrates that the proposed model is statistically significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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15 pages, 9406 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Temperature, Syngas Space Velocity and Catalyst Stability of Co-Mn/CNT Bimetallic Catalyst on Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Performance

by Omid Akbarzadeh, Solhe F. Alshahateet, Noor Asmawati Mohd Zabidi, Seyedehmaryam Moosavi, Amir Kordijazi, Arman Amani Babadi, Nor Aliya Hamizi, Yasmin Abdul Wahab, Zaira Zaman Chowdhury and Suresh Sagadevan

Catalysts 2021, 11(7), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070846 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4950

Abstract

The effect of reaction temperature, syngas space velocity, and catalyst stability on Fischer-Tropsch reaction was investigated using a fixed-bed microreactor. Cobalt and Manganese bimetallic catalysts on carbon nanotubes (CNT) support (Co-Mn/CNT) were synthesized via the strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) method. For testing the performance of the catalyst, Co-Mn/CNT catalysts with four different manganese percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) were synthesized. Synthesized catalysts were then analyzed by TEM, FESEM, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and zeta potential sizer. In this study, the temperature was varied from 200 to 280 °C and syngas space velocity was varied from 0.5 to 4.5 L/g.h. Results showed an increasing reaction temperature from 200 °C to 280 °C with reaction pressure of 20 atm, the Space velocity of 2.5 L/h.g and H₂/CO ratio of 2, lead to the rise of CO % conversion from 59.5% to 88.2% and an increase for C₅₊ selectivity from 83.2% to 85.8%. When compared to the other catalyst formulation, the catalyst sample with 95% cobalt and 5% manganese on CNT support (95Co5Mn/CNT) performed more stable for 48 h on stream. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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Review

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41 pages, 2514 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Technologies and Catalytic Processes of Ethanol Production

by Mohd Nor Latif, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, Alinda Samsuri, Siti Zubaidah Hasan, Wan Nabilah Manan and Zahira Yaakob

Catalysts 2023, 13(7), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13071093 - 12 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10070

Abstract

On the basis of its properties, ethanol has been identified as the most used biofuel because of its remarkable contribution in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide which are the source of greenhouse gas and prompt climate change or global warming worldwide. The use of ethanol as a new source of biofuel reduces the dependence on conventional gasoline, thus showing a decreasing pattern of production every year. This article contains an updated overview of recent developments in the new technologies and operations in ethanol production, such as the hydration of ethylene, biomass residue, lignocellulosic materials, fermentation, electrochemical reduction, dimethyl ether, reverse water gas shift, and catalytic hydrogenation reaction. An improvement in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ into ethanol needs extensive research to address the properties that need modification, such as physical, catalytic, and chemical upgrading. Overall, this assessment provides basic suggestions for improving ethanol synthesis as a source of renewable energy in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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40 pages, 6096 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oxygenated Hydrocarbons from Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide

by Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, Lina Mohammed Shaker and Ahmed Al-Amiery

Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010115 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3779

Abstract

Once fundamental difficulties such as active sites and selectivity are fully resolved, metal-free catalysts such as 3D graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNT) are very cost-effective substitutes for the expensive noble metals used for catalyzing CO₂. A viable method for converting environmental wastes into useful energy storage or industrial wealth, and one which also addresses the environmental and energy problems brought on by emissions of CO₂, is CO₂ hydrogenation into hydrocarbon compounds. The creation of catalytic compounds and knowledge about the reaction mechanisms have received considerable attention. Numerous variables affect the catalytic process, including metal–support interaction, metal particle sizes, and promoters. CO₂ hydrogenation into different hydrocarbon compounds like lower olefins, alcoholic composites, long-chain hydrocarbon composites, and fuels, in addition to other categories, have been explained in previous studies. With respect to catalyst design, photocatalytic activity, and the reaction mechanism, recent advances in obtaining oxygenated hydrocarbons from CO₂ processing have been made both through experiments and through density functional theory (DFT) simulations. This review highlights the progress made in the use of three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials and their compounds and methods for their synthesis in the process of hydrogenation of CO₂. Recent advances in catalytic performance and the conversion mechanism for CO₂ hydrogenation into hydrocarbons that have been made using both experiments and DFT simulations are also discussed. The development of 3D nanomaterials and metal catalysts supported on 3D nanomaterials is important for CO₂ conversion because of their stability and the ability to continuously support the catalytic processes, in addition to the ability to reduce CO₂ directly and hydrogenate it into oxygenated hydrocarbons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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28 pages, 2981 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Developments in the Effective Removal of Environmental Pollutants through Photocatalytic Degradation Using Nanomaterials

by Chandhinipriya Sivaraman, Shankar Vijayalakshmi, Estelle Leonard, Suresh Sagadevan and Ranjitha Jambulingam

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050544 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5983

Abstract

Photocatalysis plays a prominent role in the protection of the environment from recalcitrant pollutants by reducing hazardous wastes. Among the different methods of choice, photocatalysis mediated through nanomaterials is the most widely used and economical method for removing pollutants from wastewater. Recently, worldwide researchers focused their research on eco-friendly and sustainable environmental aspects. Wastewater contamination is one of the major threats coming from industrial processes, compared to other environmental issues. Much research is concerned with the advanced development of technology for treating wastewater discharged from various industries. Water treatment using photocatalysis is prominent because of its degradation capacity to convert pollutants into non-toxic biodegradable products. Photocatalysts are cheap, and are now emerging slowly in the research field. This review paper elaborates in detail on the metal oxides used as a nano photocatalysts in the various type of pollutant degradation. The progress of research into metal oxide nanoparticles, and their application as photocatalysts in organic pollutant degradation, were highlighted. As a final consideration, the challenges and future perspectives of photocatalysts were analyzed. The application of nano-based materials can be a new horizon in the use of photocatalysts in the near future for organic pollutant degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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17 pages, 1644 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Low-Cost Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Fuels

by Ganjar Fadillah, Is Fatimah, Imam Sahroni, Muhammad Miqdam Musawwa, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia and Oki Muraza

Catalysts 2021, 11(7), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070837 - 10 Jul 2021

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 13709

Abstract

The catalytic and thermal decomposition of plastic waste to fuels over low-cost catalysts like zeolite, clay, and bimetallic material is highlighted. In this paper, several relevant studies are examined, specifically the effects of each type of catalyst used on the characteristics and product distribution of the produced products. The type of catalyst plays an important role in the decomposition of plastic waste and the characteristics of the oil yields and quality. In addition, the quality and yield of the oil products depend on several factors such as (i) the operating temperature, (ii) the ratio of plastic waste and catalyst, and (iii) the type of reactor. The development of low-cost catalysts is revisited for designing better and effective materials for plastic solid waste (PSW) conversion to oil/bio-oil products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advanced Technologies in Catalysts/Catalyzed Reactions)

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